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Collagen
o Collagen is an important constituent of connective tissue:
tendons, cartilage, bones, cornea of the eye
o Each collagen chain is a long Gly- and Pro-rich left-handed
helix
o Three collagen chains intertwine into a right-handed
superhelical triple helix
o The triple helix has higher tensile strength than a steel wire
of equal cross section
o Many triple-helices assemble into a collagen fibril
o The amino acid sequence in collagen is repeating
tripeptide unit of Gly-X-Y where X is Pro and Y is 4-Hyp
o 4-Hydroxyproline in Collagen
Forces the proline ring into a favorable pucker
Offer more hydrogen bonds between the three
strands of collagen
The post-translational processing is catalyzed by
prolyl hydroxylase and requires -ketoglutarate,
molecular oxygen, and ascorbate (vitamin C)
In absence of Vit C cells cannot hydroxylate the Pro
at the Y positions, this leads to collagen instability,
requires enzyme prolyl 4-hydroxylase this enzyme
restores F2+ state
Alpha-Keratin
o Proteins constitute almost entire dry weight of hair, wool,
nails, claws
o Arranged in coiled coil fashion, supertwisting amplifies the
strength of the overall structure
o Rich in hydrophobic residues
o Hair -keratin is an elongated helix. Pairs of these helices
are interwound in a left-handed sense to form two-chain
coiled coils. These then combine in higher-order structures
called protofilaments and protofibrils. About four
protofibrils combine to form an intermediate filament.
o Permanent Waxing
The hair to be waved is first bent around a form of
apprpripate shape.
A solution of reducing agent usually thio containing is
used and heat is applied.
The reducing agent cleaves disulfide bond to form
two cys residues.
Silk Fibroin
o Fibroin is the main protein in silk from moths and spiders
o Antiparallel sheet structure
o Small side chains (Ala and Gly) allow the close packing of
sheets
o Structure is stabilized by
hydrogen bonding within sheets
London dispersion interactions between sheets
o Spider Silk
Used for webs, egg sacks, and wrapping the prey
Extremely strong material
stronger than steel
can stretch a lot before breaking
A composite material
crystalline parts (fibroin-rich)
rubber-like stretchy parts
Motifs
o Specific arrangement of several secondary structure
elements
All alpha-helix
All beta-sheet
Both
o Motifs can be found as reoccurring structures in numerous
proteins
o Proteins are made of different motifs folded together
o Example is B-a-B loop or B-barrel
Domain
o Is a part of the polypeptide chain that is independently
stable or could undergo movement as a single entity with
respect to the entire protein
Proteins with significant similarities in primary structure and/or
with similar terityary structure are in the same protein family,
two or more families with little similarities in amino acid
sequence but use the same structural motif are superfamilies.
Quaternary Structure
o Quaternary structure is formed by the assembly of
individual polypeptides into a larger functional cluster
Protein Structure Methods: X-Ray Crystallography
o Steps needed
Purify the protein
Crystallize the protein