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with
F2 = k(2 1 )
F1 = k(1 2 )
f = kd
k
F1
=
k
F2
k
k
1
2
F1 = k1 (1 2 )
F3 = k2 (3 2 )
so that
F2 = k1 1 + (k1 + k2 )2 k2 3
which may be written as
F = KD
k1
F1
F2 = k1
0
F3
k1
k1 + k2
k2
1
0
k2 2
3
k2
The overall stiffness matrix K can be derived from the individual stiffness matrices k1 and k2 but their orders are different so the latter two
have to be expanded as follows:
k1
F1
F2 = k1
0
0
k1
k1
0
1
0
0 2
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
F2 = 0 k2 k2 2
3
0 k2 k2
F3
0
0
k1 k1 0
with K = k1 k1 0 + 0 k2
0 k2
0
0
0
0
k2
k2
This simple case illustrates how the properties of the elements can be
combined to yield an overall response function.
Minimising the Potential Energy
For the set of springs illustrated in Fig. 2, we write
F1 = k1 (1 2 )
0 = k1 (1 2 ) + k2 2 k3 (3 2 )
F3 = k3 (3 2 )
k1
k1 + k2 + k3
k3
1
0
k3 2
3
k3
(1)
= k1 (1 2 ) F1 = 0
1
= k1 (1 2 ) + k2 2 k3 (3 2 ) = 0
2
= k3 (3 2 ) F3 = 0
3
This result is identical to the one obtained before (equation 1); the
potential energy minimisation approach is simpler for large and complex
problems.
k1
k1 + k2 + k3
k3
1
0
2
k3
3
k4
= k1 (1 2 ) F1 = 0
1
= k1 (1 2 ) + k2 2 k3 (3 2 ) = 0
2
= k3 (3 2 ) + k4 3 F3 = 0
3
This result is identical to the one obtained before; the potential energy
minimisation approach is simpler for large and complex problems.
References
Crank, J., (1975) The Mathematics of Diffusion, Oxford University
Press Chapter 8
Davies, A. J., (1980) The Finite Element Method, Clarendon Press,
Oxford
Entwistle, K. M., (1999) Basic Principles of the Finite Element Method,
The Institute of Materials, London
Huebner, K. H., (1975) The Finite Element Method for Engineers, John
Wiley and Sons, London
Segerlind, L. J., (1976) Applied Finite Element Analysis, John Wiley
and Sons, London
Chandrupatla, T. R. and Belegundu, A. D., (2000) Finite Elements in
Engineering, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi