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In order to change a singular noun to its plural form in English, you usually add "s". For example, the
plural of book is books. The plural of table is tables. These are regular plurals.
But there are many nouns which don't follow this rule. For example the plural of fish is fish. The plural of
tooth is teeth. These are irregular plurals
Regular plurals:
Form:
Add "s" to the noun:
Noun
+S
While many plural nouns follow this rule, the spelling sometimes differ.
Examples:
Singular
Plural
snake
snakes
window
windows
box
boxes
boy
boys
lorry
lorries
potato
potatoes
knife
knives
Spelling of plurals:
The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter "s".
Nouns that end in -ch, x, s, z or s-like sounds, however, will require an es for the plural:
o becomes oes
echo
echoes
embargo
embargoes
hero
heroes
potato
potatoes
tomato
tomatoes
torpedo
torpedoes
veto
vetoes
Some nouns ending in o break the above rule and get os in the plural form:o becomes os
auto
autos
kangaroo
kangaroos
kilo
kilos
memo
memos
photo
photos
piano
pianos
pimento
pimentos
pro
pros
solo
solos
soprano
sopranos
studio
studios
tattoo
video
zoo
tattoos
videos
zoos
buffalo
cargo
halo
mosquito
motto
no
tornado
volcano
zero
Plurals of nouns that end in f or fe usually change the f sound to a v sound and add s or -es.
Irregular plurals:
There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms.
Singular
Plural
fish
fish
sheep
sheep
barracks
barracks
foot
feet
tooth
teeth
goose
geese
tooth
teeth
goose
geese
child
children
man
men
woman
women
person
people
mouse
mice
Foreign plural
algae
amoebae
antennae
formulae
larvae
nebulae
vertebrae
English plural
amoebas
antennas
formulas
nebulas
Foreign plural
corpora
genera
alumni
bacilli
cacti
foci
fungi
nuclei
octopi
radii
stimuli
syllabi
termini
English plural
cactuses
funguses
octopuses
syllabuses
Foreign plural
addenda
English plural
bacterium
curriculum
datum
erratum
medium
memorandum
ovum
stratum
symposium
bacteria
curricula
data
errata
media
memoranda
ova
strata
symposia
curriculums
memorandums
symposiums
Foreign plural
English plural
apex
apices
apexes
appendix
appendices
appendixes
cervix
cervices
cervixes
index
indices
indexes
matrix
matrices
matrixes
vortex
vortices
Plural form
analysis
analyses
axis
axes
basis
bases
crisis
crises
diagnosis
diagnoses
emphasis
emphases
hypothesis
hypotheses
neurosis
neuroses
oasis
oases
parenthesis
parentheses
synopsis
synopses
thesis
theses
singular
plural
criterion
criteria
phenomenon
phenomena
automaton
automata
Some nouns never take the s of the plural and are always singular:
2. The (woman)
3. My (child)
4. I am ill. My (foot)
hurt.
in a religious celebration.
6. I clean my (tooth)
7. The (student )
8. The (fish)
On the (shelf)
12. (Goose)
like water.
13. (Piano)
are expensive
In the car!
Write down the correct form of the plural:
1. city -
2. house -
3. boy -
4. family -
5. life -
6. photo -
7. phone -
8. sandwich -
9. nurse -
10. elf -
11. phenomenon -
12. criterion -
13. village -
14. toy -
Cazul substantivelor
Cazul este o categorie gramatical care stabilete i indic raporturile dintre substantiv si celelalte pr i de
vorbire. Pe scurt, cazul marcheaz funcia sintactic a unui substantiv. Ca o clasificare foarte simpl,
putem spune c nominativul este cazul subiectului, acuzativul este cazul complementului direct, dativul al
complementului indirect, genitivul este cazul atributului iar vocativul nu marcheaz nici o func ie
sintactic.
n limba englez, raporturile sintactice (cazurile) pot fi realizate prin:
CAZUL GENITIV
Genitivul este cazul posesiei (exprim ideea de posesie) i marcheaz funcia sintactic de atribut. n
limba englez exist dou tipuri de genitiv, fiecare marcat printr-o modalitate: genitivul sintetic (marcat
prin s apostrof urmat de s) i genitivul analitic, marcat prin of.
Genitivul sintetic
Regul general: genitivul sintetic se formeaz prin adugarea unui s (apostrof i s) la sfritul
substantivului respectiv: my sisters cat, the neighbours house.
Excepii:
1. la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate se adaug doar apostroful, fr s: the
parents meeting, the boys team
2. la substantivele proprii terminate n s se adaug apostroful cu sau fr s: Dickenss
novels sau Dickens novels. n limba englez modern se prefer a doua variant
(fr s). n ambele cazuri ns, se citete cu [iz]: [dikinsiz]
Utilizarea genitivului sintetic
Ca o regul simpl (i nescris), genitivul sintetic se folosete n general cu substantive nume de persoan
i cu personificri. Dar lista este mult mai lung, aadar putem spune c genitivul sintetic se folosete:
cu anumite uniti de msur, mai ales pentru timp i spaiu: a miles walk, an hours
lecture
pentru a numi anumite locuri i localuri: the barbers (shop) frizerie, frizer, the
bakers (shop) brutrie, brutar, St. Pauls (Cathedral)
OBSERVAII:
dac substantivul determinat este unul ca house, museum, shop, place, acesta poate
lipsi: I dropped by my friends (house). She visited M-me Tussauds (museum).
Genitivul analitic
Genitivul analitic se formeaz cu particula of i st dup substantivul determinat: the house of his
neighbour. Genitivul analitic se folosete n urmtoarele situaii:
pentru ntrirea unei situaii: The departure of his mother upset him.
cu nume de persoane:
1. dac sunt mai multe substantive proprii legate prin and: This is the friend of Jane, Bill
and Jennifer.
2. pentru subliniere: the plays of G.B. Shaw
3. dac substantivul nume de persoan are articol nehotrt sau un adjectiv
demonstrativ: the life of a soldier, a book of this poet
4. dac substantivul propriu este fromat dintr-un grup de cuvinte: the period of Stephen
the Great
n afar de cele dou tipuri de genitiv, unele gramatici includ i genitivul dublu i genitivul implicit.
Genitivul dublu
este de fapt o combinaie ntre genitivul sintetic i cel analitic. Genitivul dublu poate fi confundat cu
genitivul analitic n anumite situaii. Comparai:
Genitivul implicit
este un grup de cuvinte din care a disprut marca genitivului: team building, student lounge.
CAZUL DATIV
Cazul dativ este cazul complementului indirect si este marcat prin trei procedee:
1. prepoziia to: Give it to your sister.
2. prepoziia for: She brought the book for her friend.
3. topic (ordinea cuvintelor): I gave her my pen.
verbe tranzitive ca deny, read, give, offer, tell, mpreun cu un complement direct
(substantivele in dativ sunt urmate de prepoziia to): She gave the book (Ac) to her
father (D). I read a story (Ac) to my little sister (D).
OBSERVAIE 1: Dac substantivul n dativ este nlocuit de un pronume, acesta va sta imediat dup verb
i va fi urmat de complementul direct (n Ac):
She gave the book (Ac) to her father (D). dar She gave him (D) the book (Ac).
I read a story (Ac) to my little sister (D). dar I read her (D) a story (Ac).
OBSERVAIE 2: Unele verbe sunt urmate obligatoriu de dativul cu prepoziia to: announce, say,
communicate, address, explain, speak, reply, talk, lie.
verbe tranzitive ca do, choose, make, save, buy urmate de complement direct i un
complement indirect introdus prin prepoziia for: I bought the CD (Ac) for my brother
(D).
adjective care stabilesc o comparaie: equal, similar, inferior, superior, adequate: She
is equal to her brother (D) in languages.
alte adjective ca: cruel, kind, affectionate, etc. He is kind to his little sister (D).
CAZUL ACUZATIV
n general, cazul acuzativ este cazul complementului direct. m limba englez modern poate fi marcat
doar prin locul substantivului n propoziie (topic), urmnd regulile de mai jos:
1. cnd exist un singur complement n propoziie, de obicei acesta este aezat imediat
dup verb i este complement direct: Close the door, would you?
2. cnd exist dou complemente n propoziie, se pot ntlni dou situaii:
ambele complemente sunt directe n cazul acuzativ: She asked meAc a questionAc.
unul este complement direct (n Ac) i unul este complement indirect (n dativ): Mary
told meD a storyAc.
Verbe ca envy, ask, forgive, save sunt urmate de dou acuzative, iar verbe ca pay, read, tell, lend sunt
urmate de un dativ i un acuzativ.
ATENIE: Majoritatea prepoziiilor din limba englez cer cazul acuzativ, aadar substantivele de dup
ele sunt n cazul acuzativ.
Acuzativul intern
n general, verbele care accept un complement direct se numesc verbe tranzitive. n unele cazuri, verbele
intranzitive (care nu accept acest complement) pot fi urmate de aa-numitul acuzativ intern sau
complement direct intern un substantiv nrudit semantic cu verbul (adesea format din aceeai rdcin
cu verbul): to fight a long fight, to sing a song.
CAZUL NOMINATIV
n limba englez, substantivele n cazul nominativ au urmtoarele funcii sintactice: subiect, nume
predicativ i apoziie. Indentificarea unui substantiv n cazul nominativ se face cu ajutorul topicii (ordinii
cuvintelor n propoziie):
The manager, an old, elegant man, made a good impression at the meeting.
APOZITIE