MH1010 Control valves

Topic covers
What is meant by Con troll valves?
Types of Control valves.
Graphical symbols, Numbering systems and actuation techniques.
What is meant by poppet valve? And its types.
Construction and working principle of 2/2, 3/2, 4/3 poppet valve.
What is meant by spool valve? And its types.
What is meant by Check valve? And its types.

Control Valves
Control Valves in fluid power system is used to control the direction,
Flow rate and Pressure.
Control valve will be placed in between the input module (i.e compressor,
pump) and the output module (i.e. Cylinder, motor)

Control Valves - Types

Control Valves Graphical Symbols

Symbols are described in various national documents; DIN24300, BS2917,
ISO1219 and the new ISO5599, CETOP RP3 plus the original American
JIC and ANSI symbols.

Control Valves Numbering system

Control Valves Numbering system

Control Valves Actuation techniques

Control Valves Actuation techniques

Control Valves Actuation techniques

Control Valves Applications

Control Valves Types

Control valves are mainly classified based on the mode of operation
Poppet valve.
Sliding Spool valve
Rotary spool valve
POPPET VALVE
Simple disc, Cone or ball is used to control the flow.
Poppet valve is mainly used in Internal combustion engine Cylinder.

Control Valves Types

Directional control valves can be classified according to1.

Number of ports like two way, three way, four way valves.

2.

Number of positions like two position, three position and

proportional valves

3.

Actuating methods like manually operated, Mechanically operated,

Solenoid operated, hydraulically operated, Pneumatically operated.

4.

Type of spool like sliding and rotary.

Sliding spool is cylindrical in cross section lands and grooves

are also cylindrical

Rotary valve has sphere like lands and grooves in the form of
holes drilled through sphere.

Poppet valve (2/2)

When the button of the pushbutton is pressed the ball comes down and
port will open. So the fluid flow from pump (port P) to the actuator (Port
A).
When the button is released, spring and fluid pressure force the ball up
again closing the valve.

Poppet valve (3/2)

When the pushbutton released, ports A and R are linked via the hollow
pushbutton stem.
If the pushbutton is pressed, port R is first sealed, then the valve disc
pushed down to open the valve and connect ports P and A. As before,
spring and fluid pressure from port P closes the valve.

Poppet valve (4/2)

When the pushbutton released, ports A and R are linked via the hollow
left-hand stem and ports P and B linked via the normally-open right hand
disc valve.
When the pushbutton is pressed, the link between ports A and R is first
closed, then the link between P and B closed. The link between A and P is
next opened, and finally the link between B and R opened.
When the pushbutton is released, air and spring pressure puts the valve
back to its original state.

Poppet valve (4/2)

Poppet valve Merits & Demerits

Advantages:

Disadvantages:
Force require to operates this types of valve is more. So this is more
suitable for low pressure applications.

Poppet valve Merits & Demerits

Spool valve
Spool (or slide) valves are constructed with a spool moving horizontally
within the valve body.
Raised areas called 'lands' block or open ports to give the required
operation.

Spool valve Vs Poppet valve

Check valve
It is the simplest type of Flow control valve.
It will allow the flow in only one direction. It prevent the flow in
opposite direction.
The other name of the check valve is Non return valve.
Check valve is analogues to the diode in Electrical circuits.
Types:
Poppet type check valve.
Pilot operated check valve.

Check valve
It is the simplest type of Flow control valve.
It will allow the flow in only one direction. It prevent the flow in
opposite direction.
The other name of the check valve is Non return valve.
Check valve is analogues to the diode in Electrical circuits.
Types:
Poppet type check valve.
Pilot operated check valve.

Check valve
When the flow is in normal direction, the fluid pressure acts against the
spring force to hold the ball or disc offset the seat.
When the fluid pressure overcomes the spring force the valve allows free
flow.
When the fluid pressure is less than the spring force, because of the
spring force the ball or disc will place on the seat.

Check valve Poppet type

Pilot operated Check valve

It consists of Valve Body (1) With inlet and outlet ports and movable
poppet or ball (6) biased against a spring (7).
Plunger and plunger piston (2) is attached with the spring (3) on the other
side of the valve.
Due to the pilot signal in Pilot port (5), the spring unseat the valve, and
permit the flow.
The purpose of drain port (4) in the valve is to prevent the oil from
creating a pressure buildup in the bottom side of the piston

Pilot operated Check valve

2/2 spool valve

Position 1:
When the push button is in normal position, because of spring force the
port P is closed by the land of the spool. So the flow is blocked
Position 2:
When the external force is applied on the plunger, because of the force
the spool will move towards right side.
Now the Port P is in open position and the flow permit from Port P to
port A.

2/2 spool valve

2/2 spool valve

3/2 spool valve

A three-way valve has three ports, namely, a pressure inlet (P),an outlet to
the system(A)and a return to the tank(T).
Position 1:
In its normal position, the valve is held in position by a spring, the
pressure port P is blocked and outlet A is connected to the tank.
Position 2:
In the actuated position the pressure port is connected to the tank and the
tank port is blocked.

3/2 spool valve

3/2 spool valve

4/2 spool valve

Four-way DCVs are capable of controlling double-acting cylinders and
bidirectional motors.
A four-way DCV has four ports labeled P,T,A and B. P is the pressure inlet
and T is the return to the tank; A and B are outlets to the system.
In four-way DCVs, two flows of the fluids are controlled at the same time,
while two-way and three-way DCVs control only one flow at a time.
Position 1:
In the normal position, pump flow is sent to outlet B. Outlet A is
connected to the tank.

4/2 spool valve

Position 2:
In the actuated position, the pump flow is sent to port A and port B
connected to tank T

4/2 spool valve open centre

4/2 spool valve Closed centre

Disadvantage
This is wasteful thing because it generates power in the form of pressure
and flow, but does not use it. The wasted energy in the system goes as
heat.
This is undesirable because the hydraulic fluid becomes thinner (less
viscous) as it heats up. When the fluid becomes too thin, it does not
lubricate effectively. This is the result of increased wear.
The outlet lines to the cylinder are blocked, so the cylinder is held trimly
in position. This is because the lines are full of hydraulic fluid that is
incompressible.

4/2 spool valve Closed centre

4/2 spool valve Tandem centre

The pump flow is allowed to flow back to the tank through the DCV
when it is in the neutral.
The cylinder is held in position with a tandem neutral because the outlet
port is blocked.
This is a very desirable situation because only pressure in the pump line
is due to the flow resistance of the lines and DCV. This keeps the pressure
low when the valve is in the neutral.
In this situation, the system is said to be unloaded because the power
consumption is reduced. This wastes much less energy than does a closed
central neutral that forces the fluid over the pressure relief valve at a high
pressure.

4/2 spool valve Tandem centre

4/2 spool valve Tandem centre

The pressure port is blocked so that the pump flow is forced over the
pressure relief valve.
Because both the outlets are connected to the tank, the motor floats or
spins freely when the DCV is in the neutral.
This type is used in motor circuits because it
allows the motor to spin to a stop when
the valve is shifted to the neutral.

5/2 Poppet valve

5/2 way valve which uses suspended disk instead of spool.
In spool type valve, spool controls the opening and closing of ports.
In this type, suspended disc controls the opening and closing of ports.
This suspended disc can be moved by pilot pressure at port 14 or port 12.
When the pilot pressure acts through port 14. The ports 1 - 2 and 4 - 5 are
connected and 3 is blocked.
When the air is given to pilot line 12, then 2 - 3 and 4 -1 are connected and
5 is blocked

5/2 Poppet valve

Solenoid operated DCV

When the electric coil (solenoid) is energized, it creates a magnetic force
that pulls the armature into the coil. This causes the armature to push on
the push pin to move the spool of the valve.

Factors need to consider for DCV Selection

Shuttle valve/ OR logic valve

A shuttle valve allows two alternate flow sources to be connected in a
one-branch circuit.
The valve has two inlets P1 and P2 and one outlet A. Outlet A receives
flow from an inlet that is at a higher pressure.
If the pressure at P1 is greater than that at P2, the ball slides to the right
and allows P1 to send flow to outlet A.
If the pressure at P2 is greater than that at P1, the ball slides to the left
and P2 supplies flow to outlet A

Shuttle valve/ OR logic valve

Shuttle valve/ OR logic valve

Quick Exhaust valve

A quick exhaust valve is a typical shuttle valve.
The quick exhaust valve is used to exhaust the cylinder air quickly to
atmosphere.
It consist of a movable disc (also called flexible ring) and three ports
namely, Supply port 1, which is connected to the output of the final
control element (Directional control valve). The Output port, 2 of this
valve is directly fitted on to the working port of cylinder. The exhaust
port, 3 is left open to the atmosphere
Forward Motion: During forward movement of piston, compressed air is
directly admitted behind the piston through ports 1 and 2, Port 3 is closed
due to the supply pressure acting on the diaphragm.

Quick Exhaust valve

Return Motion: During return movement of piston, exhaust air from
cylinder is directly exhausted to atmosphere through opening 3 (usually
larger and fitted with silencer) .Port 1 is sealed by the diaphragm. Thus
exhaust air is not required to pass through long and narrow passages in
the working line and final control valve

Quick Exhaust valve

Rotary Spool valve

The rotary spool directional control valve has a round core with one or
more passages or recesses in it.
The core is mounted within a stationary sleeve. As the core is rotated
within the stationary sleeve, the passages or recesses connect or block the
ports in the sleeve.
The ports in the sleeve are connected to the appropriate lines of the fluid
system.

Rotary Spool valve

Rotary Spool valve

Rotary Spool valve

Time delay valve

Pneumatic time delay valves are used to delay operations where timebased sequences are required.
It is a combination of Pneumatically operated 3/2 DCV, Reservoir and
throttle relief valve.

Time delay valve

When the compressed air is supplied to the port P, it is prevented from
the port P to port A.
Air is accumulated in the inbuilt reservoir of the valve from the pilot port
Z.
When the pressure reaches the set point pressure, the spool will moves
towards right, then the air flows from Port P to port A.
When the adjusting screw is fully open, more air flows in to the reservoir,
so pressure built up in the reservoir is very fast.
The time required to built up pressure in the reservoir is the amount of
time delay offered by the time delay valve.

Time delay valve

ON-Delay Timer: 3/2 Valve is actuated after the delay with reference to
the application of pilot & is reset immediately after the pilot signal.
OFF-Delay Timer: 3/2 DCV is actuated immediately on the application of
the pilot signal.

AND valve or Twin Pressure valve

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