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SQ10403 AQUATIC CHEMISTRY AND POLLUTION

ASSIGNMENT 2
TITLE: WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN AQUACULTURE
NAME: NABILAH ZIEHA BINTI SIKH MOHAMAD
MATRIC NUMBER: BS15110391
LECTURERS NAME: DR. ABENTIM ESTIM

List of contents

Page

Introduction................................................................................................................. 3
Water treatment systems in aquaculture
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Filtration systems.....................................................................................4-6
Exposure to UV light..................................................................................7
Chlorination...............................................................................................7
Sedimentation..........................................................................................8-9
Aquaponic system.....................................................................................9

Conclusion................................................................................................................. 10
Reference...................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
2

Water played an important role in sustaining the life of aquatic organisms. Especially in
aquatic habitat, water is the great source of dissolved oxygen and food such as suspended
particles of organic matter. Just as humans require clean drinking water to maintain our
health, fish and other aquatic organism need clean water to survive. Because of the reliance
on water for fish to survive, water sustainability and conservation have been becoming
increasingly important. Thus, water treatment system is needed to maintain water quality
and to minimise environmental degradation.
For this assignment, I chose hatchery of Borneo Marine Research Institute for my research
on water treatment systems. With the help of research assistant namely Brendan Tan , he
had guided me and showed me the water treatment systems that was used in the hatchery.
RA Brendan explained to me on how the water treatment systems works especially on the
way filter functions and the components or parts that were used in that filter systems.
If water treatment is not available, water pollution is one of the most significant outcomes,
since aquaculture effluents contain non-ingested food and fishs faeces that affect the water
when discharged without any treatment. Conventional pollutants like suspended solids,
dissolved organic matter and nutrients and emerging pollutants(chemicals), are commonly
found in these effluents. However, uses of chemical to treat water in the hatchery is now
strictly forbidden except for experimental purpose. Re-circulating aquaculture systems (RAS)
that integrate the treatment and the reuse of water in the process are an invaluable
alternative for preventing water pollution by diminishing both the volume and the
eutrophication potential of the effluents.
Moreover, the water treatment systems in the hatchery of Borneo Marine Research Institute
available are filtration system comprises of biological filter and mechanical filter, UV Light,
chlorination, sedimentation and aquaponic. It is critical to have an efficient filtration system to
remove pollutants and excess nutrient. Using UV light and adding chlorine as a water
treatment to sterilize the water by killing and inactive organisms that was in the water.
Whereas sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove
suspended solids from water. And lastly, implement of aquaponic systems has several
advantages over recirculation systems in aquaculture and hydroponic systems that use
inorganic nutrients. One of them is the utilization of wastes generated by the aquatic
components, which are a problem in all production systems.

WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN AQUACULTURE

I.

Filtration systems

Since the hatchery needs a large amount of seawater, it has its


own pumping system. The hatchery pumps seawater directly
from the sea. Even though the seawater in front of the hatchery is
very clear, filtered seawater is still necessary for marine culture.
Intake of water from the sea are pumped into the sand filter.
Picture on the left shows the filtration systems available in the
hatchery, it is called gravity sand filter. It is an upflow, continuous
backwash,

granular

media

filter

that

efficiently

removes

suspended and colloidal solids while providing a continuous


supply of filtered water. This incoming water is distributed at the
bottom of the filter and flowing upward through the sand reaches
the filtered water outlet at the filter top side. Simultaneously with
the filtration process, the sand is moving downwards, lifted by an
air lift to the filter top where fouled sand is cleaned in a sand
washer and the suspended solids are discharged with the wash water. Cleaned sand is then
falling onto the filtering sand layer. These filters do not require the usual backwash facilities
as pumps and water hold-up and are driven by pressurised air or gas.

This filter bag made of felt materials comes with sizes such as 1 micron , 5 micron and 10
microns. It keeps particulate and other unwanted contaminants that came from the seawater
enclosed in the bag.

This trash net mesh size is 250 micron. It filtered solid particles and unwanted contaminants
such as uneaten or left over feed and faeces by trapping it inside the bag from further
degrading the water quality.

This is one of biological filter that were used to treat water. Coral and gravel act as a
substrate for beneficial bacteria to live. This beneficial bacteria will colonize the tank
surfaces that are exposed to aerated water, including the substrate. For example,
chemotrophic bacteria such as Nitrosomonas sp. utilize ammonia as a food source and
produce nitrite as a waste product. Another chemotrophic bacteria such as Nitrospira sp.
utilize nitrite as a food source and produces nitrates as a waste product. Both Nitrosomonas
sp. and Nitrospira sp. will grow and colonize the biofilter as long as there is a food source
available. Basically, this two beneficial bacteria converting harmful ammonia that can
degrades the water quality and reduce its pH into a less toxic nitrate.

Use of duck weed (Lemna minor)


as a biological filter in the tank is a
natural way to treat water. In
addition to its fast growth and a
replacement for fish meal, duck
weed can also absorb ammonia.
Faeces which excreted by the
aquatic organism contains
ammonia. Duck weed can reduce
ammonia level by absorbing the
II.

ammonia, but it needs lots of bright

UV Light

light.
6

Use of UV light as water treatment is the most effective method for disinfecting bacteria in
the water. Inside of the UV light machine, the PVC tube has fittings to allow water to be
pumped into one end and then through the entire length of the tube where it then exits. The
UV bulb is inside the quartz sleeve and sealed so that no water can reach the bulb. Anyway,
by exposing water to UV light, it disinfects by inactivating bacteria and viruses. The genetic
material in microorganisms absorb UV energy, interfering with reproduction and survival. It is
used in larvae tank because larvae are vulnerable and have high mortality rate.

III.

Chlorination

Adding chlorine into the water is used to treat water as well. This method is used to kill
certain bacteria and other microbes in the water as chlorine is highly toxic. After that, the
water containing chlorine is then aerated and exposed to sunlight for few days so the
chlorine will disappeared and then will be used as stocking water.

IV.

Sedimentation

Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process that separates settle-able or suspended


solids from influent by gravitational action. These solids include particulate matter, chemical
floc and precipitates in suspension. Water flows horizontally through the sedimentation tank,
then rises vertically to overflow the discharge channel weir at the tank surface. While the
water slowly rises, the floc settles in the opposite direction and is expelled mechanically by
continuous action sludge removal. The process does not remove all of the floc. Particles
lighter than the overflow rate flow out with the effluent and are removed by filtration. In
addition, a sedimentation tank is a very simple and relatively cheap installation. Most
sedimentation tanks are divided into these separate zones:
Inlet Zone - The inlet or influent zone should distribute flow uniformly across the inlet to the
tank. The normal design includes baffles that gently spread the flow across the total inlet of
the tank and prevent short circuiting in the tank. The baffle is sometimes designed as a wall
across the inlet, with holes perforated across the width of the tank.
Settling Zone - The settling zone is the largest portion of the sedimentation tank. This zone
provides the calm area necessary for the suspended particles to settle.
Sludge Zone - The sludge zone located at the bottom of the tank, provides a storage area for
the sludge before it is removed for additional treatment or disposal. Tank inlets should be
designed to minimize high flow velocities near the bottom of the tank. If high flow velocities

are allowed to enter the sludge zone, the sludge could be swept up and out of the tank.
Sludge is removed for further treatment from the sludge zone by scraper or vacuum devices
which move along the bottom.
Outlet Zone - The tank outlet zone (or launder) should provide a smooth transition from the
sedimentation zone to the outlet from the tank. This area of the tank also controls the depth
of water in the basin. Weirs set at the end of the tank control the overflow rate and prevent
the solids from rising to the weirs and leaving the tank before they settle out.
V.

Aquaponic system

The aquaponic production system is a bio-integrated system that brings together


recirculation aquaculture and the hydroponic production of plants. These nutrients, which are
excreted directly by aquatic organisms or generated by the microbial reactions on organic
wastes are absorbed by the plants grown hydroponically. This method relies on fish waste to
be used as an organic nutrient to grow vegetables. Plants that were used is mint and
watermelon plant, are able to grow without the presence of soil using natural
fertilizer available in the system as a result of nutrients produced from nitrification process by
the nitrifying bacteria. In a re-circulating system, water flows from the fish tank into a
biological filter (corals and gravel) where beneficial bacteria would break down ammonia into
an organic nutrient for the growth of vegetables. The plants provide a natural filter for fish by
absorbing the nutrients from the water which essentially cleans it before being re-circulated
back into the fish tank.

CONCLUSION
9

High stocking density of fish and other marine life in the tank usually exacerbates problems
with water quality and sediment deterioration. Wastes generated by aquaculture activity
(faeces and uneaten feed) causes high degree of variability in the concentration of dissolved
nitrates, nitrites and ammonia. Without water treatment, part of the waste is flushed out of
the tank to the ocean and cause pollution. Accumulation of this nutrients lead to eutrophic
conditions that could triggered toxic algal bloom such as red tide and brown tide. Both
ammonia and nitrite can be directly toxic to culture organisms or can induce to sublethal
stress in culture populations that results in lowered resistance to diseases. In aquaculture,
having good water quality is extremely important to enable successful propagation of marine
cultured. Hence, variety of water treatment systems is implemented to treat water and
prevent environmental degradation. For example, by using biological filter such as coral and
gravel which acts as a substrate for nitrifying bacteria like Nitrosomonas sp. to oxidised
ammonia into nitrite and then further oxidation to less toxic nitrate helps to improve the
quality of water.

REFERENCE
-

Joanne E. Frank R. Water and wastewater treatment 2nd Edition. 2013. Taylor &

Francis,LL.C
Normala W. Abentin E. Annita Y. Shigeharu S. Saleem M. Producing organic fish
and mint in an aquaponic system. 2010. Retrieved from
http://aquaponicsjournal.com/docs/articles/Producing-Organic-Fish-and-Mint-in-

Aquaponics.pdf
Sedimentation. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.mrwa.com/WaterWorksMnl/Chapter

%2013%20Sedmentation.pdf
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. (n.d.) Retrieved from

https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/radiation/pdf/UV_germicidal.pdf
Water quality and water quality management in Aquaculture. (n.d.) Retrieved from
http://www.neospark.com/images/waterqua.pdf

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