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Conics Sections
(Parabola and Ellipses)
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
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Introduction
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Exercises
Parabola
The set of all points in the plane whose distance from a fixed point (focus)
is equal to its distance from a fixed line (directrix).
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Consider the directix and the focus situated this way:
= distance of P to D
= x (p)
= x + p
= (x + p)2
= x2 + 2px + p2
= 4px
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
y2 = 4px
focus: (p, 0)
directrix: x = p
Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
y 2 = 4px
F : (p, 0)
p>0
x2 = 4py
p>0
D : x = p
p<0
F : (0, p)
D : y = p
p<0
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Example
Sketch the graph of 12y = x2 .
Solution:
The equation can be written as
4(3)y = x2 .
Here, p = 3, thus the parabola
opens upwards.
The vertex is at the origin.
The focus is at (0, 3).
The endpoints of the latus rectum
are at (6, 3) and (6, 3).
Additionally, the directrix is the line
y = 3.
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Example
Sketch the graph of 4x + 3y 2 = 0.
Solution:
The equation can
be
written as
4x = 3y 2 , or 4 13 x = y 2 .
Here, p = 13 , and the parabola
opens to the left.
The vertex is at the origin.
The focus is at 13 , 0 .
The endpoints
of the
latus rectum
are at 13 , 23 and 13 , 32 .
Additionally, the directrix is the line
x = 13 .
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
In general, if the vertex of a parabola is at the point (h, k), then it has either
of the form
(y k)2 = 4p(x h)
(x h)2 = 4p(y k)
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
(p > 0)
vertex : (h, k)
focus : (h + p, k)
latus rectum :
(h + p, k 2p)
directrix : x = h p
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Parabola opening to the left
(y k)2 = 4p(x h)
(p > 0)
vertex : (h, k)
focus : (h p, k)
latus rectum :
(h p, k 2p)
directrix : x = h + p
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Parabola opening upward
(x h)2 = 4p(y k)
(p > 0)
vertex : (h, k)
focus : (h, k + p)
latus rectum :
(h 2p, k + p)
directrix : y = k p
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Parabola opening downward
(x h)2 = 4p(y k)
(p > 0)
vertex : (h, k)
focus : (h, k p)
latus rectum :
(h 2p, k p)
directrix : y = k + p
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Example
Sketch the graph of y 2 + 4x + 8y = 0. Also, identify the focus, endpoints of
latus rectum, and the directrix.
Solution:
The equation can be written as
y 2 + 8y + 16 = 4x + 16, or
2
y (4) = 4(1)(x 4).
Here, p = 1, and the parabola opens
to the left.
The vertex is at (4, 4).
The focus is at (3, 4).
The endpoints of the latus rectum
are at (3, 2) and (3, 6).
Also, the directrix is the line x = 5.
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Exercises
Equation of a Parabola
Example
Find the equation of the parabola given that the focus is at (3, 2) and the
directrix is the line y = 4.
Solution:
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Exercises
Exercises
4y 2 + 4y + x = 2.
x2 6x 2y = 7.
2y 2 6y 9x = 0.
3y 2 = 8x.
x2 8x + 4y = 10
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Exercises
Ellipse
An ellipse is a set of points in the plane whose distances from two fixed
points (foci) sum up to a constant.
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Exercises
Equation of an Ellipse
Exercises
Equation of an Ellipse
q
(x + c)2 + y 2
x2 + 2cx + c2 + y 2
q
4a (x c)2 + y 2
a2 x2 2cx + c2 + y 2
(x c)2 + y 2
q
4a2 4a (x c)2 + y 2 + x2 2cx + c2 + y 2
4a2 4cx
a4 2a2 cx + c2 x2
a2 x2 2a2 cx + a2 c2 + a2 y 2
2
a c 2 x 2 + a2 y 2
=
=
a4 2a2 cx + c2 x2
a2 a2 c 2
x2
y2
+
a2 a2 c 2
2a
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Exercises
Equation of an Ellipse
y2
x2
+ 2
=1
2
a a c2
Notice that b2 = a2 c2 .
Thus, we have
x2 y 2
+
= 1.
a2 b2
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Exercises
Equation of an Ellipse
Ellipse with horizontal major axis
An ellipse with horizontal major axis and center at (0, 0) has the form
x2 y 2
+
=1
a2 b2
where (a > b)
vertices : (a, 0)
length of major axis = 2a
minor axis: (0, b)
length of minor axis = 2b
foci : (c, 0)
where a2 b2 = c2
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Exercises
Equation of an Ellipse
Remark. An ellipse with vertical major axis
An ellipse with vertical major axis and center at (0, 0) has the form
y 2 x2
+
=1
a2 b2
where (a > b)
vertices : (0, a)
length of major axis = 2a
minor axis: (b, 0)
length of minor axis = 2b
foci : (0, c)
where a2 b2 = c2
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Exercises
Ellipse
Example
Sketch the graph of
x2 y 2
+
= 1.
25 9
x2 y 2
+
= 1.
52 32
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Exercises
Ellipse
Example
Sketch the graph of 9x2 + 4y 2 = 36.
Solution. The equation can be written as
x2 y 2
+
= 1.
22 32
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Exercises
Equation of an Ellipse
In general, suppose the graph of an ellipse is translated so that the center
is at (h, k). The equation of the ellipse has either of the form
(A)
(x h)2 (y k)2
+
=1
a2
b2
or
(B)
(y k)2 (x h)2
+
= 1.
a2
b2
Major Axis
Vertices
Minor Axis
horizontal
(h a, k)
(h, k b)
vertical
(h, k a)
(h b, k)
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Exercises
Ellipse
Example
Sketch the graph of 25x2 + y 2 4y 21 = 0.
Solution. The equation can be written as
25x2 +y 2 4y+4 = 21+4
= 25x2 +(y2)2 = 25
(x 0)2 (y 2)2
+
=1
12
52
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Exercises
Equation of an Ellipse
Example
Find the equation of the ellipse with one vertex at (3, 2) and its minor axis
has one endpoint at (1, 1)
Solution:
Center : (1, 2)
a=4
b=3
The major axis is
horizontal.
Thus, the equation is
(x + 1)2 (y 2)2
+
= 1.
16
9
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Exercises
Exercises
1
x2 (y 1)2
+
= 1.
4
9
(x 3)2 y 2 + 4y + 4
= 1.
25
9
Do as indicated.
1
Determine the equation of the parabola whose focus and vertex are the
vertex and focus, respectively of the parabola x + 4y 2 y = 0.
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