Machine Tools And Machining Lab

Assignment

Submitted To:
Engineer Tahir Ameen

Submitted By:
Mohsin Munawar
2011-ME-150
Section C-2

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

UET Lahore
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Calibration And Measuring Devices

Measuring Devices
Measuring Devices can be categories on the basis of the quantities to be
measured
And These Quantities are

Length
Speed
Angular Velocity
Power

Length Measuring Devices

Ruler
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used
in geometry, technical drawing, printing as well as engineering and
building to measure distances or to rule straight lines. The ruler is
a straightedge which may also contain calibrated lines to measure
distances Rulers have long been made of many materials in a wide range
of sizes. Some are wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were
invented; they can be molded with length markings instead of
being scribed.

Figure 1.0 Steel Ruler.

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Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes
a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the
edge when used for straight-line cutting. 12 inches or 30 cm in length is
useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk to help in drawing.
Tape measure
A tape measure is a portable measurement device used to quantify the
size of an object or the distance between objects. The tape is marked
along the tape edge in inches and fractional inches, typically in quarter-,
eight-, sixteenth-inch increments. Some tape measures are marked in
millimeters, centimeters, and meters on one edge.

Figure 1.1 Tape Measure.

The most common tape measures are 12 feet, 25 feet, or 100 feet in
length. A 12-foot tape measure is handiest for consumers. The 25-foot
length is called a builder's tape and is marked in feet and at 16-inch
increments to make measuring the standard distance between wall studs
easier. The 100-foot tape, usually of reinforced cloth, is useful for
determining property boundaries and other exterior measurements.

Vernier caliper
A Vernier caliper is a precision instrument that measures internal
dimensions, outside dimensions, and depth. It can measure at an
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accuracy of one thousandth of an inch and one hundredth of a

millimeter. The caliper has 2 sets of jaws on the upper portion and the
lower portion. Each set of jaws has a fixed jaw and a movable jaw. The
upper set is designed to measure inside dimensions. The lower set is
designed to measure outside dimensions. It also has a depth probe at
the base or rear part, which functions as a depth measuring tool.

Figure 1.3 Vernier Caliper.

Types of Scales
There are 2 scales on a Vernier caliper. The main scale is typically found
on the length of the caliper. It functions much the same way as a ruler.
The main scale is fixed on the device and cannot be moved. The caliper
also has a movable Vernier scale. The Vernier scale is the secret to the
instruments precision. It is divided into 10 sets, each of equal length.
Below are the best uses for a Vernier caliper.
1. Measuring Inside Dimensions
The upper set of jaws on the caliper can be used to measure inside
dimensions, such as the diameter of holes on a piece of wood or metal.
Measuring the precise diameters of holes in pipes, cylinders and other
hollow objects is very important to any project or application. The jaws of
the caliper can be easily slid into the hole to get the precise
measurement. The caliper can also be used to measure inside dimension
of holes with different shapes, e.g. square, rectangular, cylindrical, or
hexagonal. Lastly, the upper jaws can be used to measure the distance
between 2 objects. This can be done by simply putting the jaws of the
caliper between the objects to get a measurement.
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2. Measuring Outside Dimensions

The lower set of jaws on the Vernier caliper can be used to measure
outside dimensions. Outside dimensions include the outer diameter of a
cylinder and total length of an object. The outer diameter of cylindrical
objects can be measured by simply clamping the lower jaws of the
caliper around the object. The caliper can also measure the length or
width of an object by placing the object between the calipers jaws.

3. Measuring Depth
The Vernier caliper has a depth probe on the rear part. This probe can be
extended from the edge of the hole to the other end of the hole. With the
depth probe, one can measure the precise depth of a hole in any piece of
wood or metal.

Micometer
A micrometer is a device used widely in mechanical engineering
and machining for precision measurement, along with other
metrological instruments such as dial calipers and vernier calipers.
Micrometer screw-gauge is used for measuring accurately the diameter
of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a Ushaped frame, fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a
thimble, as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.4 Screw gauge.

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Micrometers use the principle of a screw to amplify small distances

that are too small to measure directly into large rotations of the screw
that are big enough to read from a scale. The accuracy of a micrometer
derives from the accuracy of the threadform that is at its heart. The
basic operating principles of a micrometer are as follows:
The amount of rotation of an accurately made screw can be directly and
precisely correlated to a certain amount of axial movement (and vice
versa), through the constant known as the screw's pitch (for single
start screw thread). A screw's pitch is the distance it moves forward or
backward axially with one complete turn. The screw has a known
pitch such as 0.5 mm. Hence in this case, for one revolution of the
screw the spindle moves axially by 0.5 mm. This movement of the
spindle is shown on an engraved linear millimeter scale on the sleeve.
On the thimble there is a circular scale which is divided into 50 or 100
equal parts.
When the anvil and spindle end are brought in contact, the edge of
the circular scale should be at the zero of the sleeve (linear scale) and
the zero of the circular scale should be opposite to the datum line of
the sleeve. If the zero is not coinciding with the datum line, there will
be a positive or negative zero error as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 1.5 Zero error in case of screw gauge.

The least count of the micrometer screw can be calculated using the
formula given below: Least count =Pitch/ Number of divisions on the
circular scale =0.5 mm/50 =0.01 mm

Speed Measuring Device

SpeedoMeter
A speedometer is the device in a vehicle that measures and displays the
speed, and is essential for safety purpose on roads and highways around
the world. The speedometer on a car, truck or motorcycle tells the driver
how fast the vehicle is moving at any given time by instantaneously
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measuring the speed on the ground. The device is now digital on many
vehicles, and takes different incarnations as the motorcycle speedometer
or bike speedometer.

Figure 1.6 Speedometer.

Angular Velocity Measuring Devices

Tachometer
A tachometer is an instrument designed to measure the rotation speed
of an object, such as a gauge in an automobile that measures the
revolutions per minute (RPMs) of the engine's crankshaft. The word is
derived from the Greek words tachos, meaning "speed," and metron,
meaning "to measure." This device traditionally is laid out with a dial, a
needle that indicates the current reading and markings that indicate safe
and dangerous levels. Digital tachometers have become more common,
however, and they give numerical readings instead of using dials and
needles.

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Figure 1.7 Tachometer

Dynamometer
A dynamometer is a load device which is generally used for measuring
the power output of an engine. Several kinds of dynamometers are
common, some of them being referred to as breaks or break
dynamometers: dry friction break dynamometers, hydraulic or water
break dynamometers and eddy current dynamometers.
Dry friction dynamometers are the oldest kind, and consist of some
sort of mechanical breaking device, often a belt or frictional shoe
which rubs a rotating hub or shaft. The hub or shaft is spun by the
engine. Increasing tension in the belt, or force of the shoe against the
hub increases the load on the engine.
Hydraulic dynamometers are basically hydraulic pumps where the
impeller is spun by the engine. Load on the engine is varied by opening
or closing a valve, which changes back pressure on the hydraulic pump.

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Figure 1.8 Dynamometer

Eddy current dynamometers are electromagnetic load devices. The
engine being tested spins a disk in the dynamometer. Electrical current
passes through coils surrounding the disk, and induce a magnetic
resistance to the motion of the disk. Varying the current varies the load
on the engine. The dynamometer applies a resistance to the rotation of
the engine. If the dynamometer is connected to the engines output
shaft it is referred to as an Engine Dynamometer. When the
dynamometer is connected to the vehicles drive wheels it is called a
Chassis Dynamomete

CNC MACHINES
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Introduction
Production is a process of converting raw material into finished products. The process of
production is achieved by the collective efforts of man and machine using materials and
tools. It requires information and energy to accomplish production by machining. Over the
period of time, several techniques and methods are used in the process. The evolution of
new methods of production saw the increasing involvement of machines in providing the
information and energy required for production and the role played by the humans declined.
Prepared programs consisting of informations and instructions took the role of controlling
the machines instead of manual control. This has led to a manufacturing system of higher
production at lower cost with more accuracy.

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