Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 6-7/2006-2007, ?-??.

The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk
Keywords: Roman architecture, Temple, Sanctuary, Pannonia, Hungary, 1st-4th centuries AD
Abstract: This study presents research findings in the field of history and the theory of architecture,
particularly in the field of research and the architecture of temples and sanctuaries from Roman Era in
the province of Pannonia. Panonnia corresponds to the territory of modern Hungary. This study omits
sanctuaries from the period of Early Christian Church.
Introduction
The province of Pannonia was established at the beginning of the 1st century during the
rule of Emperor Augustus. Its territory comprised of areas that are today part of western
Hungary up to river Danube, the eastern part of Austria, the south part of Slovenia and Croatias
territory in the basin of Drava and Sava rivers as well as part of Slovakia (Bratislava-Rusovce
and surroundings).
As the Romans expanded their empire and established new provinces they organized
the administration, economy, judiciary and religion of the newly established provinces.
Consequently, obligatory official state religion became the basic cult in newly established towns
and military camps. The primary cult was an Imperial cult, followed by the cult of Capitoline
Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva), while other deities were also revered according to their
function, e.g. Mercurius by merchants and traders, Nemesis for luck in the games, Silvanus for
protection, Appollo Grannus as a guardian of springs.
Besides official Roman religion, new foreign cults had spread and were adopted by native
populations in the course of the 2nd and 3rd century. These cults were for the most part imported
by military groups, traders and artisans from eastern regions of Roman Empire (Persia, Syria,
Egypt). The sanctuaries devoted to the cults of Isis, Magna Mater, Jupiter Dolichenus and
Mithras indicate an eventual acceptance of eastern cults into Roman Society.
The published literature provides the basis for a depiction of temples and sanctuaries
in the period from 2nd to 4th century at following localities of Pannonia territory: Aquincum,
Brigetio, Gorsium, Savaria, Scarbantia, Fertrkos, Vetus Salina, Srkeszi. Sanctuary remains
were found on different sites within a single locality: civil town, canabae, vicus, military fort or
separate cult area. Remains of sanctuaries were typically uncovered in stand-alone structures
and on numerous occasions such remains were also found in the complex of buildings with
aroom dedicated to cult purposes. Such structures were most common in the military forts of
the auxiliary units (auxiliary fort castellum).
Domestic Cult Celtic Tradition
As the Celts were native inhabitants of some occupied territories, their influence is seen
in the architecture as well. The building type of temple or sanctuary according to the Celtic
tradition is more common in western provinces: south Britannia, Gallia and Germania. Such
temples presented a central disposition, typically of a square, circular or polygonal shape, open
in the east direction. According to Celtic tradition, worship was carried out by making circles
around the building, thus the cella (shrine) was surrounded by the portico (porch). The portico
was formed of sequence of columns, columns on short walls or a wall that was typically of
the same shape as the cella structure. The porch was in most instances open from the outside1.
Altjohann 2000, 237.

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk

Fig. 1. Plan of the sanctuary Gallo-Roman type, (after:

Aquincum. Rimania vBudapeti. Budapest 2003, 37, Fig. 90).

Fig. 2. Hypothetical reconstruction of the sanctuary GalloRoman type, (after: Aquincum. Rimania vBudapeti.
Budapest 2003, 37, Fig. 89).

Fig. 3. Hypothetical reconstruction of the sanctuary GalloRoman type, (after: Aquincum. Rimania vBudapeti.
Budapest 2003, 37, Fig. 88).

Fig. 4. Temple called Janus in Autun. (Photo: J. Minaroviech).

Inside the cella was a statue or statues of deities to whom the building was devoted. Statues
were occasionally placed on pedestals. The mass of the Celtic cella was elevated, and it had
dominant position almost like a tower. The roof was frequently covered with ceramic tiles.
Above the porch was a single pitch roof. Celts often clustered several temples together and thus
created temple areas, which were surrounded by wall.
The oldest documented sanctuary in Pannonia, the so called Celtic circular, was located
in the civil town of Aquincum. Only the layout of the sanctuary is preserved (Fig. 1). The
sanctuary was built in the 1st century and was most likely destroyed in the 2nd century during
the Marcomannic Wars. It was built to express devotion to the Celtic mother goddess. The
cella of this sanctuary has a circular layout with the diameter of 7.8 m. It was standing on atall
podium in the shape of a 15-sided porticus. The cella was accessible through 12 stairs and it
was situated in a closed court. The literature proposes various hypotheses that reconstruct the
original design2. Proposal No. 1 (Fig. 2) and No. 2 (Fig. 3) illustrate alternative solutions for the
mass and the roof of the building.
Aquincum. Rimania v Budapeti 2003, 37.

The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

The temple of Janus in present day

Autun, France is a noteworthy example of this
structural type (Fig. 4, 5). Its 24 m high walls
are still preserved. The cella was nearly square
with the dimensions of 16.35 m 16.80m.
Only half of the cella is still preserved. Fig. 6
presents its perfect reconstruction drawing3.
In the walls remained beam openings of the
single pitch roof that was situated under three
windows. The roof covered the 5.30 m wide
round gallery.
The Capitoline Triad
The Romans requested that the provincial
Fig. 5. Temple called Janus in Autun. (Photo: J. Minaroviech).
natives respect the official Roman religion,
most importantly the deity of Capitoline
Triad: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. The main
temple of this cult was the shared temple
on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. This temple
served as a model for sacred centers created
in other cities and military camps. The Temple
of the Capitoline Triad was placed along with
other public administration buildings on the
forum in cities throughout the provinces.
The remains of a Capitoline Triad temple
were found in the civil town of Aquincum
(present day Budapest). The temple was
constructed at the beginning of the 2nd century
on north side of the forum. The access to the
temple was from the street through the hall
with the sequence of columns. There was also
a square that served as a gathering place for
citizens attending religious services. The altar
Fig. 6. Hypothetical reconstruction of the temple Janus,
was situated in front of the temple, and the
(after: Altjohann 2000, 239, Fig. 200).
stairs located in front of the altar led to the
temple entrance. The statues of the Capitoline
Triad stood in the cella of the sanctuary. The temple walls were decorated by painting on a red
base. Attached to the temple building were the conference rooms accessible from the square.
The original structure was demolished in the 4th century. It was aligned at the level of a podium
and a new temple was constructed together with the city council building4 (Fig. 7).
The sacred area, area sacra, the center of the imperial cult in Pannonia Inferior, was situated
near the town of Gorsium (present day Tc). It was set apart from the town in a manner known
from Gallia (Lugundum) and Hispania (Tarraco). To honor the emperor, each province of the
Roman Empire established similar central sacred areas (area sacra Provinciae)5. Gorsium became
a center of the imperial cult in Pannonia Inferior and as such it organized annual meetings of the
provincial council (concillium provinciae). The area sacra served for meetings of representatives of
province towns as well as for religious ceremonies. Public buildings such as templum provinciae,
curia, regia, as well as other cult buildings (temples and sanctuaries) were located there. The
Altjohann 2000, 239.
Pczy 1976, 38.
5
Fitz 2002, 168.
3
4

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk

Fig. 7. Aquincum, Forum of the civil city. In the middle temple of Trias Kapitolium, (after: Hajnczi Gy.: Pannnia rmai romjai.
Budapest: Mszaki konyvkiad, 1987, 104).

Fig. 8. Plan of Area Sacra in Gorsium, (after: Fitz 2004, 199, Fig. 2).

The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

Fig. 9. Area Sacra in Gorsium, Rekonstruction, (after: Fitz 2004, 201, Fig. 4).

entrance to the sacred area was symmetrically lined up with two sacred wells (nymphaeum)
decorated by relief with statues of local Pannonian water deities. The complex was entered
through the stairs. The porticus and the building divided into five long rooms were situated in
the front. In the middle of the complex was another space leading to a room with the standing
statue of the ruling emperor. The sacred wells prove a connection between the local and official
religion. The temple of the Capitoline Triad was also found in the complex (Fig. 8, building
XII on the plan. See building with column pronaos and three cellas.) The head of the statue of
Jupiter was found in the middle cella6. Recently uncovered architecture provides only a partial
representation of the sacred area7 (Fig. 9).
The building inscriptions inform us about the existence of some sanctuaries whose
architectural remains are yet to be uncovered. The temple of the Capitoline Triad from Brigetio
(today Komrom-Szny) renovated by L. Antonius Sabinus and his wife is an example of such
sanctuary8.
The town of Savaria (today Szombathely) was established in the 1st century as a trading
center on Amber Road. It is presumed that the temple of the Capitoline Triad existed on its
forum. The archeologists made this prediction on the basis of uncovered statue fragments of
Jupiter and Juno, as well as on altar inscriptions devoted to the Capitoline Triad9.
A forum, public buildings and a temple of the Capitoline Triad were all built in Scarbantia
(today Sopron) in the first half of the 2nd century. Parts of temple walls, columns, post basis,
and fragments of floor tiles of stone plate were uncovered there10. The temple was a podium
style temple and it was situated asymmetrically in northeastern corner of the forum11. The


8

9

Fitz 2004, 205.

Fitz 1998, 25.
Barkczi 1951, 33.
Pczy 1976, 14.
10
Gmri 2003, 88.
11
PHA 1995, 27.
6
7

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk

temple dimensions were 30 10 m. Marble fragments of the monumental standing statues of

the Capitoline Triad deities were found in three rooms located in northern part of the temple12.
Mercurius
Mercurius was the patron of trade and
commerce. The sanctuary of Mercurius was
uncovered near the eastern city wall of Savaria.
This sanctuary was constructed in the 1st century
and it included a portico that surrounded a hall
with dimensions of 2020m. The sanctuary
was rebuilt several times and in the 4th century
served as an imperial cult temple13. The hall
was triple-aisled. The reconstruction drawing
of this sanctuary by Gy. Hajnczi depicts a hall
with elevated mass and a gable roof covered
with ceramic tiles.
The sanctuary used by the 1st century,
domestic population was located next to a
governor palace in canabae of Aquincum. The
sanctuary was square-shaped and consisted
of one cella14. Romans devoted it to Mercurius
in the course of renovation. This type of
sanctuary is reminiscent of the Gallo-Roman
building type15 (Fig. 10, 11).
The circular building from the second
half of the 3rd century is preserved in the trade
center macellum in the civil town of Aquincum.
It was put up into the court of the peristyle.
The circular building is a pseudo-monopteros
structure and possibly served as a small
sanctuary. The body of building was entered
through several steps16.
Nemesis the Goddess of Games
The Goddess Nemesis was believed to bring
respectively good and bad luck. Her sanctuary
was located near the western gate outside of an
amphitheater in the civic town of Aquincum.
The building originates from the 2nd century
and was decorated by paintings17. A building
inscription, which mentions a sanctuary situated
near an amphitheater in the vicinity of Bcsi
domb, is the only preserved evidence about the
sanctuary of Nemesis in Scarbantia18.
Pczy 1976, 22-30.
Hajnczi 1987, 65, Fig. 59; PHA 1995, 17.
14
Szilgyi 1956, 26.
15
Szilgyi 1956, 74.
16
Hajnczi 1987, 110.
17
PHA 1995, 44.
18
PHA 1995, 28.
12
13

Fig. 10. The sanctuary of Mercurius in Savaria, plan, (after:

Scherrer 2003, 70, Fig. 12).

Fig. 11. The sanctuary of Mercurius in Savaria, hypothetical

reconstruction, (after: Scherrer 2003, 70, Fig. 12).

The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

Fortuna Augusta - the Goddess of Good

Fortune
Military success, bountiful harvest, and
fertility were all ascribed to the goddess,
Fortuna. Her cult had spread to private
houses, military units, and craftsmen guilds.
Fortuna with the added attribute Augusta
belonged to the emperors court. The open
sanctuary of Fortuna Augusta was located on
the south side of public spas in the civic town
of Aquincum. The sanctuary was situated in
a small fenced area, and the goddess statue
was placed in aedicule. Fig. 12 replicates the
architecture of a structure where the goddess
would have stood19.

Fig. 12. The sanctuary of Fortuna Augusta in Aquincum,

hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Hajnczi 1987, 109, Fig. 132).

Silvanus
Silvanus, god of the forest and meadows,
originated in Italy, and did not belong to the
official cults. His cult was strongest in Pannonia.
Building that served for cult purposes, two
statues of Silvan and altars dedicated to Silvan
were uncovered in the complex of area sacra in
Gorsium (Building XXII)20.
The Sanctuary of Spring
The sanctuary of spring was located behind
the column hall in Gorsium. This structure
was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars21
(building XXXIV; Fig. 13).

The Imperial Cult

A provincial temple (Templum Provinciae)
devoted to the imperial cult was situated in
Gorsium. It stood on a podium and its entrance
stairs led to the open column space with four
Fig. 13. The Sanctuary of Spring in Gorsium. (Photo: J. Minaroviech).
columns (pronaos) and fronton. These stairs
are still preserved. It is presumed that the entrance to the cella was in the middle of buildings
eastern part. Researchers found that the buildings orientation was moved in the course of its
two construction phases. The main cella was divided into three parts. It was placed in the old
temple, which consisted of two rooms. Most recent research indicates that the dimensions of
the temple are 13 26 m. The uncovered evidence indicates that the construction of the temple
originated during the rule of Emperor Trajan at the beginning of the 2nd century22. One sanctuary,
which honored Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Building XVIII), was situated in northeastern part
of the area sacra23.
PHA 1995, on the map No. 13, 49; Hajnczi 1987, 109, Fig. 132, 133.
Fitz 2004, 205.
21
Fitz 1998, 25; 2004, 203.
22
Fitz 2004, 204.
23
Fitz 1998, 25.
19
20

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk

The Governors palace (legatus Augusti

pro praetore) was constructed during the
rule of Emperor Trajan in the 2nd century in
the military town (canabae) of Aquincum.
Asanctuary of the imperial cult stood on the
court in the middle of the palace. Its building
had square-shape layout and was located on
podium with dimensions 8.8 9 m including
stairs. Four columns formed a pronaos in front
of the cella. As the town ceased to exist in the
4th century, the sanctuary was consequently
lost24 (Fig. 14, 15).
Oriental Cults
Oriental religions and cults gradually
spread through the entire Roman Empire.
Mystery cults mostly worshiped in small
closed communities that were not opened
to the rest of population. New worshippers
were accepted into the cult through a special
initiation ceremony. Written sources and
archeological findings from the period confirm
that cults attracted an extensive number of
new members25.

Fig. 14. Sanctuary of the imperial cult in Aquincum, (after:

Szilgyi 1956, Fig. XXXIX).

Isis
Isis, the goddess of protection and
creation, is of Egyptian origin (ancient
Egyptian goddess Eset). She was revered as a
heavenly ruler of the world who gives people
grain, crops, and keeps order in families and
throughout the world.
A sacred area of goddess Isis was found
in Savaria. It originated after the year 188 AD
with the arrival of new inhabitants from the
eastern provinces. The porticus (vestibule hall)
was the entrance building to the area. The roof
structure was carried by a set of six 7 m tall
columns. An interior court with dimensions Fig. 15. Sanctuary of the imperial cult in Aquincum,
of 70 50 m was surrounded by a sequence of hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Szilgyi 1956, Fig.
rooms. A sanctuary devoted to Isis was placed XXXIX).
symetrically in the centre of the sacred area.
This podium temple of a prostylos-tetrastylos type (with four Corinthian columns in the front)
consisted of a pronaos and a naos with two cellas. The temple was entered through the stairs placed
in front of the structure. An axially situated large altar for celebration of worship services and
ceremony of sacrifice was situated in front of the temple. The open space next to altar allowed
large crowds to participate in these services. A marble lintel and frieze decorated with sculptural
reliefs are preserved to this day and serve as a testimony to links between imperial cult and
Egyptian religions. Relief shows Victoria, Fortuna Abundantia, an Isis riding dog named Sothis
Pczy 1976, 48.
Altjohann 2000, 241.

24
25

The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

and a statue of Mars Harpocrates26. Iseum was

extended in the 3rd century when additional
sanctuaries devoted to Eastern deities were
placed into the sacred area (Fig. 16, 17).

Fig. 16. Sanctuary of Isis in Savaria, plan, (after: Hajnczi

1987, 68, Fig. 63).

Jupiter Dolichenus
The cult of Jupiter Dolichenus originated
in the town of Doliche, situated in one of
the Syrian provinces (today Dlk, region
Commagene in southeastern Turkey). Many
temples devoted to Jupiter were situated
in this town. Jupiter is one of the deities
worshiped by the soldiers. The cult started
to spread through the Roman Empire at the
beginning of the 2nd century and its status
peaked under the rule of Severs dynasty
(192-235 AD). Jupiter Dolichenus is in essence
an idealized character of Baal under Mithraic
metaphoric meaning. He is typically shown as
a figure standing on a strong bull and holding
a double axe and lightning bolts symbolizing
his great strength, power and fortitude.
Statues of Jupiter without the bull are also
preserved27.
The remains of the Jupiter Dolichenus
sanctuary were uncovered 300 m from the
southwestern edge of a Roman legionary
fortress (castrum) in Brigetio. The building was

Fig. 17. Sanctuary of Isis in Savaria, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Hajnczi 1987, 71, Fig. 68).
PHA 1995, 20.
Kvetnov - Viovsk 2007, 29.

26
27

nie s odvolvky na obr. 18-20

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk

Fig. 18. Sanctuary of Mithras in Aquincum, hypothetical

reconstruction, (after: Hajnczi 1987, 113, Fig. 142).

8 m long, 4 m wide and in its center were three

stone columns that divided it into three parts.
Similar columns stood in front of the doorway.
Additionally, two rock-hewn columns
with decorated capitals were uncovered
approximately 10 m from the sanctuary. One
cannot claim with certainty that they belonged
to this temple28. The sanctuary was uncovered
and documented by Armin Milch in 1900.
The remains of the sanctuary of Jupiter
Dolichenus were uncovered in the vicus
territory at the distance of 89-90 m from the
northwestern corner of the auxiliary camp in
Vetus Salina (today Adony). Construction of
the building is dated to around the end of the
2nd century in the period after the Marcoman
wars. The inner dimensions of the sanctuary
were 16 17 m. The 70 cm wide north wall of
the sanctuary was built of clay and is preserved.
Conserved clay floor of the sanctuary as well
as fragments of fired clay and bricks provide

Fig. 19. Sanctuary of Mithras in Aquincum, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Szilgyi 1956, Fig. XLI).

the basis for identification of these remaining walls. In the proximity of the sanctuary, remains
of three other buildings were excavated29. Dimensions of the sanctuary suggest that this cult
had a high number of adherents.
Milch 1900, 28.
Bnki 1981, 95-118.

28
29

10

The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

Sanctuary (Building XXXII) uncovered

on the west side of large square in Gorsium
was also devoted to the cult of Jupiter
Dolichenus30.
Mithras
A cult of the Persian god of the sun,
Mithras, was one of the oriental mystery cults
that spread across the entire Roman Empire.
Sanctuaries of Mithras had a uniform shape.
Legend says that Mithras was born of the
rock (petrogenitus), thus his sanctuaries were
made to resemble caves. For this purpose
followers used natural caves, or constructed
underground structures or above-ground
spaces in the shape caves. The plan of the
cella was divided into three parts with the
central part being lowered into the ground.
The access to the central part was restricted
to mystery cult followers that were initiated
into the upper hierarchy. Followers at lower
Fig. 20. Sanctuary of Mithras in Aquincum, plan and
cult positions kneeled in an elevated space
reconstruction, (after: Pczy 1994, 47, Fig. 39).
located on the left and right sides of the cella.
Uncovered fragments of animal bones support
conjecture that the ceremony was accompanied by rich feasting.
The sanctuary of Mithras was uncovered in the Fertrkos locality near Scarbantia. Its
layout was trapez-shaped and the entryway was situated on the wider side in the north part of
the building. Its east and south walls were carved into rock while west part was built of bricks.
The vault was built of bricks, while the cella was lowered into the ground and the structure was
covered by a gable roof. A relief of Mithras, in the act of killing a bull, was chiseled into the
rock. High ranking military officers from Carnutum, who owned land in the area at the turn of
the 3rd century, were founders of this cult site. The cave was used as an Early Christian Church
columbarium in the second half of the 4th century31.
It is estimated that numerous cult sanctuaries devoted to Mithras were situated in the civil
town of Aquincum. They originated in the 2nd and the 3rd century when traders and soldiers
from eastern provinces settled in this region. Names of three of those sanctuaries are known:
Symphorus Mithreum32, Victorinus Mithraeum33, and Tribunus Laticlavius.
In addition, the chapel of the god Mercurius was attached to the sanctuary of Symphorum
Mithreum34. The sanctuary of Mithras was located in the peristyle house of Tribunus Laticlavius,
who was deputy of a military tribune. Remains of cult frescos and altar stones were uncovered
at this site35. Another sanctuary of Mithras was discovered in the year 1943 near the sanctuary
of Jupiter Dolichenus in the military town (canabae) of Brigetio36. Its plan remains are
unpublished.

Fitz 2004, 206.

PHA 1995, 29.
32
PHA 1995, on the map No. 27, p. 49.
33
PHA 1995, on the map No. 25, p. 49.
34
PHA 1995, 52; Pczy 1976, 46.
35
Zsidi 2004, 211.
36
Barkczi 1951, 34.
30
31

11

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk

Magna Mater
A construction inscription related to the building of a sanctuary devoted to Magna Mater
was found in the civil town of Brigetio37.
Summary
The process of romanization had an influence on the indigenous religious tradition of
the provinces. In some territories, indigenous cults merged into Roman cults; in others they
formed new cults. The architecture of temples and sanctuaries reflected life in a province. The
progress of romanization eventually resulted in a unified architectural composition. Uncovered
documents about cult architecture in Pannonia substantiate claim that a variety of temple types
existed in the Pannonia provinces. Yet, only a few of these are preserved to this day. Sculpture
fragments or inscriptions about construction activity are often the only remains of a temple i.e.
a plate with the building inscription describing the sanctuary of Silvanus in Scarbantia38.
Temples can be categorized according to their type of architecture. Three temple types are
most common.
The first type is a Gallo-Roman temple in the Celtic tradition. Its a temple with a central
interior space surrounded by a portico. The layout of a Celtic circular sanctuary situated in
a closed court in the civil town of Aquincum is one preserved example of such a sanctuary
in Pannonia. A square-shaped sanctuary uncovered in the governors palace in canabae in
Aquincum is another partially preserved structure of this type.
Another example of the Gallo-Roman type is a circular structure of the pseudomonopteros
type uncovered in a civil town. It possibly served as a small sanctuary. The entry into the
building was through the stairs. The structure was constructed in the second half of the 3rd
century and was situated in the macellum (market center of a town)39. Several examples of this
temple type are known in Gallia (present day France) i.e. locality of Autun and the Ancient
town of Argentomagus, a sacred area (present day Saint-Marcel).
The classical temple is the second architectural type. This was the most dominant temple
type in Pannonia. It was modeled after Greek and Etruscan styles.
The building was rectangular and was located on the podium. The sidewalls and back part
of the temple were closed. Access to the building was designed on the shorter front side. The
temple consisted of two main parts: inner chamber naos, and porch pronaos. The statue of
avenerated deity was typically situated in the inner chamber. Temples devoted to the Capitoline
Triad cult were constructed according to this type. The temple of the province (templum
provinciae) in Gorsium, the temple in civil town of Aquincum, and the temple in Savaria were
all constructed according to this type.
The temple of Isis illustrates a fusion of Italian and Oriental styles the architecture of the
temple is emblematic of the Italian type, but the relief of an oriental god appears on the frieze of
the building. The best preserved temples of this type are: Maison Carr in Nmes, and temple
of Augustus and Livia in Vienne in France.
The third architectural type is mithraeum. Temples of Mithras in all provinces of Roman
Empire were built according to the same scheme with a uniform long shape. They were made
to resemble cave, and were often situated underground. The plan of the cella was divided into
three parts with the central part being lowered into the ground. The entrance to the central
part was through stairs. Mystery cult members at lower ranking positions kneeled on sides of
the cella. Temples of Mithras are preserved in the following localities: Aquincum, Fertrkos,
Brigetio.
Barkczi 1951, 33-4.
Pczy 1976, 24.
39
Hajnczi 1987, 110.
37
38

12

The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

The architecture of the temples in Panonia allows us to observe fusion of local and imported
impressions and building forms. Architectural evidence uncovered to date reveals wide variety
of temple styles constructed throughout Pannonia and one can reasonably expect that additional
sacred structures will eventually be discovered in this territory.
Bibliography

Altjohann, M. 2000. Einheimische Kulte. In Die Rmer zwischen Alpen und Nordmeer. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von
Zabern, 237-40.
Aquincum. Rimania vBudapeti. Budapest 2003, 37.
Bnki, Zs. 1981. Heiligtum des Jupiter Dolichenus in Vetus Salina. In Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis XIX:
95-118. Szkesfehrvr.
Barkczi, L. 1951. Brigetio. Dissertationes Pannoniae Ser. II. No. 22. Budapest.
Fitz, J. 1998. Area sacra in Gorsium. In Religions and cults in Pannonia. Szkesfehrvr, 25-8.
Fitz, J. 2002. Tc, Gorsium (Fejr megye). In Rgszeti Kutatsok Magyarorszgon 1999. Budapest, 254-5.
Fitz, J. 2004. Gorsium. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia II. Situla 42: 204. Ljubjana.
Gmri, J. 2003. Scarbantia. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia I. Situla 41: Ljubjana, 81-92.
Hajnczi, Gy. 1987. Pannnia rmai romjai. Budapest: Mszaki knyvkiad.
Kvetnov, I. Viovsk, P. 2007. Jupiter Dolichenus alebo Mars? In Pamiatky amze 2007, 2: 29-32.
Milch, . 1900. Abregetiumi Jupiter-dolychenus szently. In Akomromvrmegyei s vrosi Mzeum egyeslet 1900.
vi rtestje XIV: 27-35. Komrom.
PHA 1995 = Pannonia Hungarica Antiqua. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alaptvny.
Pczy, K. 1976. Pannoniai vrosok. Budapest: Athenaeum Nyomda.
Pczy, K. 1994. Aquincum, the Roman town in Budapest. Budapest: Budapest Historical Museum.
Scherrer, P. 2003. Savaria. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia I. Situla 41: 53-80. Ljubjana.
Szilgyi, J. 1956. Aquincum. Budapest: Akadmiai kiad.
Zsidi, P. 2004. Aquincum. Ergebnisse der topographischen und siedlung-historischen Forschungen in den Jahren
1969-1999. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia II. Situla 42: 209-22. Ljubljana.

Ing. arch. Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorsk, PhD.

Fakulta architektry STU
Nm. Slobody 19
SK-812 45 Bratislava
ratimorska@yahoo.com

13