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FLUIDS
V
as V
s
V2
an
R
Note : For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, the pressure
variation across streamline is merely hydrostatic (because of
gravity alone), even though the fluid is in motion
p
V
sin
V
s
s
1
2
p V z Constant along a streamline
2
Example 1
Some animals have learned to take advantage of the Bernoulli effect.
For example, a typical prairie dog burrow contains two entrances
a flat front door and a mounded back door. When the wind blows
with velocity Vo across the front door, the average velocity across
the back door is greater than Vo because of the mound. Assume the
air velocity across the back door is 1.07Vo. For a wind velocity of 6
m/s, what pressure difference, p1-p2, is generated to provide a
fresh air flow within the burrow.
V
p
dn z Constant across the streamline
R
Physical Interpretation
Velocity head
-vertical distance needed for the fluid to fall freely
(neglecting friction) if it is to reach V from rest
Pressure head
-height of the column of fluid that is needed to produce the pressure p
Static pressure
Actual thermodynamic pressure
Dynamic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Total pressure
1
p2 p1 V12
2
Figure 1 : Measurement of
static and stagnation
pressures
Example 2
Air is drawn into a small open circuit wind tunnel as shown.
Atmospheric pressure is 98.7 kPa (abs) and the temperature is
27C. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the pressure at
the stagnation point on the nose of the airplane. Also determine the
manometer reading, h, for the manometer attached to the static
pressure tap within the test section of the wind tunnel if the air
velocity within the test section is 60 m/s. Elevation of (1),(2) and
(3) is assume the same.
p3 p V
1
2
p4 p1 p
V 2 p3 p4
Free Jets
Assumptions
z1=h, z2=0
Reservoir is large, V1=0
Reservoir is open to atmosphere, p1=0 gage
Fluid leaves as a free jet, p2=0
Once outside nozzle, the stream continues as a free
jet, p5=0
h
v2 2
2 gh
v5 2 g h H
Example 3
For the system in the figure, h= 36 ft and the diameter of the side
opening is 2 in. Find the
(a) Jet velocity in units of ft/s
(b) Volume flow rate in units of gallon per min. (gpm)
Solution: Example 3
0
02
P1 + V1 + Z1 = P2 + V2 + z2
P1 = 0
V1 = 0
Z1 = h
Z2 = 0
P2 = 0
d1 = 2 in = 2/12 = 0.167 ft
Note that: = g,
thus: / = g
Z1 = V22
a) V = (2gh) = (2 x 32.2 ft/s x 36 ft) = 48.15 ft/s
Solution: Example 3
Example 4
A smooth plastic, 10-m long garden hose with an inside diameter of 15
mm is used to drain a wading pool as shown. If viscous effects are
neglected, what is the flowrate from the pool?
Solution: Example 4
Confined Flows
In many cases, fluid is confined and its pressure
cannot be prescribed a priori need to use the
concept of conservation of mass
AV
Q AV , m
Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation
and then immediate implosion
of cavities in a liquid i.e.
small liquid-free zones
("bubbles") that are the
consequence of forces acting
upon the liquid.
It usually occurs when a
liquid is subjected to rapid
changes of pressure that cause
the formation of cavities where
the pressure is relatively low.
Example 5
Water is siphoned from the tank
as shown. The water barometer
indicates a reading of 30.2 ft.
Determine the maximum value
of h allowed without cavitation
occurring.
Note
that
the
pressure of the vapor in the
closed end of the barometer
equals the vapor pressure.
Solution: Example 5
Solution: Example 5
Example 6
Water flows from a large tank as shown. Atmospheric pressure is 14.5
psia and the vapor pressure is 2.88 psia. If viscous effects are
neglected, at what height, h, will cavitation begin?
Solution: Example 6
Solution: Example 6
hole
Flowrate measurement
Assumptions steady, inviscid and incompressible
p1 12 V12 p2 12 V22
and
Q A1V1 A2V2
hence
Q A2
2( p1 p2 )
2
1 A2 A1
Figure 8 : Representation of the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for flow from a tank
Example 7
Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the flow of Example
6.