Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying

Department of Town and Regional Planning
REPORT 2
Prepared By:
Name

Matrix no.

AHMAD FITRI BIN MOHAMMAD

2016454178

RAJA MUHAMMAD IRSYADUDDIN BIN RAJA ALIAS

2016454352

SITI NURDIYANA BINTI AHMAD AZHAR

2016454336

NURSYAZANA BINTI NORDIN

2016454288

NUR ILYANA AMIRAH BINTI ROSMIZI

2016454374

NURUL ASYIQIN BINTI ABD RAHIM

2016454132

NABILAH WAFA BINTI KHAIROL ZAMRI

2016454346

Prepared For: Sir Mohd Zaki Bin Tawang

CONTENT

No.

Tittle

1.0

INTRODUCTION

2.0

LOCATION OF WORK

3.0

OBJECTIVE

4.0

TERMINOLOGY

5.0

RULES FOR LEVELING

6.0

INSTRUMENTS

7.0

STAFF READING

Page

INTRODUCTION

Levelling
Levelling may be the art of determining the relative heights or elevations of points are
objects on the earths surface and selected datum. It deals with measurements in a vertical
plan. Levelling have been used for engineering purposes such as cross sections, longitudinal
sections, contouring and setting out levels. A measurement process whereby the difference in
height between two or more points can be determined.

Levelling Procedure

A typical procedure is to set up the instrument within 100 metres (110 yards) of a point of
known or assumed elevation. A rod or staff is held vertical on that point and the instrument is
used manually or automatically to read the rod scale. This gives the height of the instrument
above the starting (back sight) point and allows the height of the instrument (H.I.) above the
datum to be computed. The rod is then held on an unknown point and a reading is taken in the
same manner, allowing the elevation of the new (fore sight) point to be computed. The
procedure is repeated until the destination point is reached.

LOCATION OF WORK

The name
Lalaland

of

this

Nak type apa ni ? kikiki

location

is

OBJECTIVE
To establish new vertical control (BM or TBM)
To determine the heights of discrete points
To provide spot heights or contours on a plan
To provide data for road cross-sections or volumes of earthworks
To provide a level or inclined plane in the setting out of construction works

TERMINOLOGY

Definition of terms used in levelling:

1) Horizontal Line
-Tangential to the level line at any particular points because it is perpendicular to the direction
of the gravity at that point.
2) Level Line
Constant height relative to mean sea level (MSL) and because it follows the mean surface of
the earth it must be a curve line.

3) Vertical Line
A line that follows the direction of gravity as indicated by a plumb bob line.
4) Datum
Any level surface to which elevations are referred. for example, mean sea level).
5) Reduced Level
Reduced level for any point is the height that been refer to any establish levelling surface
such as datum.
6) Bench Mark (BM)
The establish referred point on the earth surface where the levels have identified by referring
to the certain datum.
7) Temporarily Bench Mark (TBM)
The temporarily point that had been establish near the construction site. The purpose to
establish TBM cause by the distance to the referred point (BM) is far from the site.
8) Collimation Line
The line that connecting the center point in object lens to the center point of cross hair.
Usually, collimation line is refer as horizontal line of sight.
9) Different Height
Short distance between two levelling surface.
10) Change point (CP)
Location of the staff when the level is moved. Change points should be stable, well defined,
recoverable. For example, sharp rock, nail, change plate and etc.
11) Backsight (BS)
Always the first reading from a new instrument station
12) Foresight (FS)
Always the last reading from the current instrument station
13) Intermediate sight (IS)
Any sighting that is not a back sight or fore sight
14) An axis of the telescope
It is a line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye piece.

15) A Station
It is a point whose elevation is to be determined. It may be noted that it is a point where the
staff is held not the point where they levelled is set up.

RULES FOR LEVELING

First of all always commence and finish a level run on a Benchmark (BM or TBM). Then,
keep fore sight and back sight distances as equal as possible. Keep lines of sight short
(normally < 50m). Never read below 0.5m on a staff (refraction). Last but not list, use stable,
well defined change points.

INSTRUMENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Levels Instrument (Tilting, Automatic, & Digital)

Tripod
Levelling Staff
Staff Bubble
30m or 50m measuring tape
Plumb-bob

1) Levels Instrument
-

A level is basically a telescope attached to an accurate levelling device, set upon a

tripod so that it can rotate horizontally through 360.
Normally the levelling device is a bubble, but modern ones incorporate a pendulum.
There are three basic types of level;
(i)

Tilting Level

Rarely used because popularity of automatic and digital levels. Telescope is not fixed to the
base of the level and can be tilted a small amount in the vertical plane about a pivot placed
below the telescope. The amount of tilt is control by tilting screw. Have a spirit level tube to
enable horizontal line of sight to be set.

(ii)

Automatic Level

Most widely used level on site. These instruments establish a horizontal plane at each points
where they are set up and consist of a telescope and compensator. Telescope provides a
magnified line of sight for taking measures and the compensator, built into telescope, ensure
that the line of sight viewed thought the telescope is horizontal even if the optical axis of the
telescope is not exactly horizontal.

(iii)

Digital Level

The instrument is design to carry out all reading and data processing automatically via on
board computer which is accessed thought display and keyboard. Almost same as automatic
and tilting levels. Gaining popular on site but the instrument cost is expensive. Used with
special bar coded staff.

2) Tripod

The figure which is located above is called a tripod, which is used to hold the dumpy level.
As a item to place/ attach the levels instrument. Called as Tripod as Tri = Three, Pod =
Legs. Most of the land surveying instruments use Tripod to stand them vertically.
The tripod is design in such a way that is stable and it helps to give a much more accurate
reading. The legs of the tripod are adjustable, so it can also be used on uneven ground. There
are screws to tighten the legs after it is adjusted.

3. Levelling Staff

A levelling staff usually shows an E pattern drawing on the staff. When using telescope to
get a reading, the E shape pattern makes it easier to read the reading.The staffs used for
ordinary levelling work is sectional and assembled either telescopically or by slotting one
another vertically.
Most modern designs are manufactured in an aluminium alloy. BS 4484: Part 1: 1969
requires length of either 3 m, 4 m or 5 m extension. The graduations are in the form of and E
or F shape and the figuring graduations are 10 mm deep space with 10 mm interval, and the
lower three graduations in each 100 mm interval.

4. Staff Bubble

Basically the Staff Bubble is used to check whether the levelling staff is held vertically and
not slanting in any other direction. By using the Staff Bubble, it can help reduce error with
the measuring/calculation and etc. When the bubble is somewhere in the circle, it means it is
in the centre and it is not slanting.

5.30m or 50m measuring tape

Made of linen, metal, steel or invar. Use metric unit. Use to measure the distance between
Backsight (BS) and Foresight (FS) points; in terms of equal distance between BS to
Instrument point and FS to Instrument point can be achieved.

6.Plumb-bob

A plumb-bob is shaped like a fat bullet which is attached to a string and the tip of the plumbbob is used as a reference point. The plumb-bob is usually heavy and it is tied from under the
dumpy level and it is left hanging to the bottom as low as possible. By using the plumb-bob,
it helps by showing the exact position or the mark of the position which the dumpy level is
placed. It also helps maintain the height of the instrument.

STAFF READING

E-Face Staff

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we are able to obtain the data through the usage of levelling equipment
provided by lecturer. Even though some errors occurred, we were able to identify it and
performed an adjustment to the data we obtained on site. Then, using the obtained data, we
were able to conduct a field work report. Levelling is to determine the difference in height
between two points in an area. The main purpose of levelling is to design the highways,
railroad, sewers, water supply system and provides grade lines on the existing topography.
Besides that, levelling can also lay out the construction projects according to the planned
elevations and enables to calculate the volume of earthworks. Levelling requires equipment
such as levelling staff, tripod, auto level meter, staff bubble and measuring tape. Levelling
method is now widely used in construction sites. Levelling is an expensive, simple and
accurate method for measuring height. Besides construction site, levelling are also used for
measurements of rivers or lake.