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Bonding
Structure
Ionic compounds
Ionic bonding
Transfer of electrons
Cations and anions formed
Charged particles
Cations and anions alternately
arranged in a giant ionic lattice
structure
Metals
Metallic bonding
Atoms delocalise their valence
electrons to form positive ions and
a sea of electrons
Giant lattice of positive ions in a
sea of electrons
Properties
Physical
states
Ionic compounds
High melting and boiling points
Solids at r.t.p.
Brittle
When ions are shifted from their
positions, electrostatic repulsion
occurs. Hence, ionic compound
breaks apart easily.
Solids at r.t.p.
Ionic compounds have high
melting and boiling points. Hence,
solids at r.t.p.
Metals
Usually high melting and boiling
points (except Group I metals and
mercury)
Strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between positive metal
ions and sea of electrons are
difficult to break. Hence, lots of
energy is required.
Good electrical conductors
Diamond vs Graphite
Composition
Diamond
Allotrope of carbon
Graphite
Allotrope of carbon
Appearance
Hardness
Shiny
Hardest known substance
Tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms in a giant
molecular lattice structure. Covalent bonds are very
strong. Hence, carbon atoms are difficult to shift.
Volatility
Electrical conductivity
Solubility
Uses
Dull
Soft and slippery
Hexagonal layered arrangement of carbon atoms in
a giant molecular lattice structure. Covalent bonds
are very strong within a layer but only weak forces
of attraction between the layers. Hence, layers of
carbon atoms can shift easily.
Very high melting and boiling points
Many strong covalent bonds between atoms.
Hence, lots of energy is required to break these
bonds.
Good conductor
Delocalised and mobile electrons in between the
layers of carbon atoms. Hence, good electrical
conductor.
Insoluble
Many atoms covalently bonded cannot be easily
separated by a solvent.
Lubricant Soft and slippery
Electrodes Good electrical conductor