Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test on Transformer - Phasor Diagram - Circuit Globe

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Circuit Globe / Transformer / Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test on Transformer

Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test on Transformer

In order to determine the parameters of a transformer such as voltage regulation and
efficiency, the following two tests are carried out.

Contents:

Open Circuit Test

Calculation of Open Circuit Test

Short Circuit Test

Calculation of Short Circuit Test

Open Circuit Test

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The Open circuit test is carried out to determine the no-load loss or core loss or iron
loss. No load current I0, which is helpful in finding the no load parameters R0 and X0 of
the transformer. This test is usually carried out on the low voltage (LV) side of the
transformer that is a watt meter (W), a voltmeter (V) and an ammeter (A) are
connected to the primary side of the transformer as shown in the figure below. The
primary winding is connected to the normal rated voltage V1 and frequency as given of
the nameplate rating of the transformer. The secondary side of the transformer is kept
open circuited.

Circuit Diagram of Open Circuit Test on Transformer

As the high voltage side (HV) of the transformer is open circuited, the current drawn by
the primary is no load current I0 which is measured by an ammeter connected.The value
of no-load current is very small usually 2 to 10% of the rated full load current. Thus,
there is no copper loss on the secondary side as it is open circuited and in the primary
winding, the copper loss occurring are very small. Therefore, the wattmeter reading W0

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only represents the core or iron losses. The voltmeter V connected to the secondary
side measures the secondary induced voltage V2.

Calculation of open circuit test

Let,

W0 wattmeter reading

V1 voltmeter reading

I0 ammeter reading

Then the iron loss of the transformer Pi = W0 and

The no-load power factor is

Working component Iw is

Putting the value of W0 from the equation (1) in equation (2) you will get the value of
working component as

Magnetizing component is

No load parameters are given below

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Equivalent exciting resistance is

Equivalent exciting reactance is

The phasor diagram of transformer at no load or when an open circuit test is performed
is shown below

Phasor Diagram of Open Circuit Test

The iron losses measured by the open circuit test is used for calculating the efficiency of
the transformer.

Short Circuit Test

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The short circuit test is performed to determine the copper losses at full load, which is
further required for the calculation of the efficiency of the transformer. This test also
helps in determining the equivalent impedance (Zes or Zep), resistance (Res or Rep)
and the leakage reactance (Xes or Xep) of the transformer referred to the winding in
which the measuring instruments are connected. By knowing these parameters the
voltage drop can be calculated and thus voltage regulation can be determined.
The circuit diagram of the short circuit test is shown below

Circuit Diagram of Short Circuit Test on Transformer

The short circuit test is usually carried out on the high voltage (HV) side of the
transformer. The watt meter (W), a voltmeter (V) and an ammeter (A) are connected to
the secondary side of the transformer as shown in the above figure.the primary side is
short circuited. With the help of an autotransformer, a low voltage at the normal
frequency is applied to the secondary side of the transformer so that full load current
flows in both the windings of the transformer. The full load current is measured by
ammeters connected.
As a low voltage is applied on the HV side, which is 5 to 10% of the normal rated
voltage. Therefore, the value of the flux which is set up in the core is also small, about
1/30th to 1/8th of the normal flux. Hence, the iron losses are negligibly small due to the
low value of flux and thus the wattmeter Wc only measures the copper loss in the
transformer windings.

Calculation of Short Circuit Test

Let,

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Wc Wattmeter reading
V2sc voltmeter reading
I2sc ammeter reading

Then the full load copper loss of the transformer is given by

Equivalent resistance referred to secondary side is

The phasor diagram of the short circuit test of the transformer is shown below

Phasor Diagram of Short Circuit Test

From the phasor diagram

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Equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side is given by

The Equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side is given by

The voltage regulation of the transformer can be determined at any load and power
factor after knowing the values of Zes and Res.
In the short circuit test the wattmeter record, the total losses including core loss but the
value of core loss is very small as compared to copper loss so, the core loss can be
neglected.

Related Terms:
1.

Polarity Test of Transformer

2.

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

3.

No Load Test of an Induction Motor

4.

Blocked Rotor Test of an Induction Motor

5.

Ideal Transformer

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2 Comments

Arif

August 25, 2016 at 7:28 pm

Reply

Thanks for explaining the process of open circuit and short circuit test. Can
you add some mathematical example here? I need to do some math about
open circuit and short circuit test. So Im finding an online calculator here
http://azcalculator.com/transformer-open-circuit-short-circuit-testcalculator.php
Do you think this calculator will provide me correct answer?

Archana T

August 29, 2016 at 10:11 am

Reply

Yes, this calculator gives the accurate result.

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Circuit Globe
August 19 at 4:49am

In pi model of the medium

transmission line the impedance of the
line is concentrated at the center of the
line and half of the capacitance is
located at the center of the line. You
can see here
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