CV1012 Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 9 Pipe Flow (2)

1.

A 0.6 m diameter pipe with roughness = 3 mm carries a flow of 0.4 m 3/s between
two fixed levels. It is to be replaced by a smooth pipe of the same diameter. Estimate
the new flow rate.

Solution :
/D = 0.003/0.6 = 0.005
V = Q/A = 1.4147 m/s
Re = VD/ = 1000 x 1.4147 x 0.6 / 0.001 = 848,820
From Moody diagram :
f 0.0295
For smooth pipe :
Total head loss remain the same.
(f L/D V2/2g ) rough pipe = (f L/d V2/2g) smooth pipe
As L, D, g are the same
(fV2) rough pipe = (fV2) smooth pipe
fV2 smooth pipe = 0.0295x1.41472 = 0.059
By trial and error :
For V = 2.5 m/s
Re = VD/ = 1,500,000
By Blasius equation for smooth pipe or from Moody diagram :
f = 0.009
fV2 = 0.056, close to 0.059
Q = AV = 0.71 m3/s

10 m

Gas

2.

A pipeline carrying natural gas is 10 cm in diameter. The two points A and B, 30 m

apart, are connected to a water-kerosene manometer. Given f = 0.016, of natural gas
36 kg/m
mm 3, calculate the mass flow rate of natural gas.
= 0.6 kg/m3, of kerosene = 800
10 mm

Water

Kerosene

hm

Solution:
From manometer calculation:
PA + g g h + w g (0.01) = PB + g g (10 + h + 0.01 - 0.036) + k g 0.036
PA - PB = 0.6 x 9.81 x 9.974 + 800 x 9.81 x 0.036 - 1000 x 9.81 x 0.01 = 243 N/m2
Head loss in flow from A to B :
HL = PA/g g - PB/g g - 10 = 243 / (0.6 x 9.81) - 10 = 31.28 m = f (L/D) (V2 / 2g)
31.28 = 0.016 x (30 / 0.1) (V2 / 2g)
V = 11.31 m/s
Mass flow rate = g A V = 0.6 x A x V = 0.053 kg/s

3.
A

Two reservoirs A and B have a difference in level of 9 m, and are connected by a

pipeline 200 mm in diameter over the first part AC, which is 15 m long, and then 250
B
mm diameter for CB, the remaining 45 m length. The entrance to and exit from the
pipe are sharp edged and change of section at C is sudden. The friction factor f = 0.01
for both pipes. Calculate the flow rate in m3/s.

9m

Solution :
KLA = 0.5
KLB = 1.0
KLC = (1 - A1/A2)2 = (1 - 2002/2502)2 = 0.13
V2 = (200/250)2 V1 = 0.64 V1
Total head loss :
9 = 0.5 V12/2g + 0.01(15/0.2)(V12 /2g) + 0.13(V12 /2g) + 0.01 (45/0.25) (V22 /2g) + (V22 /2g)
9 = (0.5 + 0.75 + 0.13 + 0.737 + 0.41) V12 / 2g
V1 = 8.36 m/s
Q = AV = 0.263 m3/s

4.

Two sharp ended pipes of diameters d1 = 50 mm and d2 = 100 mm, each of length l =
100 m are connected in parallel between two reservoirs which have a difference in
level of 10 m. If f for each pipe is 0.008, calculate the flow rate in each pipe, and the
diameter of a single pipe 100 m long which would give the same flow if it was
substituted for the original two pipes.

Solution :
For pipe 1 :
Total head loss :
10 = 0.5 V12 /2g + 0.008 (100/0.05) V12 /2g + 1.0 V12 /2g
V1 = 3.348 m/s
Q = AV = 0.0066 m3/s
For pipe 2 :
Total head loss :
10 = 0.5 V22 /2g + 0.008 (100/0.1) V22 /2g + 1.0 V22 /2g
V2 = 4.5445 m/s
Q = AV = 0.0357 m3/s
For equivalent single pipe :
Head loss :
10 = 0.5 V2 /2g + 0.008 (100/D) V2 /2g + 1.0 V2 /2g = (1.5 + 0.8/D) V2 /2g
V = Q/A = (0.0066 + 0.0357) x 4 / ( D2) = 0.05386 / D2
Solving :
D = 0.107 m

5.

In the figure, evaluate the entrance loss coefficient for the square-edge entrance using
the given data. Roughness of pipe = 0.0015 mm.

25.94 m

Entrance

D=3.81 cm

304.8 cm

V = Q/A = 14.03 m/s

Re = VD/ = 14.03 x 0.0381 / 0.000001 = 534,543
/D = 0.0000394
From Moody diagram :
f = 0.0135
Total head loss :
25.94 = Ke V2/2g + 0.0135 (3.048/0.0381) V2/2g + V2/2g
Solving Ke = 0.51

Discharge to
atmosphere at
0.016 m3/s

6.

The three tanks in the following are connected by pipes as indicated. If minor losses are
neglected, determine the flow rate in each pipe.

V1
V3

V2

HJ

Let Head at junction = HJ

For Pipe 1 :
60 - HJ = 0.015 (200/0.1) V12 /2g = 1.529 V12

(1)

For Pipe 2 :
HJ - 0 = 0.02 (400/0.08) V22 /2g = 5.097 V22
For Pipe 3 :
HJ - 20 = 0.02 (200/0.08) V32 /2g = 2.548 V32

(2)
(3)

For continuity :
V1 x 0.12 = V2 x 0.082 + V3 x 0.082
V1 = 0.64 V2 + 0.64 V3
Solving for HJ, V1, V2 and V3
HJ = 40 m
V1 = 3.62 m/s
V2 = 2.80 m/s
V3 = 2.80 m/s
Q1 = 0.0284 m3/s
Q2 = 0.0141 m3/s
Q3 = 0.0141 m3/s

(4)