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Review article
Summary
Key words: Eye infections, keratitis, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Curvularia, epidemiology, molecular identification,
antifungal susceptibility.
Introduction
Fungal keratitis or mycotic keratitis, keratomycosis
is becoming a frequent and serious suppurative,
Correspondence: L. Kredics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of
z
Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Ko
ep fasor 52, H-6726,
Szeged, Hungary.
Tel.: +36 62 544 516. Fax: +36 62 544 823.
E-mail: kredics@bio.u-szeged.hu
a
doi:10.1111/myc.12306
L. Kredics et al.
34,41,43,44,49,73,100
68,71,72,82
25,31,42,52,67,75
Country
Period of study
USA, Texas
USA, Florida
India, Jamnagar
Bangladesh, Chittagong
India, Madras (south)
India, Madras
Paraguay
India, Karnataka
1962
January 1968July 1970
1985
1987
19801982
NA
April 1988April 1989
October
1985September 1988
11 months
Bangladesh,
Chittagong
India, Chandigarh
(north)
USA, Miami
Ghana, Accra
Singapore
India, Madurai (south)
India, Madurai
India, Mumbai (west)
India, Hyderabad
India, New Delhi
USA, Pennsylvania,
China
Brazil
Ghana
Thailand (central)
India, Hyderabad
(south)
India, Tiruchirapalli
(south)
India, Tirunelveli
(south)
China, Hong Kong
India, Tirunelveli
Paraguay
USA, Florida
India, Madurai
Taiwan, Taipei
Brazil
India, New Delhi
India, West Bengal
Nepal, Dharan
USA, Kentucky
China
USA, Florida
USA, Florida
India, Coimbatore
(south, children)
India, New Delhi
India, Tirunelveli
India, Tiruchirappalli
USA, New York
6 years
January 1982January 1992
NA
January 1991December 1995
January 1994March 1994
NA
19881996
February 1991June 1995
NA
January 1991March 1999
January 1996 and
December 1999
19831997
June 1999May 2001
January 1988December 2000
January 1991December 2000
Number
of fungal
isolates
10
33
37
7
68
322
26
67
Fusarium
(%)
3
15
12
1
8
44
11
(30.0)
(45.5)
(32.5)
(14.3)
(11.8)
(13.7)
(42.3)
Aspergillus
(%)
2
11
10
2
36
55
5
23
(20.0)
(33.3)
(27.0)
(28.6)
(52.9)
(17.1)
(19.2)
(34.3)
Curvularia
(%)
1
2
1
2
(3.0)
(5.4)
(5.9)
(3.9)
(3.0)
Other
fungi
(%)
5
6
13
4
20
223
9
42
Reference
Year
(50.0)
(18.2)
(35.1)
(57.1)
(29.4)
(69.2)
(34.6)
(62.7)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1962
1971
1985
1987
1989
1989
1991
1992
51
10 (19.6)
19 (37.3)
6 (11.8)
16 (31.3)
15
1994
61
10 (16.4)
25 (41.0)
5 (8.2)
21 (34.4)
16
1994
127
65
29
155
63
387
21
13
24
97
79
34
15
73
22
33
3
4
6
63
(62.2)
(52.3)
(51.7)
(47.1)
(34.9)
(8.5)
(14.3)
(30.8)
(25)
(65.0)
5
10
4
25
22
219
7
6
1
14
(4.0)
(15.4)
(13.8)
(16.1)
(34.9)
(56.6)
(33.3)
(46.1)
(4.2)
(14.4)
11
2
1
6
5
10
3
2
(8.7)
(3.1)
(3.5)
(3.9)
(8.0)
(2.6)
(14.3)
(15.4)
32
19
9
51
14
125
8
1
17
20
(25.1)
(29.2)
(31.0)
(32.9)
(22.2)
(32.3)
(38.1)
(7.7)
(70.8)
(20.6)
17
18
19
2
20
21
22
23
24
25
1994
1995
1997
1997
1998
1999
2000
2000
2000
2001
25
109
34
1360
8
46
12
506
(32.0)
(42.2)
(35.3)
(37.2)
4
38
7
417
(16.0)
(34.9)
(20.6)
(30.7)
1 (0.9)
7 (20.6)
54 (4.0)
13
24
8
383
(52.0)
(22.0)
(23.5)
(28.1)
26
27
28
29
2001
2002
2002
2002
353
141 (40.0)
76 (21.5)
36 (10.2)
100 (28.3)
27
2002
554
254 (45.8)
135 (24.4)
35 (6.3)
130 (23.5)
30
2002
5
1100
209
421
100
34
233
191
710
200
89
596
122
59
37
3
471
41
208
63
10
137
24
132
45
18
437
66
24
17
286
37
30
26
5
28
78
373
75
9
72
19
7
11
55
15
34
3
1
63
27
9
29
9
2
2
288
116
149
8
19
67
26
205
53
53
87
8
19
7
(40.0)
(26.2)
(55.5)
(35.4)
(8.0)
(55.9)
(28.8)
(13.6)
(28.9)
(26.5)
(59.6)
(14.6)
(6.5)
(32.2)
(18.9)
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
2002
2003
2004
2004
2004
2004
2005
2005
2005
2005
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
77
1226
6 (7.8)
511 (41.7)
43 (55.8)
305 (24.9)
2 (2.6)
81 (6.6)
26 (33.8)
329 (26.8)
46
47
2006
2006
93
61
32 (34.4)
6 (9.8)
29 (31.2)
7 (11.5)
9 (9.7)
23 (24.7)
48 (78.7)
48
49
2006
2006
(60.0)
(42.8)
(19.6)
(49.4)
(63.0)
(29.4)
(58.8)
(12.6)
(18.6)
(22.5)
(20.2)
(73.3)
(54.1)
(40.7)
(46.0)
(26.0)
(17.7)
(7.1)
(26.0)
(14.7)
(12.0)
(40.8)
(52.5)
(37.5)
(10.1)
(12.1)
(15.6)
(11.9)
(29.7)
(5.0)
(7.2)
(8.1)
(3.0)
(0.4)
(33.0)
(13.5)
(10.1)
(23.8)
(15.2)
(5.4)
(continued)
L. Kredics et al.
Table 1 (continued)
Country
Period of study
NA
January 1997December 2000
20012004
July 1996May 2004
December 2005
January 1990December 2005
January 1999December 2003
December 1993January 2007
January 2004April 2005
January 2001December 2004
January 1999December 2003
India, Varanasi
Brazil, S~
ao Paulo
Brazil, Uberlandia
USA, Philadelphia
Sierra Leone
China
India, Amristar
India, Assam
India, Bhubaneswar
India, Gujarat
India, Pondychery
South Korea,
Jeonbuk
Brazil, S~
ao Paulo
India, Maharashtra
Saudi Arabia, Riyadh
Nepal
Saudi Arabia
Vietnam
India, Ahmedabad
India, Maharashtra
India,
India,
India,
India,
West Bengal
Karnataka
Delhi
West Bengal
Number
of fungal
isolates
9
25
681
49
486
50
6
66
4
49
34
Fusarium
(%)
2
6
395
6
71
25
12
2
13
8
(22.2)
(24.0)
(58.0)
(12.2)
(14.6)
(50.0)
(18.2)
(50.0)
(26.5)
(23.5)
Aspergillus
(%)
5
2
116
7
268
10
7
1
9
14
(55.6)
(8.0)
(17.0)
(14.3)
(55.1)
(20.0)
(10.6)
(25.0)
(18.4)
(41.2)
Curvularia
(%)
1
4
15
2
4
(11.1)
(16.0)
(3.1)
(4.1)
(11.8)
Other
fungi
(%)
1
13
170
36
132
15
6
47
1
25
8
(11.1)
(52.0)
(25.0)
(73.5)
(27.2)
(30.0)
(100.0)
(71.2)
(25.0)
(51.0)
(23.5)
Reference
Year
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
3
57
58
59
2006
2006
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2008
2008
2008
NA
April 2006November 2007
19982008
39
37
16
2 (5.1)
2 (5.4)
8 (50.0)
22 (56.4)
20 (54.1)
2 (12.5)
7 (18.0)
6 (16.2)
2 (12.5)
8 (20.5)
9 (24.3)
4 (25.0)
60
61
62
2008
2008
2008
20
7 (35.0)
8 (40.0)
2 (10.0)
3 (15.0)
63
2009
12
1648
8 (66.6)
588 (35.7)
2 (16.7)
478 (29.0)
2 (16.7)
106 (6.4)
0
476 (28.9)
64
65
2009
2009
NA
January 2000March 2009
20002004
December
2003November 2005
January 2004December 2008
19752007
July 2001August 2004
April 1999December 2008
January 2005January 2006
October
2004September 2009
NA
April 2007March 2009
July 2006December 2009
September 2003June 2005
January 2009August 2008
January 2000 and
December 2007
July 1975September 2007
January 2005December 2005
January 1984December 2004
January 2004December 2008
January 2006 and
December 2009
2008
July 2007June 2008
December
2004December 2009
February 2007January 2011
September 2006August 2007
April 2009April 2010
NA
40
1458
66
39
6
1076
44
2
(15.0)
(73.8)
(66.7)
(5.1)
20
195
7
6
(50.0)
(13.4)
(10.6)
(15.4)
4 (10.0)
10
187
15
31
(25.0)
(12.8)
(22.7)
(79.5)
66
67
68
69
2009
2009
2009
2009
36
94
18
66
26
139
7
28
11
29
1
67
(19.5)
(29.8)
(61.1)
(44.0)
(3.8)
(48.2)
17
9
3
2
4
26
(47.2)
(9.6)
(16.7)
(3.0)
(15.4)
(18.7)
1
2
9
57
3
33
21
45
(25.0)
(60.6)
16.6)
(50.0)
(80.8)
(32.4)
70
71
72
73
74
75
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2011
86
184
215
57
373
34
11
46
50
17
134
16
(12.8)
(25.0)
(23.3)
(29.8)
(35.9)
(47.0)
36
27
60
12
97
2
(41.9)
(14.7)
(27.9)
(21.1)
(26.0)
(6.0)
7
13
10
6
84
(8.1)
(7.1)
(4.7)
(10.5)
(22.5)
32
98
95
22
58
16
(37.2)
(53.2)
(44.1)
(38.6)
(15.6)
(47.0)
76
77
78
79
80
81
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
364
25
106
150
87
189
4
12
19
24
(51.9)
(16.0)
(11.3)
(12.7)
(27.6)
33
14
28
50
15
(9.1)
(56.0)
(26.4)
(33.3)
(17.2)
2 (8.0)
15 (10.0)
1 (1.2)
142
5
66
66
47
(39.0)
(20.0)
(62.3)
(44.0)
(54.0)
82
83
84
85
86
2011
2011
2011
2012
2012
351
31
311
143 (40.7)
7 (22.6)
109 (35.0)
91 (25.9)
11 (35.5)
56 (18.0)
9 (2.6)
5 (16.1)
10 (3.2)
108 (30.8)
8 (25.8)
136 (43.8)
87
88
89
2012
2012
2012
399
28
22
15
81 (20.3)
16 (57.2)
4 (26.7)
41 (10.3)
1 (3.6)
8 (36.4)
126
2
8
7
90
91
92
93
2012
2012
2012
2012
151
9
6
4
(37.8)
(32.1)
(27.2)
(26.7)
(8.3)
(5.6)
(3.0)
(0.7)
(31.6)
(7.1)
(36.4)
(46.6)
(continued)
Table 1 (continued)
Country
Period of study
India, Pondicherry
India, Coimbatore
Thailand
India, Baroda
India, Gujarat
(west)
India, Karnataka
India, Karnataka
20032009
20052008
July 2007May 2009
June 2009May 2012
September
2006February 2008
JanuaryJune 2012
December
2009February 2011
July 2001June 30, 2011
JanuaryJune, 2011
USA, Kansas
India,
Bhubaneswar
India, Karnataka
Tunisia, Sfax
India, Madurai
India, New Delhi
Egypt, Assiut
Number
of fungal
isolates
1224
1087
12
73
26
431
554
5
26
3
(35.2)
(50.9)
(41.7)
(35.6)
(11.5)
Aspergillus
(%)
Curvularia
(%)
Other
fungi
(%)
353
200
1
14
20
123
79
1
4
1
317
254
5
29
2
(28.9)
(18.3)
(8.3)
(19.2)
(76.9)
(10.0)
(7.2)
(8.3)
(5.5)
(3.9)
Reference
Year
(25.9)
(23.3)
(41.7)
(39.7)
(7.7)
94
5
95
96
97
2012
2012
2012
2013
2013
36
38
7 (19.4)
16 (42.1)
16 (44.5)
11 (28.9)
4 (11.1)
2 (5.3)
9 (25.0)
9 (23.7)
98
99
2013
2013
50
62
19 (38.0)
15 (24.2)
10 (20.0)
18 (29.0)
4 (6.5)
21 (42.0)
25 (40.3)
100
101
2013
2013
23
60
4 (17.5)
29 (48.3)
17 (73.9)
13 (21.7)
1 (4.3)
1 (4.3)
18 (30.0)
102
103
2013
2014
103
63
32 (31.1)
10 (15.9)
26 (25.2)
32 (50.8)
11 (10.7)
1 (1.6)
34 (33.0)
20 (31.7)
104
105
2014
2014
25
3 (12.0)
13 (52.0)
9 (36.0)
106
2014
Fusarium
(%)
L. Kredics et al.
Table 2 Causal agents of filamentous fungal keratitis recognised in case reports by sequence-based identification.
Species
Lagenidium sp.
Pythium insidiosum
Pythium insidiosum
Auerswaldia lignicola
Taxonomic status
(division, order, family)
Cladosporium cladosporioides
Phomopsis phoenicicola
Aspergillus viridinutans
Aspergillus tamarii
Aspergillus pseudotamarii
Aspergillus nomius
Aspergillus tubingensis
Aspergillus brasiliensis
Neosartorya udagawae
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colletotrichum truncatum
Plectosporium tabacinum
Botryosphaeria rhodina
Beauveria bassiana
Fusarium equiseti
Fusarium polyphialidicum
Fusarium proliferatum
Fusarium verticillioides
Neocosmospora vasinfecta
Fusarium temperatum
Purpureocillium lilacinum
Scedosporium apiospermum
Sporothrix pallida
Corynespora cassiicola
Alternaria alternata
Alternaria infectoria
Edenia gomezpompae
Pyrenochaeta keratinophila1
Ulocladium sp.2
Chaetomium atrobrunneum
Chaetomium sp.
Thielavia subthermophila
Cladorrhinum bulbillosum
Pestalotiopsis clavispora
Phaeoisaria sp.3
Ascomycota, Pleosporales,
Corynesporascaceae
Ascomycota, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae
Ascomycota, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae
Ascomycota, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae
Ascomycota, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae
Ascomycota, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae
Ascomycota, Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae
Ascomycota, Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae
Ascomycota, Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae
Ascomycota, Sordariales, Lasiosphaeriaceae
Ascomycota, Xilariales, Amphisphaeriaceae
Ascomycota, Xilariales, Diatrypaceae
Schizophyllum commune
Reference
Year
ITS (JX646749)
ITS (NA)
ITS (GU584093)
18S rDNA gene (KC866317.1)
109
110
111
112
2013
2001
2011
2013
ITS (EF446281)
113
2008
ITS (NA)
ITS (100% identity with FJ 889452)
b-tub (NA)
ITS (EF525554) b-tubulin (EF525555)
calmodulin (EF525556)
Calmodulin (KC202290)
ITS (GQ221261) b-tubulin (GQ221262)
calmodulin (GQ221263)
b-tubulin (EU600389 and EU600388)
b-tubulin (EU600386 and EU600387)
ITS (100% identity with AB250781)
ITS1 (NA)
ITS (100% identity with GU227878)
ITS (100% identity with AM408781)
114
115
116
117
2009
2011
2012
2007
118
119
2013
2009
120
121
122
123
124
125
2009
2010
2011
2009
2011
2012
126
127
128
113
127
129
130
131
2014
2012
2003
2008
2012
2008
2014
2014
132
133
2005
2013
134
2013
ITS (NA)
ITS (AY168773)
ITS (KC193601)
ITS (EU885415)
ITS (AY943384)
ITS (HQ222986)
ITS (HQ906667)
ITS (99% identity with AJ271575)
ITS (98% identity with FM955448)
ITS (100% identity with EF119336)
28S rDNA (97% identity
with JQ429231)
18S rDNA (JQ695912)
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
2002
2003
2013
2010
2006
2012
2012
2009
2011
2013
2010
146
2013
L. Kredics et al.
Asp. fumigatus) in ocular samples. In a study performed 10 years later by Ferrer and Ali
o [161] with
27 corneal samples deriving from 20 keratitis patients,
besides the five species detected in the initial study,
four further Candida species (Can. albicans, Can. famata,
Can. sake, Can. dubliniensis), and six further filamentous
fungi, Alt. infectoria, Asp. oryzae, Fus. oxysporum
(FOSC), Fus. solani (FSSC), Pyrenochaeta keratinophila
and Paecilomyces sp. could be diagnosed by sequence
analysis of the amplified ITS2/5.8S fragments. The
same identification strategy was also applied by other
authors.95,162,163 Ghosh et al. [162] diagnosed 27
cases of fungal keratitis from corneal samples, the
causal agents reported were Candida spp. (including
Can. parapsilosis and Can. rugosa), Aspergillus spp.
(including Asp. flavus and Asp. fumigatus), Fusarium
spp. (including members of the FSSC) Colletotrichum
spp. (including Col. truncatum), Curvularia spp. (including Cur. lunata), Cladosporium spp. (including Cla. oxysporum), Penicillium brocae and Cochliobolus sp. Embong
et al. [163] also applied the same method for the diagnosis of 11 fungal keratitis cases from corneal scraping
samples, and reported the occurrence of Fusarium spp.
(including members of the FSSC), Cladosporium sp.,
Asp. flavus, Trichosporon asahii and Glomerella cingulata.
The authors suggested that ITS PCR-based molecular
identification should be applied as the gold standard
for the identification of corneal fungal pathogens during screening diagnosis tests when an early mycotic
keratitis is suspected. In a study from 2012, Tananuvat et al. [95] identified the causal agents of 30 fungal
keratitis cases by the same seminested strategy and
reported the occurrence of Candida spp. (Can. albicans,
Can. parapsilosis, Can. etchellsii), Fusarium spp. (including Fus. proliferatum, other members of the FFSC, as
well as members of the FOSC), Botryosphaeria sp.,
Erysiphe guercicola, Cladosporium spp. including Cla.
colocasiae and Cla. oxysporum, Curvularia spp. including
Cur. affinis, Alt. alternata, Botryosphaeria rhodina,
Acremonium sp., Asp. fumigatus as well as the basidiomycetes Cryptococcus pseudolongus, Exidiopsis calcea,
Phanerochaete sordida and Hyphodontia sp., however,
the respective sequences were not submitted to the
GenBank database. Can. albicans, Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Scedosporium apiospermum and Asp. flavus
could also be rapidly detected in corneal samples by
amplification and sequencing of the entire ITS
region.164 Kuo et al. [165] reported the detection of
Cla. cladosporioides, Col. gloeosporioides, Hypocreales sp.
including members of the FSSC, Acremonium sp.,
Phomopsis sp., Malassezia sp. including Mal. restricta,
Ramularia coleosporii, Phaeoacremonium parasiticum and
Regarding further gemomic regions applied for PCRbased identification of fungal keratitis isolates, a rapid
method based on a specific EcoRI restriction site in a
fragment amplified from the tef1 gene was developed
for fusaria,154 the parallel application of which with
the method described by He et al. [75] can be suggested for the fast and correct identification of FSSC
members. Variations in the rpb2 nucleotide sequence
among 72 Fusarium isolates enabled the design of 34
allele-specific probes for the identification of all medically important Fusarium species complexes and 10
human pathogenic Fusarium species including the
most important keratitis pathogens in a single-well
diagnostic assay using flow cytometry and fluorescent
microsphere technology.151
L. Kredics et al.
10
Aspergillus and Fusarium as 1 and 8 lg ml1 respectively. Similarly, Pfaller et al. [212] and Lass-Fl
orl
et al. [213] determined comparatively lower VRZ concentrations required to inhibit the growth of aspergilli.
Conversely, Alfonso [199] stated 16 lg ml1 as the
MIC90 against Fus. solani.
A study reported that more than half (58%) of the
filamentous fungi isolated from fungal keratitis
patients were sensitive to ECZ.3 Guinet and Mazoyer
[214] stated that ECZ exhibited the best in vitro activity against 96% of the Aspergillus strains with MICs of
3.12 lg ml1. However, Gonawardena et al. [215]
reported decreased susceptibility of keratitis fungi to
this drug. Although Bernauer et al. [216] insisted on
using ECZ with other antifungals, Prajna et al. [35]
reported that concurrent use of 5% NTM and 2% ECZ
was not an additional benefit for the management of
fungal keratitis.
A very early report described that in vitro susceptibility tests indicated good antifungal activity of CLZ
and ECZ against Asp. fumigatus.22 In the study by
Hahn et al. [207], it was reported that the Aspergillus
isolates from mycotic keratitis showed a higher susceptibility to CLZ than AMB. However, more recently, the
utility of CLZ was reported to be limited, since only
40% of filamentous fungi were sensitive to this antifungal agent according to Galarreta et al. [3].
Although the interpretive MIC breakpoints of KTZ
against fungal isolates were to be defined by the CLSI,
Therese et al. [205] reported filamentous fungi with
the KTZ MIC value of 0.8 lg ml1 as susceptible.
Pujol et al. [204] reported KTZ MIC90
51.20 lg ml1 for fusaria. Xie et al. [200] reported
the MIC90 of Fus. solani as 16 lg ml1 and that of
Asp. fumigatus as 2 lg ml1, and that KTZ is more
effective against Asp. flavus than against Asp.
fumigatus.
Studies in the literature comparing the susceptibilities of large sets of fungal corneal isolates to a series of
different antifungal agents are especially informative.
Pujol et al. [204] applied a broth microdilution method
and reported that most of the examined Fusarium
isolates were resistant in vitro to all tested antifungals,
AMB, KTZ, MCZ, ITZ, FLZ and flucytosine (5FC). Qiu
et al. [208] applied the E-test method to fungi isolated
from keratitis to determine the MIC values of ITZ, FLZ
and AMB. The results showed that 60.6% of the
Fusarium isolates were susceptible to AMB and all of
them were resistant to ITZ and FLZ. On the other
hand, all the Aspergillus isolates were susceptible to
ITZ, 44.4% of them to AMB and 22.2% of them to
FLZ.
11
L. Kredics et al.
12
Conclusions
Misidentification of the causative agents of filametous
fungal keratitis cases and the subsequent application of
an inadequate antifungal therapy may result in the loss
of vision. The rapid, exact, species-level identification of
the pathogen is of highlighted importance; furthermore,
the antifungal susceptibilities of keratitis isolates should
also be determined in all cases to ensure the accurate
choice of drug enabling the successful therapy of the
patient. The recently available methodologies make
these possible, however, the necessary equipments are
not commonly available in eye clinics and the financial
resources are also lacking in many places, especially in
developing countries. A possible solution to this problem
is to establish the opportunity of direct knowledge transfer by the initiation of collaborative projects between
eye clinics and research laboratories. Besides the data
available for polyenes and azoles, testing the applicability of additional antifungals (e.g. terbinafine and caspofungin), as well as screening for drug combinations and
further promising compounds for the therapy of fungal
keratitis could reveal new strategies for the treatment of
this vision-threatening disease.
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12
13
14
15
16
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18
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Indian National
Science Academy and the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences within the frames of the Indo-Hungarian
bilateral exchange program (Ref. IA/INSA-HAS Project/2007 & 2010). Csaba V
agv
olgyi thanks the visiting professor program, Deanship of Scientific Research
at King Saud University, Riyadh.
19
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22
Conflict of Interests
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Appendix
Indo-Hungarian Fungal Keratitis (IHFK) Working Group
J
anos Varga, L
aszl
o Galg
oczy, S
andor Kocsub
e,
Tibor Mih
aly N
emeth, Tam
as Papp, M
onika
Homa, Nikolett Baranyi, Andr
as Szekeres, P
eter
K
orm
oczi, Krisztina Krizs
an: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University
of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Raghavan Anita, Rajaraman Revathi, Perumal Gomathi: Aravind Eye
Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India; Anamangadan Shafeeq Hassan, Yendrembam Randhir Babu Singh,
Arumugam Mythili: Department of Microbiology, Dr.
G.R. Damodaran College of Science, Coimbatore, India;
Kanesan Panneer Selvam: Department of Microbiology, MR Government Arts College, Mannargudi, India;
Ilona D
oczi: Department of Clinical Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Bal
azs Leitgeb: Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.