NAME- VIVEK SINGH

NO.:15CS01019

ROLL

1. Why is cell division important for both unicellular and

multicellular organisms?
Ans : This is because Cell division is the only way single-celled
organisms can reproduce and in case of multicellular organisms, they
need cell division to grow and to replace dead or damaged cells.
2. Why does cell division remain important to an adult
organism even after it is fully developed?
Ans: After growth, division remains important in normal cell turnover,
such as in our skin and gut, where cells are continuously renewed.
Other cells have to divide to heal wounds like skin cuts or broken
bones.
3. Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?
Ans: Cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells. Cells stop
dividing to specialize in structure and function, a process called
differentiation. Once differentiated, some cells may divide again under
certain conditions.
4. What is apoptosis? What is its purpose?
Ans: Cells can also undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, a
process that eliminates unnecessary cells during development and
removes unhealthy or damaged cells in the mature organism.
5. What are cell cycle regulators?
Ans: Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or
halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death.
6. What happens if cell cycle regulators dont function
properly?
Ans: If regulators dont function properly, an organism may end up with
too few or too many cells. This can cause problems of varying severity
from harmless hair loss or the growth of warts to the development of
life-threatening tumors.
7. Cells go through periods of growth and division. Cell division occurs
during mitotic phase.
8. The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which a cell
grows and replicates its DNA.
9. (a) G1 phase:- During this phase, the cell increases in size and
prepares to replicate its DNA. Toward the end of G1, the cell has to be
sufficiently healthy to replicate its DNA. If the DNA is undamaged and
enough resources are available for the cell to keep growing and divide,
growth signals will stimulate the cell to proceed to the DNA synthesis,

or S, phase. Otherwise, either the cell dies or it enters a resting state,

also referred to as G0 phase.
(b)G2 phase:- During this phase, the cell continues to grow and
prepares for division.
To proceed to the next phase, all chromosomes have to be fully
replicated and contain no other types of damage. Only then can it
enter mitosis, or M phase, and divide. Protein synthesis and formation
of organelle takes place here.
(c)S phase:-The cell replicates its DNA. At the end of this phase, the
cell has two complete sets of chromosomes. Throughout the S phase,
DNA is continuously monitored for replication errors. If DNA synthesis
progresses without errors, growth signals will stimulate the cell to
proceed to G2, during which the cell matures.
10. In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell
cycle?
Ans:- Checkpoints ensure that all the processes are going correctly, if
not so, it will stop the further processes and reverse the process to
make it correct.
11. What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle? Which factors
determine whether a cell enters G0? Can cells leave G0?
Ans: Toward the end of the G1 phase, a cell can "exit" the cell cycle
when it receives a signal to differentiate, or when resources are
insufficient to grow and divide. Whether or not a cell exits the cell cycle
depends on the organisms stage in development, the type of cell, and
the resources available. The cell is then said to be in G0a resting, or
nondividing, stage. Yes cells can leave G0.
12. What are cell cycle regulators?
Ans:- Cell cycle regulators are proteins that control the progression of a
cell through the cell cycle and can either stimulate or inhibit cell cycle
progression.
a. Stimulatory proteins are encoded by protooncogenes.
Examples include:- cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
b. Inhibitory proteins are encoded by tumor suppressor genes.
Examples include:- cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
13. Cancer is the result of an improperly regulated cell cycle.
Describe two reasons why cells can form Tumors.
Ans: - Cancer results from an improperly regulated cell cycle. As a
result, cells replicate indefinitely and form tumors.
14. In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation
in the APC gene. What happens if the APC gene is mutated?
Ans:-Mutations in the APC gene are also responsible for a disorder
called Turcot syndrome, which is closely related to familial
adenomatous polyposis. Turcot syndrome is an association of colorectal
cancer with a type of cancerous brain tumor called a medulloblastoma.
15. Normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What
are oncogenes and how do they affect the cell cycle?
Ans:- Proteins that normally stimulate the cell cycle are encoded
by proto-oncogenes. Mutated versions of these genes,

called oncogenes, are analogous to putting the foot on the accelerator,

increasing stimulation.
a. To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require one allele(s) to be
mutated and
therefore are considered dominant. The mutation results in a gain of
function.
16. Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle.
How do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle?
Ans:- a. To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require two allele(s)
to be mutated and therefore are considered recessive. The mutation
results in a loss of function.