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Cardiovascular System
DEVOTIONAL
Quiz #1
Label the Different Parts of the Heart.
Proverbs 4:23
Keep thy heart with all
diligence; for out of it
are the issues of life..
Hollow, Muscular
Organ
Delivers oxygenated
blood to body through
arteries
When blood returns
through veins, pumps
it to lungs to be
reoxygenated
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MEDIASTINUM
-the central section
of the thorax
(chest cavity)
2/3 lies left of
MSL
Q: What is Oxygenation?
transport of O to all body
parts & the removal of CO.
Q: 4 Components of this Process:
1. Hgb O2 carrier
2. Blood vessels transporting network
3. Heart the pump
4. Lungs oxygenate blood
Physiology of Oxygenation
1. Ventilation
2. Alveolar Gas
Exchange (oxygen
uptake or external
respiration)
3. 02 Transport &
Delivery
4. Cellular Respiration
3.
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1. Ventilation
Regulators of Ventilation
1. respiratory control centers in
the pons & medulla oblongata.
2. changes in the concentration of
pH & CO2 in the bodys fluid
3. Decrease in blood O2
concentration (hypoxemia)
Once fresh air reaches the lungs alveoli, the 2nd step in
the process of oxygenation begins.
OXYGEN UPTAKE (external respiration) the exchange
of O2 from the alveolar space into the pulmonary capillary
blood.
bind with O2
4. Cellular respiration
Gas exchange at the cellular level
(also called internal respiration)
takes place via diffusion in response to
concentration gradient.
O2 diffuses fr the blood to the tissues,
while CO2 moves fr the tissues to the
blood
Then blood is reoxygenated by the lungs
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4. Cellular respiration
Heart Wall
Three Layers
1. Epicardium outermost layer and made up of
squamous epithelial cells
Gaseous Exchange
Heart Wall
Three Layers
2. Myocardium middle and thickest layer.
Made up of Myocardial cells.
Nodal cells - for pacemaker functions.
Purkinje cells-found in bundle of His, Left Bundle
Branch(LBB) & Right Bundle Branch(RBB).
Heart Wall
Heart Wall
Three Layers
3. Endocardium innermost layer, consisting of thin layer
of endothelial tissue that lines heart valves and
chambers.
Pericardium
Fluid-filled sac that envelops heart and acts as tough,
protective coating.
Consists of fibrous pericardium (tough, white, fibrous
tissue) and serous pericardium (two layers
<parietal,visceral>)
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Heart Wall
Heart Wall
Pericardium
Pericardial space separates the visceral and parietal layers
and contains 10-20ml of thin, clear, lubricating
pericardial fluid.
RA 2mm
LA 3mm
RV 3-5mm
LV 13-15mm
1. INTERATRIAL septum
separates the atria
2. INTERVENTRICULAR septum
separates the ventricles
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Chordae Tendinae
Atrio-ventricular
valves:AV valves
1. Tricuspid
2. Mitral or bicuspid
Semi-lunar valves:
1. Pulmonary
2. Aortic valves
Ventricular Diastole
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonic valve, located where pulmonary
artery meets right ventricle.
Aortic valve, located where left ventricle
meets aorta.
Closure of semilunar valves associated with
S2 sound.
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Ventricular Systole
Pulmonary Circulation
Mitral
Valve
Systemic
Circulation
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Coronary Circulation
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Cardiac Veins
About 75% of total
coronary venous blood
flow leaves left
ventricle by way of
coronary sinus.
POSTCAPILLARY
VENULE
CAPILLARY
BED
CAPILLARY
TUNICA EXTERNA
TUNICA MEDIA
VALVE
TUNICA INTIMA
LUMEN
TISSUE CELLS
PRECAPILLARY
SPHINCTER
TRUE
CAPILLARIES
VASCULAR
SHUNT
Arteries
DIAMETER
LOCATION
ELASTIC
>1 cm
aorta
w/ extensive ELASTIC
Pulmonary
FIBERS at tunica media
common
Serve as pressure
carotid
reservoir
subclavian
Propels blood onward
common iliac
even if the LV is relaxed
0.1 10 mm
VEIN
Arterioles
TYPES
MUSCULAR
ARTERY
DESCRIPTION
Brachial (in
w/ more SMOOTH
the arm)
MUSCLE at tunica media
Radial (in the Capable of greater
forearm
vasoconstriction &
vasodilation.
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Arterioles
Capillaries
Capillaries
Venules
Angiogeneis
angio = blood vessel
genesis = production
Growth of new blood vessels
- during wound healing
- during endurance exercise
training
Veins
Diameter: 0.1 mm - >1mm
characterized by high volume &
low pressure
Function: volume storage
contain 70% of the circulating
blood volume
w/ valves
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Cardiac Physiology
Autonomic
Innervation of the
Heart
Sympathetic nerve
stimulation causes
release of
norepinephrine, which
increases heart rate
and accelerates AV
node conduction.
Autonomic
Innervation of the
Heart
Parasympathetic
Nerve stimulation
causes release of
acetylcholine, which
slows heart rate and
conduction through
the AV node.
Control of Blood
Pressure by
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors are
stretch receptors in
the wall of some blood
vessels. They are
involved in the
control of arterial
pressure through the
discharge of impulses
to the cardiovascular
centre when there is
distension due to a
change in the blood
pressure.
Control of Blood
Pressure by
Chemoreceptors
They are sensitive to
any change in the
chemical composition
of the blood, such as a
decrease in oxygen
level and pH of the
blood or an increase
in the carbon
dioxide level.
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Chemoreceptor Stimulation
and the Hearts Response
Decreased Blood O2
Increased CO2
Decreased blood Ph
Decreased
Parasympathetic
Stimulation
Increased
Sympathetic
Stimulation
Increased
Heart Rate
Increased SV
Increased BP
Transmission of Electrical
Impulses
Transmission of Electrical
Impulses
(SA Node)
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(AV
Node)
4. Purkinje Fibers
Composed of a diffuse
muscle fiber network
beneath the endocardium
that transmits impulses
quicker than any other part
of the conduction system.
Usually doesnt fire unless
SA and AV nodes fail to
generate or when impulse is
blocked in both BB.
Firing rate 20-40 b/min
SA
(60-100/min)
AV
(40-60/min)
BUNDLE OF HIS
(30-40/min)
PURKINJE FIBERS
(20-30/min)
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1. K
2. Na
3. Ca
1. Na-K pump
the fast sodium channels
2. Na-Ca pump
Slow Ca channels
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium-Potassium Pump
powered by ATP
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium-Calcium Pump
POLARIZATION
resting potential
DEPOLARIZATION
(action potential)
REPOLARIZATION
(the recovery phase)
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Depolarization-Repolarization
Depolarization-Repolarization
Depolarization-Repolarization
Depolarization-Repolarization
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Depolarization-Repolarization
Action Potential of a Cardiac Muscle
Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
The P Wave
Basic Electrocardiogram
Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
The PR Interval
(ECG)
The Q Wave
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Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
The R Wave
(ECG)
The S Wave
Basic Electrocardiogram
Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
The ST Segment
Basic Electrocardiogram
Basic Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
The T Wave
(ECG)
The QT Interval
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Basic Electrocardiogram
ECG Waveform
COmponents
(ECG)
The U wave
Cardiac Contraction
CARDIAC CYCLE
Atria Ventricles
AV Node delays impulses
travelling from Atria to
Ventricles.
Ventricular Systole
Contraction
Contraction
Filling
Ejection
SYSTOLE
Muscle contraction is
initiated by action potentials
that normally originate from
a pacemaker site (SA Node)
in the right atrium.
Action Potentials depolarize
cells, causing contraction.
Sequence of contraction
DIASTOLE
Systole
Begins with ventricular contraction.
Ends when ejection ceases.
Diastole
Begins when ejection ceases as ventricles relax
Ventricular filling begins after sufficient relaxation occurs.
Ejection
Outflow valves open
Repolarization (T wave of
ECG) initiates relaxation
causing ejection rate to
rapidly decline.
Residual volume after ejection
is End Systolic Volume
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Atrial Systole
Ventricular Diastole
Relaxation
Initiated by repolarization (T
wave of ECG)
LVP decreases
Outflow valves close (begins
diastole)
Initially Isovolumetric
Ejection
AV valves open when LV
pressure < atrial pressure.
Most ventricular filling occurs
before atrial contraction.
Maximal filled volume is enddiastolic volume.
Initiated by
depolarization (P wave
of ECG)
Occurs near end of
diastole
Atrial pressure
transiently increases (a
wave), forcing
additional blood into the
ventricles.
Accounts for 10% of
ventricular filling at
resting (up to 40%
during exercise)
Atrial Diastole
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Stroke Volume
Ventricular Stroke volume is the difference
between ventricular end-diastolic volume
(EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV).
SV = EDV - ESV
In a normal heart, EDV-ESV is the same
volume of blood as ejected into the aorta
during each systole.
Stroke Volume
proportional to the
end-diastolic volume
(EDV).
Q: Factors AFFECTING
Preload
b. Ventricular compliance
the elasticity when blood enters
ventricle.
Conditions that elasticity:
When muscle thickens =Hypertrophy
increased fibrotic tissue within the
ventricle = after MI
cardiac tamponade
Stroke Volume
(Woods, 2010).
Can be compared to
the stretching of a rubber
band.
Q: Factors AFFECTING
Preload
a. Venous return
the vol of blood that enters
the ventricle during diastole.
Conditions venous return:
Fluid overload
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Hemorrhage
Fluid shifting to 3rd space
vasodilation
Stroke Volume
CHF
Renal disease
Vasoconstriction
Hypervolemia
Regurgitation of cardiac valves
2. CONTRACTILITY
the forcefulness of
contraction of ventricular
muscle fibers.
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Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume
Determinants of LV AFTERLOAD
Resistance
3. AFTERLOAD
Factors Affecting Afterload
1. Diameter of the aorta &
pulmonary artery.
Systemic Vascular
Resistance (SVR)
HPN
Aortic Valve
Stenosis
The FORCE
Determinants of RV AFTERLOAD
Resistance
The FORCE
Pulmonary vascular
resistance (PVR
CONGESTED
LUNGS
Pulmonic Valve
Stenosis
Ejection Fraction
Ejection Fraction (EF) is the fraction of
blood ejected by the ventricle relative to its
filled volume (end-diastolic volume).
PULMONARY
EMBOLISM
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output is the amount of blood the
left ventricle pumps into the aorta per
minute.
=
Normal cardiac output is 4-8L per
minute, depending on body size.
Sample Computation
(Compute the SV, EF & CO)
HR = 70/min
= 120 ml
= 50 ml
70 ml
58%
(normally 60%)
If heart rate (HR) is 70 beats/minute, what
is cardiac output?
Cardiac output
= HR x SV
= 70/min * 70 ml
= 4900ml/min
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