Indeterminate Forms and LHospitals Rule PDF

Section 3.
7 Indeterminate Forms and LHospitals Rule
2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Indeterminate Forms and LHospitals Rule

THEOREM (LHospitals Rule): Suppose f and g are differentiable and g (x) 6= 0 near a
(except possibly at a). Suppose that
lim f (x) = 0 and
xa
lim g(x) = 0
xa
or that
lim f (x) = and
xa
lim g(x) =
xa
(In other words, we have an indeterminate form of type
0
or
.) Then
0
f (x)
f (x)
lim
= lim
xa g(x)
xa g (x)
if the limit on the right side exists (or is or ).
Indeterminate Forms of Type

EXAMPLES:
5x 2
.
1. Find lim
x 7x + 3
0
and
0
Solution 1: We have
5x 2 h i
=
= lim
x 7x + 3
x
lim
5x2
x
7x+3
x
5x
x
x 7x
x
= lim
2
x
3
x
5
x 7 +
= lim
2
x
3
x
5
50
=
7+0
7
Solution 2: We have
5x 2 h i
(5x) 2
5x 2
(5x 2)
lim
=
=
lim
=
lim
= lim
x 7x + 3
x (7x) + 3
x 7x + 3
x (7x + 3)
5
5
510
= lim =
x 7
x 7 1 + 0
7
= lim
In short,
5x 2
(5x 2)
5
5
= lim
= lim =
x 7x + 3
x (7x + 3)
x 7
7
lim
x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
.
x 2x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
2. Find lim
Section 3.7 Indeterminate Forms and LHospitals Rule
x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
.
x 2x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
2. Find lim
Solution 1: We have
hi
x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
lim
=
= lim
x 2x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
x
4
3
2
x5
+ xx5 + xx5 + xx5 + xx5 + x15
x5
lim 5
4
3
2
x 2x + x + x + x + x + 1
x5
x5
x5
x5
x5
x5
1
1+0+0+0+0+0
=
2+0+0+0+0+0
2
1+
x 2 +
= lim
x5 +x4 +x3 +x2 +x+1

x5
2x5 +x4 +x3 +x2 +x+1
x5
1
x
1
x
+
+
1
x2
1
x2
+
+
1
x3
1
x3
+
+
1
x4
1
x4
+
+
1
x5
1
x5
Solution 2: We have
hi
x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
(x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
=
=
lim
x 2x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
x (2x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
hi
(5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1)
5x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1
=
=
lim
= lim
x (10x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1)
x 10x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1
20x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 2 h i
(20x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 2)
= lim
=
=
lim
x 40x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 2
x (40x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 2)
hi
60x2 + 24x + 6
(60x2 + 24x + 6)
= lim
=
= lim
x 120x2 + 24x + 6
x (120x2 + 24x + 6)
(120x + 24)
120
120
1
120x + 24 h i
=
= lim
=
lim
=
=
= lim
x (240x + 24)
x 240
x 240x + 24
240
2
lim
x+2
.
x2 ln(x + 3)
3. Find lim
Solution: We have

(x + 2)
0
x+2
lim
=
= lim
=
lim
x2 (ln(x + 3))
x2 ln(x + 3)
0
x2
= lim
x2
(x + 2)
1
(x + 3)
x+3
= lim
x2
x + 2
1
(x + 3 )
x+3
1+0
1 (x + 3)
1
x+3
= lim (x + 3)
= lim
= lim
= lim
1
1
1
x2
x2
x2
x2
1
(1 + 0)
(x + 3)
x+3
x+3
x+3
= 2 + 3 = 1
In short,
x+2
(x + 2)
1
= lim
= lim
= lim (x + 3) = 1
x2 ln(x + 3)
x2 (ln(x + 3))
x2 (x + 3)1
x2
lim
3x
.
x x2 + x 1
4. Find lim
3x
4. Find lim 2
.
x x + x 1
Solution: We have
hi
hi
3x ln 3
(3x )
(3x ln 3)
3x
=
=
lim
=
= lim 2
=
lim
lim 2
x 2x + 1
x (x + x 1)
x (2x + 1)
x x + x 1
ln 3 3x ln 3
ln 3 (3x )
= lim
= (D.N.E.)
x
x
2
2
= lim
ln x
5. Find lim .
x
x
Solution: We have
x1
(ln x)
x1 x
1
ln x h i
= lim 1/2 = lim 1 1/2 = lim 1 1/2
= lim 1 1/2 = 0
lim =
x x
x (x
x x
x
)
x
x x 2 x
2
2
5x tan 5x
.
x0
x3
6. Find lim
Solution 1: We have

5 sec2 5x (5x)
5 sec2 5x 5
(5x tan 5x)
0
5x tan 5x
=
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
lim
x0
x0
x0
x0
x3
0
(x3 )
3x2
3x2
5(1 sec2 5x)

1 sec2 5x
5
lim
=
x0
3x2
3 x0
x2
0
1 sec2 5x
is an indeterminate form of type , we can use LHospitals Rule again.
Since lim
2
x0
x
0
But it is easier to do trigonometry instead. Note that 1 sec2 5x = tan2 5x. Therefore
= lim
sin 5x
sin 5x
5
1 sec2 5x
tan2 5x
tan2 5x
5
5
5
5
cos2 5x
1
lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
3 x0
x2
3 x0
x2
3 x0 x2
3 x0 x2
3 x0 x2

2

2

2
sin2 5x
sin 5x
sin 5x
sin 5x
5
0
5
5
5
=
= lim
lim
5 lim
=
=
= lim
x0 5x
3 x0 x2
0
3 x0
x
3 x0 x
3

sin u
5
5
125
= lim
= 1 = (5 1)2 = 25 =
u0 u
3
3
3
In short,
(5x tan 5x)

1 sec2 5x
tan2 5x
sin2 5x
5
5
5
5x tan 5x
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
x0
x0
x3
(x3 )
3 x0
x2
3 x0 x2
3 x0 x2

2
sin 5x
125
5
5
= lim 5
= (5 1)2 =
x0
3
5x
3
3
lim
Solution 2??? (WRONG!): We have

sin 5x
sin 5x

5x
5x
5x tan 5x
5x sin 5x
0
0
???
cos
5x
1
lim
= lim
=
= lim
=
= lim
3
3
3
3
x0
x0
x0
x0
x
0
x
x
x
0

(5x sin 5x)
(5 5 cos 5x)
5 5 cos 5x
25 sin 5x
125
0
= lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
=
lim
=
x0
x0
x0
x0
(x3 )
3x2
0
(3x2 )
6x
6
3
x + sin x
.
x x + cos x
7. Find lim
Solution 1: We have
x + sin x h i
lim
=
= lim
x x + cos x
x
x+sin x
x
x+cos x
x
x
x
lim
x x
x
+ sinx x
1 + sinx x
= lim
x 1 + cos x
+ cosx x
x
cos x
sin x
= 0 and lim
= 0 by the Squeeze Theorem. Therefore
x
x
x
1 + sinx x
x + sin x
1+0
lim
=
= lim
=1
cos
x
x x + cos x
x 1 +
1+0
x
It is easy to show that lim
Solution 2(???): We have

x + (sin x)
1 + cos x
(x + sin x)
x + sin x h i
=
=
lim
=
lim
= lim
lim
x x + (cos x)
x 1 sin x
x (x + cos x)
x x + cos x
1 + cos x
does not exist. In fact, we first note that 1 + cos x
x 1 sin x
1 + cos x
and 1 sin x may attain any value between 0 and 2. From this one can deduce that
1 sin x
1 + cos x
attains any nonnegative value infinitely often as x . This means that lim
does
x 1 sin x
not exist, so LHospitals Rule cant be applied here.
One can show, however, that lim
8. Find lim
x
sin x
.
1 cos x
Solution(???): We have
lim
(sin x)
cos x
sin x
= lim
= lim
=
x sin x
1 cos x x (1 cos x)
This is WRONG. In fact, although the numerator sin x 0 as x , notice that the
denominator (1 cos x) does not approach 0, so LHospitals Rule cant be applied here. The
required limit is easy to find, because the function is continuous at and the denominator is
nonzero here:
sin x
sin
0
lim
=
=
=0
x 1 cos x
1 cos
1 (1)
sin x
.
x0 x
9. Find lim
Solution(???): We have

sin x
(sin x)
cos x
cos 0
1
0
lim
= lim
=
=
lim
=
=
=1
x0 x
x0
x0
0
x
1
1
1
The answer is correct, but the solution is WRONG. Indeed, the above proof is based on the
sin x
= 1 (see
formula (sin x) = cos x. But this result was deduced from the fact that lim
x0 x
Appendix A). So, the solution is wrong because it is based on Circular Reasoning which is a
logical fallacy. However, one can apply LHospitals Rule to modifications of this limit (see
Appendix B).
4
Indeterminate Forms of Type and 0

EXAMPLES:
10. Find lim (x ln x).
x
Solution 1: We have
lim (x ln x) = [ ] = lim
Note that
ln x
x1x
x
ln x
= lim x 1
x
x
ln x h i
1
x1
(ln x)
=
= lim = 0
=
lim
= lim
x x
x x
x 1
x
x

ln x
= lim x (1 0) = (D.N.E.)
lim (x ln x) = lim x 1
x
x
x
x
lim
therefore
Solution 2: We have
x
lim (x ln x) = [ ] = lim (ln(e ) ln x) = lim ln
ex
= ln lim
x x

11. Find lim
x1
(ex )
=
= ln lim
x x
1
1
ln x x 1
hi
ex
= ln lim
x 1

ex
x
= (D.N.E.)
11. Find lim
x1
1
1
ln x x 1
Solution: We have

1 (x 1)
1
ln x 1
1
= [ ] = lim
lim
x1
x1
ln x x 1
ln x (x 1) ln x (x 1)

x 1 ln x
(x 1 ln x)
0
= lim
= lim
=
x1 ln x(x 1)
x1 (ln x(x 1))
0
1
1
x 1 (ln x)
x
= lim
= lim
x1 x 1
x1 (ln x) (x 1) + ln x (x 1)
+ ln x
x

1
1
1
x
1x x
x
x
= lim
= lim
x1
x1 x 1
x1
x + ln x x
+ ln x x
x
x

x 1
(x 1)
0
x1
=
=
lim
= lim
= lim
x1 x 1 + x ln x + x(ln x)
x1 (x 1 + x ln x)
x1 x 1 + x ln x
0
10
= lim
x1
1 0 + 1 ln x + x
1
x
1
1
1
=
=
x1 2 + ln x
2+0
2
= lim
In short,
lim
x1
1
1
ln x x 1
1
1
(x 1 ln x)
x 1 ln x
x
= lim
= lim
= lim
x1 (ln x (x 1))
x1 x 1
x1 ln x (x 1)
+ ln x
x
(x 1)
1
1
x1
= lim
= lim
=
x1 (x 1 + x ln x)
x1 2 + ln x
x1 x 1 + x ln x
2
= lim
12. Find lim+ (sin x ln x).

x0
12. Find lim+ (sin x ln x).

x0
Solution 1: We have
lim (sin x ln x) = [0 ] =
x0+
sin x ln x
(sin x)1 sin x ln x
lim+
= lim+
x0
x0
1
(sin x)1 1
= lim+
x0
hi
ln x
= lim+
=
x0 (sin x)1
x1
x1
(ln x)
=
lim
=
lim
((sin x)1 ) x0+ (sin x)2 (sin x) x0+ (sin x)2 cos x
sin2 x
x1 x sin2 x
= lim+
= lim+
2
x0 x cos x
x0 (sin x)2 cos x x sin x
We can now proceed in two different ways. Either

sin2 x
sin x sin x
0
lim+
= lim+
=
x0 x cos x
x0
0
x
cos x
= lim+
x0
sin x
sin x
sin 0
0
lim+
= 1
= 1 = 0
x0 cos x
x
cos 0
1
or

(sin2 x)
2 sin x cos x
0
sin2 x
= lim+
=
= lim+
lim+
x0 (x cos x)
x0 x cos x + x(cos x)
x0 x cos x
0
= lim+
x0
In short,
2 sin x cos x
2 sin 0 cos 0
201
=
=
=0
cos x x sin x
cos 0 0 sin 0
100
x1
ln x
(ln x)
=
lim
=
lim
x0+ (sin x)2 cos x

x0 (sin x)1
x0+ ((sin x)1 )

sin x sin x
sin2 x
= lim+
= 1 0 = 0
= lim+
x0
x0 x cos x
x
cos x
lim+ (sin x ln x) = lim+
x0
Solution 2: We have
lim (sin x ln x) = [0 ] =
x0+
sin x ln x
sin x ln x ln1 x
lim+
= lim+
x0
x0
1
1 ln1 x

sin x
0
= lim+ 1 =
x0 ln
0
x
cos x
ln2 x cos x
cos x
(sin x)
= lim
= lim
= lim+
= lim+
2
x0 ln
x0
x (ln x) x0+ ln2 x x1 x0+ ln2 x ln2 x x1
ln1 x

hi
ln2 x
ln2 x
ln2 x
ln2 x cos x
= lim+
lim cos x = lim+
=
= lim+
= lim+
x0 x1 x0+
x0 x1
x0 (x1 )
x0
x1
= lim+
x0
2 ln x (ln x)
2 ln x x1
2 ln x x1 x
2 ln x h i
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
x0+
x0+
x0+ x1
x2
x2
x2 x
2x1
2x1 x2
2x
20
(2 ln x)
=
lim
=
lim
= lim+
=
=0
= lim+
2
2
2
1
+
+
x0 x
x0 x
x0 1
x0
x
1
(x )
7
Indeterminate Forms of Type 0 , 00 and 1

13. Find lim x1/x .
x
Solution (version 1): Note that lim x1/x is 0 type of an indeterminate form. Put
x
y = x1/x
then
ln y = ln x1/x =
ln x
1
ln x =
x
x
We have
1
x1
ln x h i
(ln x)
=
=
lim
=0
=
lim
= lim
x x
x 1
x x
x
x
lim
Therefore
lim x1/x = e0 = 1
Solution (version 2): We have

lim x1/x = lim eln x
1/x
= lim e
x
ln x
x
lim
= ex
ln x
x
14. Find lim (tan x)2x .

x/2
lim
= ex
(ln x)
x
lim
= ex
x1
1
lim
= ex x = e0 = 1
14. Find lim (tan x)2x .

x/2
Solution: Note that lim (tan x)2x is 0 type of an indeterminate form. Put
x/2
y = (tan x)2x
then

ln y = ln (tan x)2x = (2x ) ln(tan x)

ln(tan x)
(2x ) ln(tan x)
(2x )1 (2x ) ln(tan x)
=
=
=
1
1
(2x ) 1
(2x )1
We have
1
hi
(tan x)
[ln(tan x)]
ln(tan x)
tan x
=
=
lim
=
lim
x/2 [(2x )1 ]
x/2 (1)(2x )2 (2x )
x/2 (2x )1
lim
1
1
1
sin x cos2 x
sin x
sec2 x
1
1
cos2 x
cos x
cos x
= lim
= lim
= lim
x/2 (1)(2x )2 2
2 x/2 (2x )2
2 x/2 (2x )2
1
tan x
1
1
sin x cos x(2x )2
1
(2x )2
1
1
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
lim
=
lim
=
lim
2 x/2 (2x )2
2 x/2 (2x )2 sin x cos x(2x )2
2 x/2 sin x cos x

1
1
0
(2x )2
(2x )2
[(2x )2 ]
1

lim
=
lim
=
= lim
2 x/2 sin 2 cos x
2 x/2 cos x
0
2 x/2 (cos x)

2
2
2(2x ) (2x )
2(2x ) 2
1
1
1
2
= lim
= lim
=
2 x/2
sin x
2 x/2 sin x
2
sin
2
1 202
=
=0
2
1
Therefore
lim (tan x)2x = e0 = 1
x/2
In short,
y = (tan x)2x
ln y = (2x ) ln(tan x) =
ln(tan x)
(2x )1
We have
1
sec2 x
[ln(tan x)]
(2x )2
1
ln(tan x)
tan x
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
lim
x/2 (1)(2x )2 2
x/2 [(2x )1 ]
x/2 (2x )1
2 x/2 sin x cos x

1
(2x )2
0
[(2x )2 ]
1
= lim
=
= lim
2 x/2 cos x
0
2 x/2 (cos x)

2
2
1
1
2(2x ) 2
2
=
=0
= lim
2 x/2 sin x
2
sin
2
2x
0
Therefore lim (tan x)
= e = 1.
x/2
15. Find lim+ xx .

x0
Solution: Note that lim+ xx is 00 type of an indeterminate form. Put

x0
y = xx
then
x
ln y = ln x = x ln x =
We have
lim+
x0
x1 x ln x
x ln x
=
1
x1 1
ln x
x1
ln x h i
x1
(ln x)
=
=
lim
=
lim
x0+ x2
x0+ (x1 )
x1
= lim+
x0
x1 x2
x
0
= lim+
=
=0
2
2
x0 1
x x
1
Therefore
lim+ xx = e0 = 1
x0
In short,
y = xx
We have
lim+
x0
Therefore
ln y = x ln x =
ln x
x1
ln x
(ln x)
x1
=
lim
=
lim
= lim+ x = 0
x0
x1 x0+ (x1 ) x0+ x2
lim+ xx = e0 = 1
x0
16. Find lim+ (tan 5x)x .

x0
10
16. Find lim+ (tan 5x)x .

x0
Solution: Note that lim+ (tan 5x)x is 00 type of an indeterminate form. Put
x0
y = (tan 5x)x
then
x
ln y = ln(tan 5x) = x ln(tan 5x) =
x1 x ln(tan 5x)
x ln(tan 5x)
=
1
x1 1
ln(tan 5x)
x1
We have
ln(tan 5x) h i
(ln(tan 5x))
lim+
=
= lim+
=
lim
x0
x0
x0+
x1
(x1 )
= lim+
1
tan 5x
x0
= lim+
sin 5x
cos 5x
= lim+
x0
(tan 5x)
x2
sec2 5x (5x)
= lim+
x0
x2
sec2 5x 5
x2
x0
1
tan 5x
1
5
sin 5x
x2
= lim+
sin 5x
cos 0
x0
= lim+
x0
1
tan 5x
sec2 5x 5
x2
sec2 0 5
x2
1
5 x2 sin 5x
sin 5x
x2 x2 sin 5x

(5x2 )
0
5x2
=
= lim+
= lim+
x0 ( sin 5x)
x0 sin 5x
0
= lim+
x0
10x
10x
10 0
= lim+
=
=0
x0 cos 5x 5
cos 5x (5x)
cos 0 5
Therefore
lim (tan 5x)x = e0 = 1
x0+
In short,
y = (tan 5x)x
ln y = x ln(tan 5x) =
ln(tan 5x)
x1
We have
(ln(tan 5x))
ln(tan 5x)
=
lim
= lim+
lim+
x0+
x0
x0
x1
(x1 )
= lim+
x0
1
5
sin 5x
2
x
= lim+
x0
1
tan 5x
sec2 5x 5
= lim+
x0
x2
sin 5x
cos 5x
sec2 5x 5
x2
(5x2 )
5x2
10x
= lim+
=0
= lim+
x0 cos 5x 5
sin 5x x0 ( sin 5x)
Therefore
lim+ (tan 5x)x = e0 = 1
x0
11
17. Find lim+ (sin 2x)tan 3x .

x0
Solution: Note that lim+ (sin 2x)tan 3x is 00 type of an indeterminate form. Put
x0
y = (sin 2x)tan 3x
then

sin 3x ln(sin 2x)
ln y = ln (sin 2x)tan 3x = tan 3x ln(sin 2x) =
cos 3x
We have
lim (sin 3x ln(sin 2x))

sin 3x ln(sin 2x)
x0+
lim
=
= lim+ (sin 3x ln(sin 2x)) = [0 ]
x0+
x0
cos 3x
lim+ cos 3x
x0
(sin 3x)1 sin 3x ln(sin 2x)

sin 3x ln(sin 2x)
= lim+
lim
x0
x0+
1
(sin 3x)1 1
= lim+
x0
ln(sin 2x) h i
=
= lim+
x0 (sin 3x)1
sin1 2x cos 2x (2x)

[ln(sin 2x)]
sin1 2x (sin 2x)
=
lim
=
lim
((sin 3x)1 ) x0+ (sin 3x)2 (sin 3x) x0+ (sin 3x)2 cos 3x (3x)
sin1 2x cos 2x 2
2
2
sin1 2x
cos 2x
sin1 2x
= lim+
= lim+
lim
= lim+
x0 (sin 3x)2 cos 3x 3
3 x0 (sin 3x)2 x0+ cos 3x
3 x0 (sin 3x)2

2
2
2
sin1 2x sin 2x sin2 3x
sin2 3x
(sin2 3x)
0
= lim+
=
lim
=
lim
3 x0 (sin 3x)2 sin 2x sin2 3x
3 x0+ sin 2x
0
3 x0+ (sin 2x)
=
2 sin 3x (sin 3x)

2 sin 3x cos 3x (3x)
2
2
lim+
=
lim
3 x0
cos 2x (2x)
3 x0+
cos 2x 2
2 sin 3x cos 3x 3
2 2 sin 0 cos 0 3
2 2013
2
lim+
=
=
=0
3 x0
cos 2x 2
3
cos 0 2
3
12
Therefore
lim (sin 2x)tan 3x = e0 = 1
x0+
In short,
y = (sin 2x)tan 3x
ln y = tan 3x ln(sin 2x) =
sin 3x ln(sin 2x)

cos 3x
We have
lim+
x0
ln(sin 2x)
[ln(sin 2x)]
sin 3x ln(sin 2x)
= lim+ (sin 3x ln(sin 2x)) = lim+
=
lim
x0
x0 (sin 3x)1
x0+ ((sin 3x)1 )
cos 3x
= lim+
x0
sin1 2x
sin2 3x
(sin2 3x)
2
2
2
sin1 2x cos 2x 2
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
(sin 3x)2 cos 3x 3
3 x0+ (sin 3x)2
3 x0+ sin 2x
3 x0+ (sin 2x)
2
2 sin 3x cos 3x 3
2 2 sin 0 cos 0 3
lim+
=
=0
3 x0
cos 2x 2
3
cos 0 2
Therefore lim+ (sin 2x)tan 3x = e0 = 1.

x0
12
18. Find lim
x+1
x+2
x
Solution 1: Note that lim
then
ln y = ln

x+1
x+2
x
x+1
x+2
= x ln
x
x+1
x+2
is 1 type of an indeterminate form. Put y =

x+1
x ln x + 2
1
x
=
x+1
x ln
x+2
1
x 1
We have

1
x+1
x+1
x+1

ln
ln
x+1
x+2
0
x+2
x+2
x+2
=
=
lim
=
lim
lim
x
x
x
x1
0
(x1 )
x2
x+1
x+2
x
x+1
ln
x+2
=
x1
x + 2 (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)(x + 2)
x + 2 1 (x + 2) 1 (x + 1)
2
x+1
(x + 2)
x+1
(x + 2)2
= lim
=
lim
x
x
x2
x2
x+2
1
x+2 x+2x1
1
2
2
x+1
(x + 2)
x + 1 (x + 2)
(x + 1)(x + 2)
= lim
= lim
= lim
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
x2
1
x2 (x + 1)(x + 2)
hi
x2
x2
(x + 1)(x + 2)
= lim
=
lim
=
=
lim
x
x (x + 1)(x + 2)
x x2 + 3x + 1
x2 x2 (x + 1)(x + 2)
x2
x2
2
2
1
1
= lim 2 x
= 1
= lim 2 x
= lim
=
3
1
x x + 3x + 1
x x
x
3x
1
1+0+0
1+ + 2
+
+
x x
x2
x2 x2 x2
Therefore

x
x+1
lim
= e1
x
x+2
In short,

x+1
x
ln

x+1
x+1
x+2
=
= ln y = x ln
y=
x+2
x+2
x1
We have

x+1
x+1
x+2
1
ln
ln
x2
x+2
x+2
x + 1 (x + 2)2
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
lim
x
x
x (x + 1)(x + 2)
x
x1
(x1 )
x2
x2
= 1
x x2 + 3x + 1
= lim
Therefore lim
x+1
x+2
x
= e1 .
13
Solution 2: We have
lim
x+1
x+2
x
= lim
x+21
x+2
x
x+2
1
= lim
x
x+2 x+2
x

1
= lim 1
x
x+2
= lim
= lim
"
Since lim
1
1+
u
u
= e, it follows that lim
lim
x+1
x+2
x
= lim
1
1+
x 2
"
x
(x2) x2
1
1+
x 2
x
x2 # x2
1
1+
x 2
1+
x
1
x 2
x2
= e. Therefore
x
x2 # x2
= lim e x2
x
lim
= ex x2
x
lim
= ex (x2)
= e1
COMPARE: We have
lim
since
x+1
3x + 2
x+1
1
lim
=
x 3x + 2
3
Similarly,
lim
since
3x + 1
x+2
and
x
3x + 1
= 3 and
x x + 2
x
=0
x
1
=0
lim
x
3
= (D.N.E.)
lim 3x = (D.N.E.)
lim

x
1
19. Find lim 1 +
.
x
x
14
x

1
.
19. Find lim 1 +
x
x
Solution: We have
lim
1
1+
x
x
=e
by definition of e. Note, that we cant use the approach described in Example 13, since
it isbased
x
1
1
=e
of the formula (ln x) = . But this result was deduced from the fact that lim 1 +
x
x
x
(see Appendix A). This is Circular Reasoning which is a logical fallacy. However, one can apply
LHospitals Rule to modifications of this limit.
20. Find lim+ (1 + sin 7x)cot 5x .
x0
Solution: Note that lim+ (1 + sin 7x)cot 5x is 1 type of an indeterminate form. Put
x0
y = (1 + sin 7x)cot 5x
then

cos 5x ln(1 + sin 7x)
ln y = ln (1 + sin 7x)cot 5x = cot 5x ln(1 + sin 7x) =
sin 5x
We have
lim+
x0
ln(1 + sin 7x)

= lim+ cos 5x lim+
x0
x0
sin 5x
sin 5x

[ln(1 + sin 7x)]
ln(1 + sin 7x)
0
=
= lim+
= lim+
= lim+
x0
x0
x0
sin 5x
0
(sin 5x)
= lim+
1
1+sin 7x
x0
cos 7x (7x)
= lim+
x0
cos 5x 5
1
1+sin 7x
cos 7x 7
=
cos 5x 5
1
1+sin 7x
(1 + sin 7x)
cos 5x (5x)
1
1+0
17
7
=
15
5
Therefore
lim (1 + sin 7x)cot 5x = e7/5
x0+
In short,
y = (1 + sin 7x)cot 5x
ln y = cot 5x ln(1 + sin 7x) =

sin 5x
We have
lim+
x0
ln(1 + sin 7x)

[ln(1 + sin 7x)]
= lim+
= lim+
x0
x0
sin 5x
sin 5x
(sin 5x)
= lim+
1
1+sin 7x
cos 7x 7
=
cos 5x 5
x0
Therefore lim+ (1 + sin 7x)cot 5x = e7/5 .

x0
15
1
1+0
17
7
=
15
5
Appendix A
THEOREM: The function f (x) = sin x is differentiable and
f (x) = cos x
Proof: We have
sin(x + h) sin x
h0
h
(sin x) = lim
[We use sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin ]

sin x cos h sin x cos x sin h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h sin x
= lim
+
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
h

sin x(cos h 1)
cos h 1
sin h
sin h
= lim
= sin x lim
+ cos x
+ cos x lim
h0
h0
h0 h
h
h
h
= sin x 0 + cos x 1 = cos x
THEOREM: The function f (x) = loga x is differentiable and
f (x) =
1
x ln a
Proof: We have

1
x+h
loga (x + h) loga x
d
(loga x) = lim
= lim
loga
h0
h0 h
dx
h
x

1
h
h
1 x
= lim
loga 1 +
loga 1 +
= lim
h0 h
h0 x h
x
x
"
"

x/h #

1/(h/x) #
1
h
h
1
= lim loga 1 +
= lim loga 1 +
x h0
x
x h0
x
"
1/(h/x) # h

i 1
1
1 ln e
1
h
= loga lim 1 +
=
= lim (1 + u)1/u = e = loga e =
u0
h0
x
x
x
x ln a
x ln a
16
Appendix B
1. Find lim
x0
sin x
.
2x
Solution 1: We have

sin x
(sin x)
cos x
cos 0
1
0
lim
= lim
=
= lim
=
=
x0 2x
x0
x0
0
(2x)
2
2
2
Solution 2: We have

1
sin x
1
1
sin x
0
= lim
=
= 1=
lim
x0 2x
0
2 x0 x
2
2
sin 2x
.
x0
x
2. Find lim
Solution 1: We have

2 cos 2x
(sin 2x)
2 cos 0
0
sin 2x
=
= lim
=
=2
= lim
lim
x0
x0
x0
x
0
x
1
1
Solution 2: We have

sin 2x
sin 2x
0
lim
=
= 2 lim
=21=2
x0
x0
x
0
2x
sin 2x
.
x0 5x
3. Find lim
Solution 1: We have

2 cos 2x
(sin 2x)
2 cos 0
2
0
sin 2x
=
=
lim
=
=
= lim
lim
x0
x0 (5x)
x0 5x
0
5
5
5
Solution 2: We have

sin 2x
sin 2x
2
2
2
0
lim
=
= lim
= 1=
x0 5x
0
5 x0 2x
5
5
sin 2x
.
x0 sin 5x
4. Find lim
Solution 1: We have

(sin 2x)
2 cos 2x
2 cos 0
2
0
sin 2x
= lim
=
= lim
=
=
lim
x0 (sin 5x)
x0 5 cos 5x
x0 sin 5x
0
5 cos 0
5
Solution 2: We have

sin 2x
0
=
lim
= lim
x0 sin 5x
x0
0
sin 2x
2x
sin 5x
5x
2x
1 2x
2
2
= lim
= lim =
x0
x0
1 5x
5
5
5x
17

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Section 3.

7 Indeterminate Forms and LHospitals Rule

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka