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CUADERNILLO DE

TEMAS GRAMATICALES

INGLES I

Trad. Pbl. Carolina Strauch

- 2014 1

CONTENIDO

Pgina

Modelos de estructuras gramaticales

..

Verbo to be

El artculo

10

El pronombre

11

El adjetivo

15

El sustantivo

.... 21

El adverbio

31

Estructura there + be

. 35

Verbos modales

.. 36

La forma -ing

.. 38

El imperativo

.. 40

El Presente Simple

.. 41

El Pasado Simple

.. 44

El Futuro Simple

.. 49

El Presente Continuo

.. 51

Going to

.. 54

Oraciones condicionales

.. 56

Prefijos y Sufijos

.. 57

Lista de conectores

60

Referencias

62

MODELOS DE ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES DEL INGLS


A + NOUN (un/una)
(indefinite article + noun (consonant)) (artculo indefinido + sustantivo (consonante)

a report

a hospital

a song

AN + NOUN (un/una)
(indefinite article + noun (vowel)) (artculo indefinido + sustantivo (vocal))

an operation

an analgesic

an organization

THE + NOUN (el, la, los, las)


(definite article + noun) (artculo definido + sustantivo)

the police

the hospital

the violins

the nurses

the President

the Pope

THE + ADJECTIVE + NOUN


(artculo definido + adjectivo + sustantivo)

the great musicians


the boring concert

the quick runners


the polluted river

the amusing books


the tired runner

A/AN + ADJECTIVE + NOUN


(artculo indefinido + adjetivo + sustantivo)

a long story
an incredible group

a noisy city
an interesting subject

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(pronombres personales)

En funcin de sujeto.
SUBJECT (sujeto)
Singular
1st b
I
2nd b
You
3rd b
He
3

3rd b
3rd b
Plural
1st b
2nd b
3rd b

I call Peter every day.

She
It
We
You
They

They like books.

They love you!

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(Pronombres personales)

En funcin de objeto.
OBJECT (objeto)
Singular
1st b
2nd b
3rd b
3rd b
3rd b
Plural
1st b
2nd b
3rd b

I call Peter every day.

I call him every day.

Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
They like books. They like them.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES + NOUN + TO BE + .


(Adjetivos posesivos + sustantivo + to be + )

st

1 b
2nd b
3rd b
3rd b
3rd b
1st b
2nd b
3rd b

Our class is new.

Singular
I
You
He
She
It
Plural
We
You
They

My name is Carlo.

My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Your teacher is married.

TO BE (PRESENT) (affirmative, negative, interrogative)


(Verbo To be en presente: afirmativo, negativo, interrogativo)

Affirmative:

Negative:

I am from Spain.
You are young.
She is a nurse.

Interrogative:

I am not from Spain.


You are not young.
She is not a nurse.

Are you from Spain? Yes, I am. No, I am not.


Are you young? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is she a nurse? Yes, she is. No, she is not.

SUBJECT + TO BE + NAME
(Sujeto + to be + nombre)

He is Peter.

I am Susan.

We are Bob and Anne.

SUBJECT + TO BE + INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A-AN) + OCCUPATION


(Sujeto + to be + artculo indefinido (a-an) + ocupacin, profesin)

I am an engineer.

You are a policeman. She is a nurse.

He is a musician.

SUBJECT + TO BE + AGE
(Sujeto + to be + edad)

It is 100 years old.

She is 70 (years old).

SUBJECT + TO BE + ADJECTIVE
(Sujeto + to be + adjetivo)

We are happy.

She is married.

I am tired.

She is clever.

SUBJECT + TO BE + MARITAL STATUS


(Sujeto + to be + estado civil)

I am divorced.
He is single.

She is married.
Albert is widow.

SUBJECT + TO BE + NATIONALITY
(Sujeto + to be +nacionalidad)
5

You are Argentinian/Argentine.


I am German.

You are from Argentina.


I am from Germany.

She is Italian.
It is Spanish.

She is from Italy.


It is from Spain.

THIS / THAT + TO BE +A/AN + NOUN


(Demonstrative adjectives in singular + verb to be+ indefinite article + noun)
(Adjetivos demostrativos + verbo to be + artculo indefinido + sustantivo)

This is a class.

That is a movie.

That is an image.

THIS / THAT + TO BE +A/AN + ADJECTIVE +NOUN


(Demonstrative adjectives in singular + verb to be+ indefinite article + adjective + noun)
(Adjetivos demostrativos sing. + verbo to be + artculo indefinido + adjetivo + sustantivo)

This is a nice day.

----------------- (That is an old tree.

THESE / THOSE + TO BE + ADJECTIVE + NOUN


(Demonstrative adjectives in plural + verb to be+ noun)
(Adjetivos demostrativos en plural + verbo to be + sustantivo)

These are new students.

------------------- ((( Those are old buildings.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
(Pronombres interrogativos)

Question Words / Palabras utilizadas para formular preguntas


What .? : se utiliza para determinar un objeto.
What + verb to be + this?

What + verb to be + that?

Para objetos:

What is this? This is a book.


Its a book.

What is that?

That is the calendar.


Its the calendar.

This (cuando el objeto est cerca).


That (cuando el objeto est lejos).
Ambos pueden ser reemplazados por it.
Para profesiones:
What + to be + subject?

What is he/she?

What + to be + possessive adjective + job?


What is his/her job?

La respuesta a estos dos modelos es la misma.

He / She is

a politician.
a nurse.
a policeman / a policewoman.
a post production technician.
a scientist.
a physical exercise teacher.

How .? (Para estado de nimo)


How + to be + subject?

How are you?

Respuesta:
Subject + to be + state (adjective)

I am very well.

How old .? (Edad)


How old + to be + subject?

How old is she?

She is twenty (20) years old.

Who .? (Identidad: quin/quines)


7

Who + to be + .?

Who + to be + a / an + profession?
+ adjective?
+ from country?

Who is a nurse?
Who are tired?
Who is from Uruguay?

+ Possessive adjective + noun? Who is your sister?


Where .? (Lugar)

Where is our class? Where is the library?

Where + to be + subject + from? (para preguntar sobre el lugar de origen)

Where is he from?
Where are they from?

He is from England. / He is English.


They are from Italy. / They are Italian.

When .? (Tiempo)
When + to be + subject + verb/noun/adjective? (para preguntar sobre el tiempo)

When is her birthday?

When are you happy?

Why .? (Causa)
Why + to be + subject + verb/noun/adjective? (causa)

Why is he sad?

Respuesta: Se puede utilizar because (porque).

He is sad because he is ill.

What.like? : Se utiliza para cualidades, caractersticas.


What + to be + subject + like?

What is she like?


What are you like?
What is the weather like?

She is tall.
I am amusing.
It is rainy. / cloudy. / snowy. / wet.

TO BE

SER O ESTAR

The simple present of the verb to be (Presente simple del verbo to be)
Subject

Affirmative

am

am not / m not

Questions
Am I tired?

You

are

are not/ arent

Are you tired?

He
She
It
We
You
They

Negative

is not /isnt
is
are not/ arent
are

Interrogative

tired. Is he tired?
Is she tired?
Is it tired?
Are we tired?
Are you tired?
Are they tired?

Short answers
Yes, I am.
No, Im not.
Yes, I am. / Yes, you are.
No, I am not. / No, you arent.
Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.
Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.
Yes, it is. / No, it isnt
Yes, we are. /No, we arent.
Yes, we are. /No, we arent.
Yes, they are. /No, they arent.

The simple past of the verb to be (Pasado Simple del verbo to be)
Affirmative

was

You

were

He
She
It
We
You
They

Negative

was

was not
/ wasnt
were not
/ werent
was not
/ wasnt

were

were not
/ werent

Interrogative

Questions

Short answers

Was I tired?

Yes, I was. /No, I wasnt.

Were you tired?

Yes, I was /No, I wasnt.

Was he tired?
tired. Was she tired?
Was it tired?
Were we tired?
Were you tired?
Were they tired?

PRESENT
am
is
are

Yes, he was. /No, he wasnt.


Yes, she was. /No, she wasnt.
Yes, it was. /No, it wasnt.
Yes, we were. /No, we werent.
Yes, we were. /No, we werent.
Yes, they were. / No, they werent.

PAST
was
was
were

She is at home now. He wasnt at home yesterday. They are at school. They were in Italy in 1980.

THE ARTICLES

LOS ARTCULOS

The and A/An are called "articles". We divide them into "definite" and "indefinite": (Los
artculos son: The, A y AN. Podemos dividirlos en definidos o determinados e indefinidos o
indeterminados:)
Clasificacin
Definite/definido
Indefinite / indefinido
The
A, An
We use "definite articles" to mean sure, certain. "Definite" is particular. (Utilizamos a los artculos
definidos para significar certeza, algo particular.)
We use "indefinite articles" to mean not sure, not certain. "Indefinite" is general. (Utilizamos los
artculos indefinidos para significar duda, algo incierto.) When we are talking about one thing in
particular we use THE and about one thing in general we use A or AN. (Cuando nos referimos a
una cosa en particular empleamos THE y al referirnos a una cosa en general empleamos A o
AN.
Ejemplo:
Think of the sky at night. In the sky there is 1 moon and millions of stars. So, normally we could
say:
I saw a star last night.
I saw the moon last night.
The

The capital of France is Paris.


I have found the book that I lost.
Have you cleaned the car?
There are six eggs in the fridge.
Please switch off the TV when you finish.

A, An

I was born in a town.


John had an omelette for lunch.
James Bond ordered a drink.
We want to buy an umbrella.
Have you got a pen?

Of course, often we can use The or A/An for the same word. It depends on the
situation.(Obviamente, a menudo podemos usar los artculos the o a/an para la misma palabra.
Depender de la situacin.)
Ejemplos:

We want to buy an umbrella. (Any umbrella, not a particular umbrella. /cualquier paraguas)
Where is the umbrella? (el paraguas que compramos)

(We already have an umbrella. We are looking for our umbrella, a particular umbrella./Ya tenemos
un paraguas, estamos buscando el nuestro, uno en particular. )
Read this story and see the difference between The and A, An:
A man and a woman were walking in Oxford Street. The woman saw a dress that she liked in a shop. She
asked the man if he could buy the dress for her. He said: "Do you think the shop will accept a cheque? I
don't have a credit card."

10

THE PRONOUNS

LOS PRONOMBRES

Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun.
Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns,
we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. (Los pronombres son palabras que toman el lugar de un
sustantivo. Podemos utilizar un pronombre en lugar de un sustantivo. Algunos de ellos son: he,
you, ours, themselves, etc. Si no tuviramos los pronombres tendramos que repetir mucho los
sustantivos.)

Do you like the President? I don't like him. He President is too pompous.

Personal Pronouns

Pronombres personales

El siguiente cuadro de pronombres personales incluye los adjetivos posesivos a los fines de
comparacin y conveniencia.

number

Person
1st
2nd

singular
3rd

plural

1st
2nd
3rd

gender
*
m/f
m/f
m
f
n
m/f
m/f
m/f/n

- m=male/masculino

subject
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

Pronouns
object
possessive
me
mine
you
yours
him
his
her
hers
It
its
Us
ours
You
yours
Them
theirs

- f=female/femenino

reflexive
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

Possessive
adjectives
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their

- n=neuter/neutro

Ejemplos:
Pronoun

Subject
Object
Possessive
Reflexive
Possessive adjective

She likes homework.


The teacher gave me some homework.
This homework is yours.
John did the homework himself.
The teacher corrected our homework.

11

Recuerde que:
1. La desinencia verbal del idioma castellano nos indica a qu persona gramatical corresponde,
por ende, depender del texto la traduccin del pronombre personal o su omisin.

They released...

The team of experts had a great success. They released....


El grupo de expertos tuvo un gran xito. Liberaron...

Elllos liberaron ...

2. Cuando los pronombres WE y THEY indican una generalizacin, pueden traducirse por
UNO.
Ejemplo:

You must be sure that ..

Uno debe asegurarse que ..

3. El pronombre IT normalmente se traduce cuando es objeto de un verbo o preposicin.

Reflexive Pronouns

Pronombres reflexivos

The reflexive pronouns indicate that the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb. (Los
pronombres reflexivos indican que el sujeto de la oracin tambin recibe la accin del verbo.)
La combinacin BY + SELF PRONOUN debe traducirse por SOLO o POR SI MISMO.
Verbos y expresiones utilizadas comnmente con pronombres reflexivos:
Amuse oneself
Ask oneself
Blame oneself
Cut oneself
Enjoy oneself
Help oneself
Hurt oneself
Introduce oneself
Kill oneself
Look after oneself
Do something oneself
Take care of oneself

Demostrative pronouns

Pronombres Demostrativos
12

Recuerde que en el idioma castellano los pronombres demostrativos llevan tilde, con la excepcin
de esto y eso.
THIS: esto, ste/a
THESE: stos, stas
Ejemplo:

THAT: eso, se/a, aqul, aqullo/a


THOSE: sos, sas, aqullos/aqullas

Those are the types of problems ... sos son los tipos de problemas...

Otros usos:
Combination
Translation
That of
........ el de / la de / lo de
That which ........ el que / la que / lo que

Those of
........ los de / las de
Those which ....... los que / las que

Ejemplo:

The most important controls for pregnant women are those which have no adverse reactions.
Los controles ms importantes para las mujeres embarazadas son aquellos que no tienen
reacciones adversas.

Interrogative Pronouns

Pronombres interrogativos

What
Which
Who / Whom
Why
When
Where
How
Whose
How many
How much
How long
How far
How old
How often

Qu?
Cul?
Quin /quines?
Por qu?
Cundo?
Dnde / Adnde? / De dnde?
Cmo?
De quin / de quines?
Cuntos/as?
Cunto/a?
Cunto tiempo / qu longitud?
(a) qu distancia?
Qu edad/Cantos aos?
Con qu frecuencia/ cada cunto/ cuntas veces?

What ...like

Cmo?

Recuerde que en el idioma ingls suelen cambiarse las palabras interrogativas con
preposiciones que figuran al finalizar la pregunta.

What are you looking at?

13

Sujeto
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Adjetivo
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Objeto
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
Posesivos
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Reflexivos
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

Yo
T, usted, vos
l
Ella
l, ella
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos, ellas

I am ill.
You are hungry.
He is handsome.
She is pretty.
Its a good dog.
We are tired.
You are angry.
They are at the cinema.

Mi, mis
Tu, tus
Su, sus (masculino)
Su, sus (femenino)
Su, sus
Nuestro/a, nuestros/as
Vuestro/a, vuestros/as
Su, sus (de ellos)

This is my husband.
This is your tie.
This is his brother.
This is her sister.
This is its collar.
These are our suitcases.
These are your seats.
Here are their socks.

Me, m
Te, tu, ti, usted, vos
l, le, lo
Ella, le, la
Lo, la, ello, le
Nosotros, nos
Vosotros, les, ustedes, os
Ellos, les, los, las

I want it for me.


Im helping you,
Can you see him?
She is pretty, I like her.
Give it a kick.
He is helping us.
I saw you.
I am waiting for them.

Mo/s, ma/s
Tuyo/s, tuya/s
Suyo/s, suya/s (de l)
Suyo/s, suya/s (de ella)
Suyo/s, suya/s
Nuestro/s, nuestra/s
Vuestro/s, vuestra/s
Suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos)

This coat is mine.


My name is Tom. Whats yours?
That coat is his.
Give me hers.
The long letter is its.
The suitcases are ours.
The handicap is yours.
This is theirs.

Yo mismo, me
T mismo, te, se
l mismo, se
Ella misma, se
l mismo, se
Nosotros mismos, nos
Vosotros mismos, ustedes mismos, se
Ellos mismos, se

I saw it for myself.


Dont burn yourself!
He hurt himself.
She did it herself.
The cat scratched itself.
We are enjoying ourselves.
Did you paint it yourselves?
They are laughing at themselves.

14

THE ADJECTIVE

EL ADJETIVO

Los adjetivos describen a un sustantivo o a un pronombre, describen o modifican a otra


persona o cosa en la oracin.
Los adjetivos aparecen casi siempre inmediatamente antes del sustantivo o de la frase a
la cual modifican. Aparecen despus de determinados verbos como, por ejemplo, be, become,
get, seem, look, feel, sound, smell, taste.
A veces aparecen en una cadena de adjetivos, y en ese caso aparecen en un orden
establecido. Cuando los pronombres indefinidos como, por ejemplo, something, someone,
anybody estn modificados por un adjetivo, el adjetivo aparece despus del pronombre.
.
Adjectivo
Sustantivo Verbo Adjectivo
1 I like
big
cars.
2
My car
is
big.
Adjetivos
Determiner
Two

Sustantivo
opinion
nice

fact
age
old

shape
round

colour
red

candles.

Los adjetivos pueden expresar grados de modificacin:

Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie's the richest woman in town.

Positivo/Neutro
Rich
Lovely
Beautiful

Comparativo
Richer
Lovelier
more beautiful

Superlativo
Richest
Loveliest
most beautiful

Los grados de comparacin se conocen como positivo, comparativo, y superlativo.


(En realidad, nicamente el comparativo y el superlativo demuestran grados.) Empleamos el
comparativo para comparar dos cosas y el superlativo para comparar dos o ms cosas. La
palabra than frecuentemente acompaa al comparativo y la palabra the antecede al
superlativo. Los sufijos declinados -er y -est son suficientes para formar la mayora de los
comparativos y superlativos, aunque necesitamos -ier e -iest cuando un adjetivo de dos
slabas finaliza en y (happier y happiest); sino empleamos more y most cuando el adjetivo
tiene ms de dos slabas.
FORMACION DE ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS

Short adjectives / Adjetivos cortos


1-syllable adjectives (adjetivos de 1 slaba)

old, fast
15

2-syllable adjectives ending in -y (adj. de 2 slabas,


terminados en y)
Normal rule: add '-er' (agregar er)
Variation: if the adjective ends in e, just add r (si el adjetivo
termina en e, agregar r)
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant,
double the last consonant (si el adjetivo termina en consonante,
vocal, consonante, duplicar la ltima consonante)
Variation: if the adjective ends in y, change the -y to i (si el
adjetivo termina en y, cambiar la y por i)
Long adjectives / Adjetivos largos
2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y (adjetivos de 2 slabas
que no terminan en y)
all adjectives of 3 or more syllables (todos los adjetivos de
3 o ms slabas)
Normal rule: use 'more' (utilizar more)

happy, easy
old > older
late > later
big > bigger
happy > happier

Modern, pleasant
Expensive, intellectual
Modern > more modern
expensive > more
expensive

FORMACION DE ADJETIVOS SUPERLATIVOS


Short adjectives / Adjetivos cortos
1-syllable adjectives (adjetivos de 1 slaba)
2-syllable adjectives ending in y (adjetivos de 2 slabas
terminados en y)
Normal rule: add '-est' (agregar est)
Variation: if the adjective ends in e, just add st (si el adjetivo
termina en en, agregar st)
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant,
double the last consonant (si el adjetivo termina en consonante,
vocal, consonante, duplicar la ltima consonante)
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the -y to i (si el
adjetivo termina en y, cambiar la y por i)
Long adjectives / Adjetivos largos
2-syllable adjectives not ending in y (adjetivos de 2 slabas
que no terminan en y)
all adjectives of 3 or more syllables (todos los adjetivos de tres
o ms slabas)
Normal rule: use 'most' (Utilizar most)

old, fast
happy, easy
old > the oldest
late > the latest
big > the biggest
happy > the happiest

modern, pleasant
expensive, intellectual
modern > the most
modern
expensive > the most
expensive

16

Adjetivos irregulares
(comparativo/superlativo)
Adjectivo
Neutro
good
well
(healthy)
bad
far
far
old (people
in a family)
old (general
use)

Comparativo
better
better
worse
further
farther
elder

Superlativo Ejemplo
the best
Tara is the best athlete in the school.
the best
He is still in hospital, but he is better than he
was last week.
the worst
You are the worst driver I have ever known.
the furthest My house is the furthest one.
the farthest My house is the farther one.
the eldest
Ram is my elder brother.

older

the oldest

Your teacher is older than my teacher.

Los siguientes adjetivos forman el comparativo y superlativo en


dos formas:

CLASIFICACION DE LOS ADJETIVOS


Adjetivos calificativos
Los adjetivos calificativos modifican al sustantivo describiendo sus caractersticas.

El nio alto

The tall boy


17

El gato negro

El black cat

El libro grande
La nia bella
La Casa Blanca
El perro bravo

The large book


The beautiful girl
The White House
The ferocious dog

Adjetivos posesivos : Los adjetivos posesivos muestran posesin.


Pronombres
Personales
yo
tu
el, ella
Ud.
nosotros
nosotras
vosotros
vosotras
ellos
Uds.

Antes de
sustantivo

Ingls
I
you
he, she
you (formal)
we
we
you
you
they
you (formal)

mi
tu
su
su
nuestro,
nuestra,s
vuestro,
vuestra,s
sus
sus

Ingls
my
your
his, her, its
your (formal)
our
our
your
their
your (formal)
their

1. Ejemplos con adjetivos posesivos antes del sustantivo en espaol y su traduccin.


Mi nombre es Ana
Tu segundo nombre es Mara
Su apellido es Garca
Su pasaporte es Australiano
Su pas de origen es Per
Nuestras maletas son caf
Vuestros hijos estn en el caf bar

My name is Anna
Your middle name is Maria
Her surname is Garca
Her passport is Australian
Her country of origin is Peru
Our briefcases are brown
Your children are in the coffee bar

2. Ejemplos de adjetivos posesivos despus del sustantivo en espaol y su traduccin.


La madre tuya est en Australia
El vuelo suyo est atrasado
La maleta ma est en el auto
Las cuentas mas estn vigentes
Los asientos nuestros son cmodos
Necesito los documentos mos

Your mother is in Australia


Your fly is late
My briefcase is in the car
My accounts are up today
Our seats are comfortable.
I need my documents

Adjetivos demostrativos
Los adjetivos demostrativos colocan la relacin de un sustantivo con respecto a la distancia y al tiempo. Se
utilizan antes del sustantivo.

18

this girl

that girl

that girl (over there)

Recuerde que en el idioma castellano los pronombres demostrativos llevan tilde, con la
excepcin de esto, eso y aquello.
THIS: esto, ste/a
THESE: stos, stas

THAT: eso, se/a, aqul, aqullo/a


THOSE: sos, sas, aqullos/aqullas

Ejemplo:

Those are the types of problems (sos son los tipos de problemas...)

Otros usos:
Combination

That of
That which

Translation
el de / la de / lo de
el que / la que / lo que

Those which

Those of

los de / las de
los que / las que

Ejemplo:

The most important controls for pregnant women are those which have no adverse reactions.
(Los controles ms importantes para las mujeres embarazadas son aqullos que no presentan
reacciones adversas.)
Singular

este ese aquel


this that that

Plural

estos esos aquellos

Singular

these those those


esta esa aquella

Masculinos

Femeninos

This that that


Plural

estas esas aquellas


These those those

Observe algunas de las terminaciones ms comunes:


-able
-al
-ant
-ar
-ary
-en
-ent
-ern
-ful
-ic
-id
-ish
-ive
-less
-ory

observable / teachable / portable / measurable


economical /educational / financial / manual
resistant / pleasant
familiar / liar
elementary / honorary
wooden
existent / different
western / northern
harmful / useful / hopeful / beautiful
artistic / metallic / poetic / optimistic / heroic
rigid / acid
Turkish /girlish
selective / attentive /extensive
careless / countless / childless/ homeless /powerless
compulsory / contributory
19

-ous
-some
-y

dangerous / famous / mysterious


troublesome / quarrelsome
stormy / juicy / hairy / rainy

Funcin adjetiva de la terminacin -ing


Se utiliza para dar a los verbos un significado de adjetivos indicadores de actividad:
Ejemplo:
To exist: existir / pre-existing factors: factores preexistentes.
Nota: Ver tema: ing.

ADJETIVOS QUE TERMINAN EN ING Y ED


Existen muchos pares de adjetivos que terminan en ing y en ed. La terminacin ing en
adjetivos denota cualidad, caracterstica; la terminacin ed en adjetivos denota estado.
Ejemplo:

anes job is boring.


Jane is bored (with the job).

Alguien est ed si algo (o alguien) es ing. O si algo es ing, uno est ed. En nuestro
ejemplo, Jane est aburrida (estado) porque su trabajo es aburrido (cualidad, caracterstica).
Otros ejemplos de pares de adjetivos terminados en ing y -ed:

20

THE NOUN

EL SUSTANTIVO

Una simple definicin es: una persona, un lugar o un objeto.


Persona: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
Lugar: home, office, town, countryside, America
Objeto: mixer, car, book, money, music, love, food, rat
Otra forma de reconocer a un sustantivo es por su:
1. Terminacin (Ending)
2. Posicin (Position)
3. Funcin (Function)
1) Terminacin del sustantivo (Noun Ending)
Existen algunas terminacines que demuestran que una palabra es un sustantivo, por ejemplo:

Observe algunas de las terminaciones ms comunes:


-age
-ance
-ant
-cy
-dom
-ee
-ence
-er
-ian
-ing
-ist
-ity
-let
-ment
-ness
-or
-sion
-tion

storage/ postage
disturbance /deliverance /assistance
determinant / servant
democracy / accuracy
wisedom / boredom / kingdom
degree / employee
difference / dependence
loser/ lover
electrician /Indian
swimming / Swallowing
scientist /humorist
activity /fluidity / capability / flexibily
bracelet /droplet
enforcement /establishment /contenment
happiness /quietness /toughness
translator /actor/reactor
compulsion / Regression
inflation/ action / revolution

Sin embargo existen algunas terminaciones que tambin se aplican a los adjetivos.
Por ejemplo, el sustantivo "spoonful" termina en -ful, pero el adjetivo "careful" tambin
termina en -ful.
2) Posicin en la oracin (Position in Sentence)
21

Los sustantivos aparecen con frecuencia despus de un determinante (como: a, an, the, this,
my, such.)

a relief
an afternoon
the doctor
this word
my house
such stupidity

Los sustantivos aparecen despus de uno o ms adjetivos.


a great relief
a peaceful afternoon
the tall, Indian doctor
this difficult word
my brown and white house
such crass stupidity
3) Funcin en una oracin (Function in a Sentence)
Los sustantivos tienen determinadas funciones en la oracin, por ejemplo:
sujeto de verbo > Doctors work hard.
Objecto de verbo > He likes coffee.
Sujeto y objeto de verbo > Teachers teach students.

Aposicin del sustantivo


Los sustantivos tambin pueden actuar como adjetivos, modificando a otro sustantivo.
Un sustantivo colocado delante de otro adquiere la funcin de adjetivo
Ejemplos:

cell membranes / membranas celulares


side effects / efectos colaterales
a business meeting / una reunin de negocios
a job interview / una entrevista de trabajo
an Environment conference / una conferencia sobre el medioambiente

El caso posesivo

Possessive Case 's /

Para demostrar que algo pertenece a alguien o a algo, generalmente agregarmos 's a un
sustantivo singular y apstrofe (') a un sustantivo plural:

the boy's game (un nio) (el juego del nio)


the boys' game (dos o ms nios) (el juego de los nios)

La estructura puede utilizarse para una frase completa:


the man next door's mother (the mother of the man next door)
22

the Queen of England's dogs (the dogs of the Queen of England)


the President of the USA's secretary (the secretary of the President of the USA)
Utilizamos el posesivo con nombres:
This is Mary's car.
Where is Ram's telephone?
Who took Anthony's pen?
I like Tara's hair.
Cuando un nombre finaliza en "s", generalmente se considera como cualquier otro sustantivo
singular y agregamos 's:
This is Charles's chair.
Pero es posible agregar nicamente el apstrofe ('):
Who was Jesus' father?
Podemos formar el caso posesivo de un sustantivo plural que no termina en "s" agregando un
apstrofe y "s," como en los siguientes ejemplos:

The children's mittens were on the floor.

A jury's verdict is not always final.

The men's hockey team will be play as soon as the women's team is finished.

The hunter followed the moose's trail all morning but lost it in the afternoon.

Sustantivos Contables

Countable Nouns

Los sustantivos contables son fciles de reconocer. Son cosas que podemos contar. Por
ejemplo lpices. Podemos tener uno, dos, tres, cuatro o ms lpices.
Ejemplos:
dog, cat, animal, man, person, bottle, box, litre, coin, note, dollar, cup, plate, fork, table, chair, suitcase,
bag

Pueden ser singular o plural:

My dog is playing.

My dogs are hungry.

Podemos utilizar los artculos indefinidos a/an con los sustantivos contables. (We can use the
indefinite article a/an with countable nouns)

A dog is an animal.

Si el sustantivo contable es singular debemos utilizar una palabra como a/the/my/this. (When a
countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:)

I want an orange. (not I want orange.)

Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

Si es plural podemos utilizarlo solo (When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone)
I like oranges.
Bottles can break.
23

Podemos utilizar some y any con los sustantivos contables. (We can use some and any with
countable nouns):

I've got some dollars.

Have you got any pens?

Tambin podemos utilizar a few y many. (We can use a few and many with countable
nouns):

I haven't got many pens.

I've got a few dollars.

Sustantivos Incontables

Uncountable Nouns

Los sustantivos incontables son sustancias, conceptos, etc. que no podemos dividir en
elementos separados. No podemos contarlos. Por ejemplo, no podemos contar la leche/milk.
Podemos contar "bottles of milk" o "litres of milk", pero no la leche/milk en s:
Ejemplos:
music, art, love, happiness, advice, information, news, furniture, luggage, rice, sugar, butter, water,
electricity, gas, power, money, currency

Generalmente consideramos a los sustantivos incontables como singulares. Empleamos un


sustantivo singular.

This news is very important.

Your luggage looks heavy.

No podemos utilizar un artculo definido a/an, pero s podemos decirlo de la siguiente forma:

a piece of news

a bottle of water

a grain of rice

Podemos utilizar some y any con los sustantivos incontables.

I've got some money.

Have you got any rice?

Tambien podemos usar a little y much.

I've got a little money.

I haven't got much rice.

Algunos sustantivos pueden ser Countables e Incontables, generalmente con un cambio en


su significado.
Countable
There are two hairs in my coffee!

Hair

There are two lights in our bedroom.

Light

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.

Noise

Have you got a paper to read?

Paper

Uncountable
I don't have much hair.
Close the curtain. There's too much
light!
It's difficult to work when there is too
much noise.
I want to draw a picture. Have you got
24

(=newspaper)
Our house has seven rooms.
We had a great time at the party.
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's
greatest works.

Room
Time

some paper?
Is there room for me to sit here?
Have you got time for a coffee?

Work

I have no money. I need work!

Otros ejemplos de sustantivos contables e incontables:


Countable
Dollar
Song
Suitcase
Table
Battery
Bottle
Report
Tip
Journey
Job
View

Sustantivos comunes

Uncountable
Money
Music
Luggage
Furniture
Electricity
Wine
Information
Advice
Travel
Work
Scenery

Common nouns

A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually,
you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the
opposite of a proper noun. (Un sustantivo comn es un sustantivo que se refiere a una persona,
lugar o cosa en un sentido general. Es el opuesto al sustantivo propio. Se escribe nicamente
con mayscula si est al principio de una oracin.)

According to the sign, the nearest town is 60 miles away.

All the gardens in the neighbourhood were invaded by beetles this summer.

I don't understand why some people insist on having six different kinds of mustard in their
cupboards.

Many child-care workers are underpaid.

Sustantivos propios

Proper nouns

Un sustantivo propio es una palabra especial (o nombre) que empleamos para una persona,
lugar u organizacin. Ejemplos: John, Marie, London, France o Sony.

25

Sustantivo comn /Common noun


man, boy
woman, girl
country, town
Company
shop, restaurant
month, day of the week
Book, film

Sustantivo Propio / Proper noun


John
Mary
England, London
Ford, Sony
Maceys, McDonalds
January, Sunday
War & Peace, Titanic

Concrete Nouns

Sustantivos concretos

Un sustantivo concreto es un sustantivo que nombra todo o a todos quienes uno puede percibir
a traves de los sentidos: tacto, vista, olfato, gusto u odo. Un sustantivo concreto es el opuesto
a un sustantivo abstracto. (A concrete noun is a noun which names everything (or everyone)
that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A
concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun.) Las palabras en negritas son todos
sustantivos concretos:

The judge handed the files to the clerk.

Whenever they take the dog to the beach, it spends hours playing with waves.

The real estate agent urged the couple to buy the second house.

Abstract Nouns

Sustantivos abstractos

An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your
five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. (Un sustantivo abstracto nombre
algo que no se percibe a travs de los cinco sentidos, es lo opuesto a un sustantivo concreto.)

Buying the fire extinguisher was an afterthought.

Tillie is amused by people who are nostalgic about childhood.

Justice is essential.

Some scientists believe that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically.

Collective Nouns

Sustantivos colectivos

A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count
the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole as one unit.
A collective noun is similar to a non-countable noun, and is roughly the opposite of a countable
noun. (Un sustantivo colectivo es un sustantivo que nombra a un grupo de cosas, animales o
personas. Se podra contar a los miembros individuales del grupo pero generalmente se piensa
en el grupo en su totalidad como una unidad. Un sustantivo colectivo es similar a un sustantivo
incontable y en lneas generales es el opuesto a un sustantivo contable.)
26

The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.

The collective noun "geese" takes the singular verb "spends." (El sustantivo colectivo geese
toma la forma singular del verbo spends.)

The jury is dining on take-out chicken tonight.

In this example the collective noun "jury" is the subject of the singular compound verb "is
dining."

The committee meets every Wednesday afternoon.

Here the collective noun "committee" takes a singular verb, "meets."

The class was very interesting.

In this sentence the word "class" is a collective noun and takes the singular verb "was".

Plural de los sustantivos


La mayora de los sustantivos son regulares y agregan s al final de la forma singular o es a
los singulares que terminan en los sonidos sibilantes (/s/, /z/, /ts/, /dz/). (The majority of nouns
are regular and add -s to the end of the singular form or -es to those singulars that end in a
sibilant sound (/s/, /z/, /ts/, /dz/)).

-s
boy
bed
book
pencil
day

boys
beds
books
pencils
days

-es
horse
edge
patch
prize
box

horses
edges
patches
prizes
boxes

Sin embargo, si el singular termina con y y la letra y no est


precedida por una vocal (o si no es un nombre propio) la y
cambia a i y el pluran es entonces-es. (However, if the singular
ends with -y and the -y is not preceded by a vowel (or is not a
proper name) the -y changes to -i and the plural is then -es.)
-y becomes -ies
Spy
spies
Poppy
poppies
Penny
pennies

-y becomes -ys
osprey
ospreys
bay
bays
Germany Germanys

Algunos sustantivos que terminan en f o fe cambian a ves en el plural. (Some nouns that
end in -f or -fe are changed to -ves in the plural):
27

-f or -fe becomes -ves


calf
calves
elf
elves
half
halves
hoof
hooves
knife
knives
leaf
leaves
life
lives
loaf
loaves
scarf
scarfs/scarves
self
selves
sheaf
sheaves
shelf
shelves
thief
thieves
wife
wives
wolf
wolves
Algunos sustantivos cambian el sonido de vocal al convertirse en plural. (Some nouns change
the vowel sound in becoming plural):
singular
fireman
foot
goose
louse
man
mouse
tooth
woman

plural
firemen
feet
geese
lice
men
mice
teeth
women

Algunos sustantitvos que terminan en o agregan s como el plural y otros agregan es. (Some
nouns ending in -o take -s as the plural, while others take -es.)
-o becomes -os
auto
autos
kangaroo
kangaroos
kilo
kilos
memo
memos
photo
photos
piano
pianos
pimento
pimentos
pro
pros

-o becomes -oes
echo
echoes
embargo
embargoes
hero
heroes
potato
potatoes
tomato
tomatoes
torpedo
torpedoes
veto
vetoes
28

solo
soprano
studio
tattoo
video
zoo

solos
sopranos
studios
tattoos
videos
zoos

Algunos sustantivos que terminan en o agregan s o es. (Some nouns ending in -o take
either -s or es):
singular
buffalo
cargo
halo
mosquito
motto
no
tornado
volcano
zero

plural
buffalos/buffaloes
cargos/cargoes
halos/haloes
mosquitos/mosquitoes
mottos/mottoes
nos/noes
tornados/tornadoes
volcanos/volcanoes
zeros/zeroes

Algunos sustantivos no cambian. (Some nouns do not change at all):


singular
cod*
deer
fish*
offspring
perch*
sheep
trout*

plural
cod*
deer
fish*
offspring
perch*
sheep
trout*

Plurales irregulares / Irregular Plurals


Para mostrar posesin, agregamos 's a la forma plural de estos sustantivos:
singular noun
Plural noun
my child's dog
My children's dog
The man's work
The men's work
The mouse's cage
The mice's cage
a person's clothes
people's clothes
Plurales de origen latino o griego:
29

Recuerde que en la terminologa cientfica suelen utilizarse sustantivos de origen latino o


griego con las siguientes caractersticas:
Singular
Bacterium
Addendum
Erratum
Analysis
Basis
Crisis
Axis
Bacillus
Genus
Hypa
Larva
Nebula
Retina
Nucleus
Micrococcus
Mycelium
Medium
Radius
Spirillum
Stratum
Staphylococcus
Stoma

Traduccin

Plural
Bacteria
Addenda
Errata
Analyses
Bases
Crises
Axes
Bacilli
Genera
Hypae
Larvae
Nebulae
Retinae
Nuclei
Micrococci
Mycelia
Media
Radii
Spirilla
Strata
Staphylococci
Stomata

Traduccin

Gnero de los sustantivos / Noun Gender


Muchos sustantivos comunes como, por ejemplo engineer o teacher pueden hacer
referencia a hombres o mujeres. (Many common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher," can refer
to men or women.) El uso de sustantivos con gnero especfico es poco comn actualmente.
Masculino
Author
Actor
Waiter

Femenino
Authoress
Actress
Waitress

30

THE ADVERB EL ADVERBIO


An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb
(Example: The man ran quickly). But adverbs can also modify adjectives (example: Tara is
really beautiful), or even other adverbs (example: It works very well). (Un adverbio es una
palabra que nos brinda mayor informacin acerca de un verbo. Pero los adverbios tambin
pueden modificar a los adjetivos e incluso a otros adverbios.)
We can usually recognize an adverb by its: (Generalmente, podemos reconocer a un adverbio
por su:)
Function / Funcin
Form / Forma
Position / Posicin

1. Function Funcin
The principal job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and
other adverbs. In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the word that it modifies is in
italics. (La principal tarea de un adverbio es modificar verbos (o brindar mayor informacin
acerca de ellos). En los ejemplos, el adverbio aparece escrito en negritas y la palabra que
modifica en itlica.)
Modify a verb: (Modifica a un verbo)
- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)

Modify an adjective: (Modifica a un adjetivo)


- He is really handsome.

Modify another adverb: (Modifica a otro adverbio)


- She drives incredibly slowly.

But adverbs have other functions, too. They can: (Pero los adverbios tambin tienen otras
funciones, pueden:)
Modify a whole sentence: (Modificar a una oracin completa)
- Obviously, I can't know everything.
Modify a prepositional phrase: (Modificar a una frase preposicional)
- It's immediately inside the door.

2. Form - Forma
Many adverbs end in -ly. We form such adverbs by adding -ly to the adjective. Here are some
examples: (Muchos ejemplos finalizan en ly. Formamos dichos adverbios agregando ly al
adjetivo.)

quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly


31

But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. "Friendly", for example, is an adjective.
Some adverbs have no particular form, for example: (Pero no todas las palabras que terminan
en ly son adverbios. Por ejemplo, la palabra friendly es un adjetivo. Algunos advrebios no
tienen una forma particular, ver los siguientes ejemplos)

well, fast, very, never, always, often, still

3. Position Posicin
Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence: (Los adverbios tienen tres posiciones
principales en la oracin)

Front (before the subject): (al comienzo, antes del sujeto)


- Now we will study adverbs.

Middle (between the subject and the main verb): (al medio, entre el sujeto y el verbo
principal)
- We often study adverbs.

End (after the verb or object): (al final, despus del verbo y el objeto)
- We study adverbs carefully.
Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Frequency answer the question "How often?" or "How frequently?" They tell us how
often somebody does something. (Los adverbios de frecuencia responden a las preguntas
"How often?" o "How frequently?". Nos informan la frecuencia con la cual alguien realiza algo.)

Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb (except the


main verb "to be"): (los adverbios de frecuencia aparecen
antes del verbo principal, SALVO el verbo principal to be:
Examples:
We usually go shopping on Saturday.
I have often done that.
She is always late.
Occasionally can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence:
Sometimes (dichos adverbios pueden ir al comienzo o al final
de una oracin)
Often
Frequently
Usually
Examples:

Sometimes they come and stay with us.


32

I play tennis occasionally.

Rarely and
seldom

can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"): (dichos


adverbios tambin pueden ir al final de la oracin, a menudo
con la palabra very:)

Examples:
We see them rarely.
John eats meat very seldom.
100% Always
Usually
Frequently
Often
50%

0%

Sometimes
Occasionally

Siempre
Normalmente, por lo
general, usualmente
Con frecuencia, a
menudo,
frecuentemente
A menudo, seguido

Rarely

A veces, algunas veces


De vez en cuando,
ocasionalmente
Rara vez, pocas veces

Seldom

casi nunca

Hardly ever

Casi nunca

Never

Nunca

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADVERB FORMS


POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
Quickly
More quickly
Fortunately
More fortunately
Single-syllable adverbs, however, and early, add er, est
Hard
Harder
Early
Earlier
Irregular comparisons
Well
Better
Badly
Worse
Little
Less
Much
More
Far
Farther/further

SUPERLATIVE
Most quickly
Most fortunately
Hardest
Earliest
Best
Worst
Least
Most
Farthest(distance)Furthest
(used more widely)

Adverbs Form
33

An adverb normally derives from adjectives and it is formed by adding "ly" at the end of it
(Normalmente, un adverbio deriva de un adjetivo y se forma agregando ly al final.)
Adjective
serious
certain
mad
sad
fortunate
Exception:

Adverb
seriously
certainly
madly
sadly
fortunately

Good well

If the adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with "i" and add "ly". (Si el adjetivo termina en y, reemplaza la y
con la I y luego agrega ly.)

Adjective
Angry
Easy
Crazy
Busy
Cranky

Adverb
angrily
easily
crazily
busily
crankily

If the adjective ends with "able" , "ible" , or "le" , replace the "e" with "y". (Si el adjetivo termina en able, ible o le
reemplazar la e con y.)

Adjective
probable
terrible
incredible
sensible
probable
horrible

Adverb
Probably
Terribly
Incredibly
Sensibly
Probably
Horribly

If the adjective ends with "ic" add "ally". (Si el adjetivo termina en ic agregar ally.)

Adjective
basic
academic
historic

Adverb
basically
academically
historically

If the adjective ends with "ical" add "ly". (Si el adjetivo termina en ical agregar ly.)

Adjective
academical
historical
comical

Adverb
academically
historically
comically
34

THERE + BE
(existencia)

Present:

Singular: There is-is not isnt

Past: Singular: There was-was not wasnt

Plural: There are- are not arent


Plural: There were- were not - werent

When you want to say that something exists, or when you want to mention the presence of
something, you can use there followed by be and a noun. (Cuando se quiere decir que algo
existe o cuando se quiere mencionar la presencia de algo, podemos utilizar there seguido del
verbo be y un sustantivo.)
Examples:

There is a good reason. = A good reason exists.


(Hay una buena razn. = Existe una buena razn.)

There is a big swimming pool.


There is not a big swimming pool.
Is there a big swimming pool? Yes, there is. / No, there isnt.

Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative

Usually a plural form of be is used if the noun group after it is plural.


(Si el sustantivo es plural, utilizamos una forma plural de be.)
Example:

There were two boys in the bedroom. Haba dos nios en el dormitorio.

35

MODAL VERBS

VERBOS MODALES

ELLOS SON: CAN, COULD, HAD BETTER, HAVE TO, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, OUGHT TO,
SHALL, SHOULD, WILL, WOULD, BE ABLE TO. MODIFICAN AL VERBO PRINCIPAL Y
EXPRESAN POSIBILIDAD, OBLIGACION, PROBABILIDAD, ETC. TAMBIEN SE DENOMINAN
VERBOS AUXILIARES MODALES. SON SEGUIDOS POR UN VERBO PRINCIPAL.

SU ESTRUCTURA EN AFIRMATIVO ES:


SUBJECT + MODAL VERB + MAIN VERB
He

can

speak

English.

SU ESTRUCTURA EN NEGATIVO ES:


SUBJECT + MODAL VERB + NOT+ MAIN VERB
He

cannot

speak

English.

SU ESTRUCTURA EN INTERROGATIVO ES:


MODAL VERB + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB?
Can

he

speak

English?

Examples:

I can play the guitar.


You cant speak Japanese.
May I call him later?
You may leave now.
We must help homeless children.
You mustnt smoke in class.

Caractersticas de los verbos modales:

Modifican al verbo principal de la oracin.


Tienen la misma conjugacin para todas las personas.
36

Nunca hay dos verbos modales juntos.


Can - Cannot

Modal Use
1. General Ability (Habilidad)
2. Permission (Permiso)
3. Request (Solicitud)
4. Possibility (Posibilidad)

- Cant

Examples:
I can speak Japanese.
I can use my mothers computer.
Can I have a glass of water?
Learning can be a real challenge.
May - May not

Modal Use
1. Possibility (Posibilidad)
2. Permission (Permiso)
3. Request (Solicitud)

Examples:
I Jack may be sad.
You may leave the table now. May I make a phone call?
May I borrow your eraser?
Must - Must not Mustnt

Modal Use
1. Certainty (Certeza)
2. Subjective Obligation (Obligacin
Subjetiva)
3. Strong Recommendation
(Recomendacin firme)
4. MUST NOT: Prohibition (Prohibicinaquelllo que no est permitido)

Examples:
That must be John.
I must stop smoking.
You must take some time and rest.
You must not swim in that river.

Could - Could not Couldnt


Modal Use
1. Possibility (Posibilidad)
2. Conditional (Condicional)
3. Suggestion (Sugerencia)
4. Past ability (Habilidad
pasada)
5. Polite request (Solicitud
amable)

Examples:
John could be the student who stole the money.
If I had more money, I could travel around the world.
You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.
I could run ten miles in my twenties.
Could I have something to drink?

37

THE -ING FORM

LA FORMA -ING

FUNCIONES DE LA FORMA ING DE LA GRAMTICA INGLESA

I)

NOUN (SUSTANTIVO) Indica actividad o proceso

a) Como sujeto de la oracin


Ej.: Swimming is good for the health.
La natacin es buena para la salud.
Nadar es bueno para la salud.

b) Como complemento (seguido de preposiciones)


Ej.: He is good at learning languages.
l es bueno para aprender idiomas.

c) Como objeto directo


Ej.: I like working for this company.
Me gusta trabajar para esta empresa
Los SUSTANTIVOS que terminan con ing provienen de un verbo-raz. Su traduccin depende
justamente del verbo del que provienen. Obsrvelo en los ejemplos antes mencionados:
a) to swim: nadar
b) to learn: aprender
c) to work: trabajar

II)

ADJECTIVE (ADJETIVO)

a) for + -ing (Indica un propsito y objetivo)


Ej.: I have a swimming pool at home. (a pool FOR swimming)
Tengo una piscina en mi casa. (una pileta para nadar, de natacin)
Ej.: She needs a walking stick. (a stick FOR walking)
Necesita un bastn (un palo para caminar)
Ej.: They take spleeping pills. (pills FOR sleeping)
Ellos toman pastillas para dormir.

b) subordinada adjetiva (Indica una cualidad)


Ej.: There is a singing bird in the cage. Hay un pjaro cantor en la jaula.
38

or
There is a bird that sings in the cage. Hay un pjaro que canta en la jaula.
Ej.: The dying patient cant breathe. El paciente moribundo no puede respirar.
or
The patient that is dying cant breathe. El paciente que se est muriendo
no puede respirar.
Los ADJETIVOS que terminan con ing provienen de un verbo-raz. Su traduccin depende
justamente del verbo del que provienen. Obsrvelo en los ejemplos antes mencionados:
a) to swim: nadar
to walk: caminar
to sleep: dormir
b) to sing: cantar
to die: morir

III)

TENSE (TIEMPO VERBAL)

a) Present Continuous (Presente Continuo)

Sujeto + Presente verbo to be + verbo +-ing


Ej.: I am working for this company now.
Estoy trabajando para esta empresa ahora.
Ej.: We are studying English this week.
Estamos estudiando ingls esta semana.

39

THE IMPERATIVE

EL IMPERATIVO

El imperativo, en el verbo espaol, tiene un tiempo solamente, con el cual se manda, exhorta,
ruega, anima o disuade. El que manifiesta desinencias exclusivas para denotar mandato,

exhortacin, ruego o disuasin.


Examples:

Listen!
Dont forget to bring your ID!
Do not eat so much!
Stop her!
Put that gun down!
Come quickly!

Uses with examples:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Instructions
Warnings
Invitations
Offers
Advice
Requests

(instrucciones):
(advertencias):
(invitaciones):
(ofrecimientos):
(consejos):
(pedidos):

Open your books.


Look out!
Come in.
Have some tea.
Stay in bed. Dont go to school dear.
Pass the salt, please.

To make it more polite


we can use PLEASE.
Para convertirlo en ms amable,
podemos emplear el trmino
please.

40

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

PRESENTE SIMPLE

FORM:
subject

+
?

auxiliary verb

main verb

I, you, we, they

like

coffee.

He, she, it

likes

coffee.

I, you, we, they

do

not like

coffee.

He, she, it

does

not like

coffee.

Do

I, you, we, they

like

coffee?

Does

he, she, it

like

coffee?

There are three important exceptions:


1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Existen tres excepciones importantes:
1. En afirmativo, por lo general no empleamos el auxiliary.
2. Para la 3ra. Persona singular (he, she, it) se agrega la s al verbo principal o es al
auxiliar (do---does).
3. No se emplea el auxiliar para preguntas ni para negaciones en el caso del verbo to be.
Verb to be. Notice that there is no auxiliary. (No es necesario el auxiliar).
subject

am

French.

You, we, they

are

French.

is

French.

He, she, it

main verb

am

not

old.
41

You, we, they

are

not

old.

He, she, it

is

not

old.

Am

late?

Are

you, we, they

late?

Is

he, she, it

late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense? Cmo empleamos el Presente


Simple?
We use the simple present tense when: (Se emplea este tiempo cuando)

the action is general (la accin es general)


the action happens all the time, or habitually (la accin sucede todo el tiempo, o en forma
habitual)
the action is not only happening now (la accin no est sucediendo nicamente ahora)
the statement is always true (la afirmacin es siempre cierta)

John drives a taxi.


Past

present

future

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are
not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of
the verb to be in the present simple tensesome of them are general, some of them are now:
(Hay que tener en cuenta que en el caso del verbo to be se puede emplear este tiempo para
situaciones que no son generales, i.e. para referirnos al ahora. En los siguientes ejemplos,
encontrar ejemplos de ambos casos.)

Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past

present

future

----------The situation is now.

42

I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
Past

present

future

-------------------------------------------------------The situation is general. Past, present and future.

1. Simple Presente Tense for Repeated Actions (acciones reiteradas)

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can
be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event (timetables), a scientific fact or something
that often happens. (Se emplea este tiempo para expresar que una accin se repite o es usual.
Puede ser un hbito, un hobby, un evento cotidiano, un evento programado (horarios), un
hecho cientfico o una accin que se realiza a menudo.)
Examples:

We play basket at school.


She does not play tennis.
The train leaves every morning at 8 am.
The train does not leave at 9am.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the sun.
The sun does not circle the Earth.

2. Simple Present Tense for Facts or Generalizations (hechos o


generalizaciones)

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true
now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is
also used to make generalizations about people or things. (Este tiempo tambin puede indicar
que el hablante cree que un hecho era cierto, es cierto y lo ser en el futuro. No es importante
si est en lo cierto sobre ese hecho. Tambin se emplea para realizar generalizaciones acerca
de personas o cosas.)
Examples:
43

Children like computers.


Birds do not like milk.
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.

Examples with Question Words

Where does he live?


Why do they move to Spain?
Which languages do you speak?
Who comes for dinner?
How long does it take him to cross the river?
Which book does he prefer?
When does he learn English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
EXAMPLES:
Once a week, the teacher explains a new subject..

ACTIVE

A new subject is explained once a week by the teacher.

PASSIVE

44

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

PASADO SIMPLE

FORM:
The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is: (Afirmativo)

subject + main verb


past
The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is: (Negativo)

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb


did

base

The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is: (Interrogativo)

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb


did

Base

Examples:
subject

+
?

auxiliary verb

main verb

went

to school.

You

worked

very hard.

She

did

not go

with me.

We

did

not work

yesterday.

Did

you

go

to London?

Did

they

work

at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it
was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences.
To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. (Excepcin: el verbo to be es diferente.
Se conjuga el verbo to be y NO utilizamos un auxiliar para el negativo y el interrogativo. Para
formar una interrogacin, intercambiamos el sujeto y el verbo.)
45

+
?

subject

main verb

I, he/she/it

was

here.

You, we, they

were

in London.

I, he/she/it

was

not

there.

You, we, they

were

not

happy.

Was

I, he/she/it

right?

Were

you, we, they

late?

How do we use the Simple Past Tense?


We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situationan eventin the past. The
event can be short or long. (Este tiempo se emplea para referirnos a una accin o situacin
(evento) en el pasado. Puede tener una duracin corta o larga.)
Here are some short events with the simple past tense:

The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.


She went to the door.
We did not hear the telephone.
Did you see that car?
past

present

future

-----The action is in the past.


Here are some long events with the simple past tense:

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.


The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.
We did not sing at the concert.
Did you watch TV last night?
Past

present

future

------------------------------------The action is in the past.

46

Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in
the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be
a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the simple past
tense when: (No importa hace cuanto tiempo se produjo el evento, pueden ser unos pocos
minutos o segundos o millones de aos en el pasado. Tampoco importa la duracin del mismo,
pueden ser milisegundos (explosin de un automvil) o millones de aos (perodo jursico).

the event is in the past (el evento est en el pasado)


the event is completely finished (el evento ha concluido completamente)
we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event (se menciona o conocemos el
tiempo y / o el lugar del evento)

1. Simple Past Tense for Completed Action in the Past (accin finalizada
en el pasado)

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in
the past. Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have
one specific time in mind. (Se emplea este tiempo para expresar la idea de una accin que
comenz y termin en un momento especfico del pasado. A veces el hablante puede, en
realidad, no mencionar el tiempo especfico en que se realiz la accin, pero lo tiene en
mente.)
Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.


I didn't see a movie yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan with a group of Argentine tourists.
Last year, I didn't travel to Japan with a group of Argentine tourists.
She mixed two new songs
She didn't mix two new songs.

2. Simple Past Tense for Habit in the Past (hbitos en el pasado)

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it
clear that we are talking about a habit we often use expressions such as "always," "often,"
"usually," "never," "..when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" in the sentence. (Este
tiempo puede utlizarse tambin para describir un hbit en el pasado. Para aclarar que nos
estamos refiriendo a un hbito, a menudo empleamos las siguientes expresiones: "always,"
"often," "usually," "never," "...when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" en la oracin.)
47

EXAMPLES:

The musician studied French when he was a child.


He played the violin.
She worked at the movie theater after school.

References of time:
Last week
yesterday
The day before yesterday
A long time ago
Two years ago
In spring
On Monday
At 3:15
In 1999
When I was ten years old
Etc.
Examples with Question Words

Where did he live when he was a child?


Why did he move to Spain?
Which car did she buy?
Who broke that glass?
How long did it take him to cross the river?
Which book did he prefer?
When did he learn English?

Regular and irregular verbs:


To make the past tense form of most verbs (regular verbs) we simply add ed at the end.
Example:
Present form: walk

Past form: walked. I walked through the maze.

If the verb ends in an e we add d


Example:

Present form: smile

Past form: smiled. She smiled at her daughter

Irregular verbs are not that simple.


Example

Present form: see

Past form: saw

We saw the secret maps.

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
The police officer caught the band.
The band was caught by the police officer

ACTIVE
.

PASSIVE

48

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

FUTURO SIMPLE

FORM:

subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main verb


invariable

base

will
For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and
main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. (Para las
oraciones en negativo, colocamos la palabra not entre el verbo auxiliar y el verbo principal. En
las interrogaciones, intercambiamos el sujeto y el verbo auxiliar.)
Examples:
subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

will

open

the door.

You

will

finish

before me.

She

will

not be

at school tomorrow.

We

will

not leave

yet.

Will

you

arrive

on time?

Will

they

want

dinner?

How do we use the Simple Future Tense?

1. Simple Future Tense for no plan (ausencia de plan)


We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we
speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. (Se emplea este tiempo
49

cuando no existe un plan o decisin para realizar una accin antes del momento en que nos
referimos a la accin. Tomamos la decisin espontneamente en el momento de hablar.)
Examples:
- Hold on, Ill get a pen.
- Its hot here! Ill turn the conditioning on.

2. Simple Future Tense for prediction (prediccin)


We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no
firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. (Se emplea para realizar una prediccin
acerca del futuro. Nuevamente, no existe un plan firme.)
Examples:
-

It will rain tomorrow.


People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
Who do you think will get the job?

3. Simple Future Tense for Promises (promesas)


Will is usually used in promises. (Se emplea generalmente para promesas.)
Example:
I will call you when I arrive.

4. Simple Future Tense with the verb to be (con el verbo to be)


When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or
decision before speaking. (Cuando el verbo principal es be, podemos emplear este tiempo
incluso cuando tenemos un plan firme o decisin antes de hablar.)
Examples:

I'll be at home tomorrow.


I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
Will you be at work tomorrow?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
EXAMPLES:
John will finish the conference by 5:00 PM.

ACTIVE

The conference will be finished by 5:00 PM.

PASSIVE
50

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENTE CONTINUO

FORM:

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb


be

base + ing

Examples:
subject

auxiliary verb

main verb

am

speaking

to you.

You

are

reading

this.

She

is

not

staying

in London.

We

are

not

playing

football.

Is

he

watching

TV?

Are

they

waiting

for John?

We use the present continuous tense to talk about: (Empleamos este tiempo para hablar acerca
de)

an action happening now (una accin que est sucediendo ahora)


an action in the future (una accin en el futuro)

How do we use the Present Continuous Tense?

2. Present Continuous Tense for an action happening now (accin que

est sucediendo ahora)

51

a) for action happening exactly now (una accin que est sucediendo
exactamente ahora)

I am eating my lunch.
Past

present

Future

----------------The action is happening now.


Example:
- You are now reading this page.

b) for an action happening around now

The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now,
and it is not permanent or habitual. (La accin puede no estar sucediendo exctamente ahora,
pero est sucediendo justo antes y justo despus de ahora, y no es permanente o habitual.)

John is going out with Mary.


Past

present

-----------------------------------------------------------------

future
---------------

The action is happening


around now.
Eexamples:

The student is learning to play the cello.


The child is living in a foster home.

2. Present Continuous Tense for the future (para el futuro)


52

We can also use this tense to talk about the futureif we add a future word!! We must add (or
understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow,
next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about
the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a
decision and a plan before speaking. (Podemos tambin utilizar este tiempo para hablar sobre
el futuro, si agregamos una palabra que denote futuro. Debemos agregarla (o darla por
sobreentendida a partir del contexto). nicamente utilizamos este tiempo para referirnos al
futuro cuando hemos planeado realizar algo antes de hablar. Ya hemos tomado la decisin y
hemos hecho un plan antes de hablar.)
Examples:

I am taking my exam next month.


past

present

future

!!!
A firm plan or programme
exists now.
-

The action is in the future.

The company is opening a branch tomorrow.


The surgeons are meeting next week.

3. Present Continuous Tense for Repetition and Irritation with


"Always" (repeticin e irritacin con always)

Example:
She is always coming to class late.
They are always complaining about the same issue.

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
EXAMPLES:
They are looking after the environment.
The environment is being looked after.

ACTIVE
PASSIVE
53

GOING TO
Going to is not a tense. It is a special expression to talk about the future. (Going to no es un
tiempo, sino una expresin especial para referirnos al futuro.)

Structure

subject + be + going + infinitivo


The verb be is conjugated (past, present or future).
subject

be

(not) going

am

going

to buy

a new car.

I'm

going

to go

swimming.

He

is

going

to take

The exam.

It

isn't

going

to rain.

Are

you

going

to paint

not

infinitive

The house?

How do we use going to?

1. Intention (intenciones)
We use going to when we have the intention to do something before we speak. We have
already made a decision before speaking. (Se emplea cuando tenemos la intencin de hacer
algo antes de hablar. Hemos tomado la decisin previamente antes de hablar.)
Examples:
-

John has won the lottery. He says he's going to buy a Porsche.
We're not going to operate the patient today.
When are you going to go on holiday?

In these examples, we had an intention or plan before speaking. The decision was made
before speaking. (En estos ejemplos, tenamos la intencin o plan antes de hablar. Fue tomada
antes de hablar.)

2. Prediction (predicciones)
54

We often use going to to make a prediction about the future. Our prediction is based on
present evidence. We are saying what we think will happen. (A menudo empleamos going to
para realizar una prediccin acerca del futuro. La misma se basa en prueba presente. Estamos
diciendo aquello que creemos suceder.)
Examples:

The sky is very black. It's going to snow.


It's 8.30! You're going to miss the train!
I crashed the company car. My boss isn't going to be very happy!

In these examples, the present situation (black sky, the time, damaged car) gives us a good
idea of what is going to happen. (En esos ejemplos, la situacin presente nos brinda una buena
idea de lo que va a suceder.)
Future Time: Summary
This table gives a simple scale of probability for each structure. It is not exact because
language is not a science (La siguiente tabla nos ofrece una simple escala de probabilidad para
cada estructura. NO es exacta porque el idioma no es una ciencia exacta.)
% probability before
speaker speaks of event
happening

structure

used for

example

0%

will

no plan

Don't get up. I'll answer the phone.

70%

going to

intention

We're going to watch TV tonight.

90%

present
continuous

plan

I'm taking my exam in June.

99.999%

present simple

schedule

My plane takes off at 6.00am


tomorrow.

55

CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES

ORACIONES
CONDICIONALES

Las oraciones condicionales se clasifican en: tipo 0, tipo 1, tipo 2 y tipo 3.


100%
50%
10%
0%

Probabilidad
Certeza
Posibilidad real

Condicional
0
I

Probabilidad. Posibilidad
irreal. Sueo.
Sin posibilidad

Tipo O

II
III

Ejemplo
If you heat ice, it melts.
If it rains, I will stay at
home.
If I won the lottery, I would
buy a bigger house.
If I had won the lottery, I
would have bought a car.

CERTEZA / Verdad universal

If + Simple Present + Simple Present


lf you spend more money than you earn, you are in problems.
(Si usted gasta ms de lo que gana, est en problemas.)

Tipo 1

POSIBILIDAD REAL

Dentro del Tipo 1 existen distintas variantes:

lf + Simple Present + Simple Future


lf you study more, you will get better results.
(Si estudia ms, obtendr mejores resultados.)

lf + Present continuous + Simple Future


lf you are studying more, you will get better results.
(Si est estudiando ms, obtendr mejores resultados.)
56

PREFIXES PREFIJOS
Negativos (oposicin)
UnA-, AnNonIn-im-il-irDisDeDys- (mal)
MalMis- (incorrecto)
Tiempo y orden
PrePostEx
Re- (nuevamente)
Fore- (antes)
Numerales
Uni-, monoBiTriMulti-; polyOtros
Ab-, aAd-, ac-, ag-, at- (to)
An- (sin)
Anti- (contra)
Arch- (mayor)
AutoBeBeneCircumCo- (with)
Com-, con-, col- (con)
ContraCounter- (en oposicin a)
Em- (antes de b y p)
En- (en; proveer de; causar)
ExtraHyper- (extremadamente)
Infra-(menos)
Inter- (entre)
Intra- (dentro de)
Neo- (nuevo)

Unheard, untie
Anemic, atheist
Non-smoker
Insecure, impossible, illegal, irregular
Disconnect, discredit
Deforestation, dehumidify
Dysfunction
Malcontent, malformation
Misinform
Prerequisite
Postgraduate
Exterritorial, ex - wife
Rebuild, review
Foretell
Unilateral
Bilingual, bicycle
Tripartite
Multinational, polytheism
Absent, amoral
Aggressive, attract
Anarchy
Antimissile, antisocial
Archenemy
Autobiography
Benign, befriend
Beneficial
Circumvent
Co-pilot
Commit, confound, collate
Contradict, contraband
Counterclockwise, counter-revolution
Empower
Engulf, enable
Extracurricular
Hypercritical, hyperactive
Infrared, infrasonic
Interpose, intercom
Intramural, intravenous
Neocolonial, neo-Gothic
57

Ob-, o-, oc-, of-, opOut- (llevar a cabo ms rpido,


durante ms tiempo)
Over- (demasiado)
PanPer- (a travs)
Peri- (alrededor)
Pro- (a favor de, actuar por)
Pro- prioridad en
espacio/tiempo
Proto- (primero, original)
Pseudo- (falso)
Re- (nuevamente)
RetroSemiSub- (posicin inferior, rango
menor, aproximadamente)
Super- surTrans- (ms all, estado
diferente)
Ultra- (excesivo)
Under (debajo de, rango)
Vice-(segundo)

Object, obvious, occupy, Opponent, oppression


Outlive, outrun
Overheat, overemphasize
Pan-African, pan-American
Permeate
Periscope
Procommunist, proslavery, proconsul
Proconsul, prologue
Prototype
Pseudo-intellectual
Repaint, reappraise
Retrorocket
Semicircle
Suburb, subhuman, sublease, subtropical, sublieutenant
Supervisor, surmount
Transplant, transatlantic, translate, transnational
Ultramodern, ultrathin, ultraviolet,
ultramicroscopic
Underarm, undersecretary
Vicepresident, viceroyalty

SUFFIXES
-hood
-dom
-ship
-acy
-ery
-ancy
-let
-ette
-ess
-y
-ster
-eer
-er, -or
-ist
-ite
-ism
-ity, -ty
-ness

SUFIJOS

Indicadores de sustantivos
Boyhood, neighborhood
Freedom, martyrdom (status)
Friendship, dictatorship (domain)
Democracy, supremacy (quality)
Slavery, machinery
Brilliancy
Booklet
Kitchenette (diminutive)
Waitress (femenine)
Daddy, baby
Ganster
Engineer (occupational)
Singer, adviser, actor
Violinist, novelist
Socialite, Israelite
Idealism, paganism
Necesitty, sanity, cruelty
Kindness, happiness
58

-ation
-ment
-ant
-ee
-al
-age
-th
-ure
-ance, -ence
-ful
-cide
-ology
-ify
-ate
-ize
-en
-al
-able, -ible
-ious
-fold
-ese
-ian
-ish
-y
-ory
-ary
-ent
-ic
-ful (lleno de)
-less (sin)
-like
-ly
-ive
-ly
-ward(s)
-wise

Proclamation, exploration
Government, amazement
Inhabitant, disinfectant
Employee
Rehearsal, refusal, dismissal
Storage, shrinkage, drainage, peerage
Warmth, depth, growth
Pressure, failure
Confidence, acceptance
Mouthful, handful
Pesticide, biocide
Biology, Shakespearology
Indicadores de verbos
Simplify, qualify, falsify
Activate, confiscate
Polarize, popularize, unionize
Ripen, deafen, sadden
Indicadores de modificadores
Criminal, carnal, musical
Portable, edible
Flirtatious, rebellious, courteous
Thirtyfold, twofold, manifold
Chinese, Japanese
Darwinian, Rumanian, Colombian
Turkish, foolish
Gloomy, creamy, hairy
Prohibitory
Visionary
Excellent
Cubic, heroic, democratic
Doubtful, useful, helpful
Lifeless, childless, worthless, topless
Warlike, childlike
Friendly, lovely, lonely, cowardly
Attractive, affirmative
Indicadores de adverbios
Happily, strangely, cruelly
Northward, toward, backward
Likewise, profitwise

59

Lista de conectores
Addition
And
Both and
Either or
Furthermore In addition Moreover
Neither nor
Not only but also
Condition
If whether
Whether . or
Contrast
Although though even though
But
Conversely
However yet nevertheless
In spite of despite
Otherwise
Regardless
Unlike
Whereas albeit
Purpose
In order to
So that so as not to
Reason
Because
Because of due to owing to
Considering
Since
Result
Consequently
Likewise
So
Therefore
Thus
Time
After
As
At present now nowadays
At that time
Before
By
During
First
In the early
Lastly

Adicin
Y
Ambos
Uno o el otro
Adems
Ni uno, ni el otro
No solo sino que tambin
Condition
Si en caso de
Si o
Contraste
Aunque, an cuando
Pero
De distinto modo, a la inverse
Sin embargo
A pesar de
De otro modo
A pesar de, sin considerer
A diferencia de
Mientras que
Propsito
Con el fin de para
Para que de manera que
Razn
Porque
A causa de, debido a
Considerando, en atencin a
Ya que, puesto que
Resultado
En consecuencia
Asimismo, tambin
Por lo tanto
Entonces, por lo tanto
As, de este modo
Tiempo
Despus
Cuando, a medida que
Actualmente, ahora
En ese momento
Antes
A las, para las
Durante
En primer lugar
A principios de
Finalmente
60

Later
Since
Then
Until
When
Whenever

Ms tarde
Desde
Luego
Hasta
Cuando
Cada vez, cuando sea

61

REFERENCIAS

Focus on Grammar. Longman Grammar Series. By Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner
Essential Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press. By Raymond Murphy
Basic Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press. By Raymond Murphy
A Proficiency Course in English. Hodder and Stoughton. By F. V. Bywater.
Larousse Consultor. Ediciones Larousse.
English Grammar. Collins Cobuild. Harpers Collins Publishers 1990. Latest Reprint 2004.
Dictionary of Contemporarty English, The Living Dictionary. Pearson Education Limited,
Longman.
INTERNET
www.englishclub.com
www.englishpage.com
www.rae.es
DICCIONARIOS ON-LINE
http://www.wordreference.com
http://www.pons.de
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
www.rae.es

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