Acoustic Emission Testing Method Questions & Answers Book Second Edition Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Book G Levels |, Il and Ill Review Questions The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.Published by The Amerlaan Society for Nondestructive Testing, nc. {1741 Arlingate Lane PO Box 28518 Columbus, O# 43228-0518 No part of this book may he reproduced oF transmit In any form, by means electronic or mechanical Including photocopying, recording, or atherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2008 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT Is not responsible for the autnenticty or accuracy of information herein. Products or services that are advertised oF ‘mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and wwn.asni.org ae trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, In. ACCP, ASNT, Level if Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research In Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE and are registered trademarks of ‘The American Seciety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT Mission Statement: ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession snd technologies of nondestructive testing. (BNA: 978197217-1788 Printed in the United tates of America Second Ealtlon (05/08 test printing® Contents Acknowledgments Recommended References Reference Usage Level I Questions Level Il Questions Level til Questions. ue Soe 13iv Acknowledgments ® ‘Asspecial thank you to Ronnie K. Miller, who coordinated this edition of the Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Acoustic Emission Testing, wrote many of the new questions, and recruited the volunteers who assisted with this update. “Thank you also goes to the following contributors who assisted with the writing of new questions and review of this book: Gerry Hacker sien Mitchell Richard Nordstrom Adrian Pollock Joe! Whitaker ‘The Publications Review Committee includes: Joseph L. Mackin, Chair Stephen P. Black Gary Heath cynthia M. Leeman Educational Materials Supervisor® Recommended References Acoustic Emission Testing Method The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book. A, ASME, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 11, “Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber B. ASME, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 12, “Acoustic Emission Examination of Metallic Intemational (1989). a Micearee ait nate Se rte a PA; ASTM International (2007). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International (2007). Each question found In this book contains letter{s) and page number(s), paragraphs or sections In bold type immediately following the answers. For example, 2. in acoustic emission testing per ASME Section V, Article 11, sensor spacing on fiberglass reinforced pressure (FRP) pressure vessels is governed by: the test article temperature sensor diameter attenuation the type of couptant 490.15 . {In this example, the letter “A” refers to Reference 4 in the list provided above, and “90.15” is the specific page in Reference A where the answer to the question can be found. References may also indicate specific chapters, paragraphs and sections, and are indicated as such.vi Reference Usage Acoustic Emission Testing Method Reference A: Total = 7 Reference |: Total= 3 Level! 3 Level | 0 Level I! 4 Level I! 1 Level Il ° Level ti 2 Reference B:Total= 5 Reference J: Total = 0 Level 2 Level | 0 Level 1! 3 Level i! 0 Level il ° Level tl 0 Referenice C: Total = 19 Reference 4 Level ! 7 Level 0 Level i 8 Level It ° Level it 3 Level It A Reference D: Total= 1 Reference L: Total = 12 Lovel i 1 Level | 2 Level it ° Level 8 Level it ° Level i 2 Reference E: Total = 0 Reference M: Total = 2 Level | 0 Level | 0 Level il 0 Level Il ° Level i 0 Level il 2 Reference F: Total= 3 Reference N: Total= 3 Level ! ° Level | 1 Level Il 2 Level i! 2 Level ill 1 Level il 0 Reference G: Total = 6 Reference 0: Total = 28 Level 0 Level | 12 Level 6 Level it 15 Level i oO Level It 1 Reference H: Total= 3 Level f ° Level Il ° Level i 3® Level I Questions Acoustic Emission Testing Method 1 Hold periods at high loads during Aberglass-reinforced pressure (FRP} vessel examinations using ASME Article 11 are Which of the following can bea significant source of background noise? necessary to a incrushing uid b. wind 2, calculate the felicity ratio radio transmissions b. check for leaks a. allof the above monitor continuing damage B79 4. measure the kaiser ratio 4.90.16 6, The elastic energy that is released by materials when they undergo deformation 2, In ecoustic emission testing per ASME iscalled: Section ¥, Article 11, sensor spacing on fiberglass-reinforced pressure (PRP) a. transformation vessels is governed by: >. acoustic emission . brittle fracture a. attemuation . isotrophy 9 © the test article temperature C12; 0.32 sensor diameter the type of couplant 7. During loading, a metalic strveture emits A905 throughout the test period. When the load is reduced and then reapplied, no 3. How can an examiner be assured that emissions are noted until the previous proper contact has been made between the stress level was exceeded. This sensor and the vessel? phenomenon is an example of: a. apply extra couplant around the sensor a. the dunegan corollary b. use heavy-duty fasteners on sensors b. the kaiser effect and cables &. the felicity ratio ‘& measure the peak amplitude response 4. ahsu-nielsen source froma simulated acoustic emission c.16;0.37 use acoustic waveguides 8. The founder of modern acoustic emission Ag04415 technology was: 4. The source of the energy of the acoustic a. Conrad Barl Krieder emission wave during crack growth i the b. Professor Firestone c. James C. Bolling a. acoustic emission sensor d. Josef Kaiser ». surface energy of the new creck €.17; 0.37 clastic stress field inthe structure 4. power supply from the mainframe to the preamplifier 64 fac aea ey eaeeco ee ee tro rteite te rece ee tater2 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Acoustic Emission Testing Method 10, ‘The use of a couplant between the acoustic emission sensor aid the surface of the material being tested is to provide: a. protection for the sensor ’. ground loop elimination a medium through which clastic stress waves can excite an acoustic emission sensor 4. none of the above €.39; 0.63 During « pressure vessel test, there isa rapidly (exponentially) increasing count rate, There are several possible eauses. The operator’ first priority is to examine the possibility that a. the initial system calibration was invalid b, the vessel is undergoing local yielding due to high secondary stresses failure of the vessel is impending, d. the level of ba increased 13, One of the major differences in the acoustic emission NDT method compared to most other NDT methods is that: acoustic emission relies on visual interpretation of data b. computers are used exclusively for analysis, ©. acoustic emission directly detects the growth of flaws dd. transducers are used to gather data 12 14, ‘The signal amplitade (in decibels) is given A. = 2logio (V/V) Gp where V = Signal Amplitude at the preamp output, in microvohs Vp = Reference Voltage = 1.0 nV Gp= Preamplifier Gain = 40 48 What isthe signal amplitude (in decibels) ‘of an AE signal captured at the preamplifier output on an oscilloscope 11. In order for an AB system to detect an and measuring 1.0V? active AE source in a material, the AE sensor must be placed: a. 550B b. 60dB, a. directly on the AE source © 80dB bb anywhere in the general vicinity of the d. 12048 AE source 0.26 © as far from the AE source as possible d. ata standard distance from the AE 15. One microvolt is the same as: source caz a. 0.001V b. 0.000001 V 12. Which of the following is measured in 10mVv ‘meters per second (rn/s)? 4 01mV 0.27 a. the time required for a crack to grow b. the resonant frequency of a material . the velocity of sound in a given material 4. the rate of strain when a material is being deformed 0.233 ast OME CFCeESSCTTCOTLevel | Questions ~ Acoustic Emission Testing Method 3 16. Raising the detection threshold (or lowering the gain) to reduce background noise is not desired becouse it can lead to a. reduced genuine emissions '. changes in the value of the AE signal features fewer locatable AE events due to fewer hits being detected 4. alfofthe above 0.4L 17, The active element inside an AB sensor ‘that senses surface displacements is casually capacitor a piezoelectric crystal strain gauge an inductive coil poge ost 18, When should a waveguide be used in place of an adhesive for coupling an AE transducer to a text object? a. when access to the surface of the test object is limited b, when surface temperatures start 0 reduce the coupling properties and bond strength of the adhesive ¢. bothaand b 4. none of the above 0.53 19, AE sensors maybe mounted directly to painted surfaces if. 4. the paint is smooth, not too thick and ‘well bonded to the vessel surface . the paint is ol based the pain isnot ead based 4. the paint has been adequately cured 0.271. 20, 21 2. 2, ‘The most common way of attaching AF sensors to carbon steel vessels that operate at low to medium temperatures is: with hot glue b. with duct tepe and wax ¢. silicon based vacuum grease and magnetic hold downs d._ permanent stick epoxy glue 0.271 ‘The most common artificial source of AE used to verify sensor coupling is: a. aspringloaded center punch b. a handful of small rocks thrown at the vessel wall c. 0.3 mm, 2# mechanical pencil lead breaks 4, 0.7 mm, 2H mechanical peneil lead breaks 0.273 ASTM E 1139-02 applies to metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems such as, a._pressure vessels ». piping other system components which serve to contain system pressure 4, allof the above Lara. 1.4 What information should be recorded. about background noise during a test? a. the magnitude of background noise at periodic intervals during the test, as the test circumstances allow b. the times of any specific noise incidents the effects of noise on the examination d. allof the above Lara. 5.4.2.2 pez pez zSCOZ:SCGLCSCT EPO4 —— Suppiement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Acoustic Emission Testing Method 24, Which of the following is recommended for monitoring and recording of the: applied toad in an AB test? a. the applied load should be monitored and recorded to the extent necessary to allow correlation to the AB data b. the applied load should be monitored so that it reaches a sufficient load level and may be recorded independently of the AE signal the applied load may be checked at intervals during testing. Ifat any of these intervals the load level is sufficiently above a pretest specified large, that will be sufficient 4. an AF event must be recorded each time an applied load data is sampled and recorded NPara. 1.4 and 5.4.2.3 eye@® Level II Questions Acoustic Emission Testing 1. fa crack is detected by AE during a pressure test, how ean its existence be verified using AE? ‘a. repeat the same loading monitor during a load hold at 50% of the maximum test pressure load toa pressure slightly higher then the previous maximum test load 4, monitor during a load at 25% of the maximum text pressure O.Chap.4/Part2 2. Ifrain starts falling on an uninsulated vessel during an AF test and produces significant background noise, the AE test ‘operator should: a. speed up the test >. pause the test until the rain lets up enough or stops . conclude the test and call the current foad, 100% maximurn test load continue the test and perform fikering of the background during the analysis 0.1344 3. AB generated during proof testing, when the load is between the service load and the maximum proof load, is indicative of the damage experienced during the preceding working period. This is the basic idea put forth through: the kaiser effect the felicity effect the dunegan corollary rahman scattering theory 0.37 Attenuation in metals is due primarily to: geometric beam spreading material damping aandb beam refraction .Chap.2/PartT AE produced by a liquid leaking through a ‘valve is due primarily to: a. turbulence b, cavitation © aandb d. none of the above 0.182 An additional source of background noise that is sometimes detected during AB testing of inservice metal storage tanks is: a. active corrosion b, overhead power lines highway traffic railroad traffic 0.221 ‘What is the main difference in testing spheres as compared to bullets and drums? a. the size and shape b. the liquid loading experienced by the sphere « aandb 4d. spheres require minimal sensor placement 0.270 a9 9 a oF6 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Acoustic Emission Testing Method 10, AB testing of inservice vessels is aimed primarily at detecting service related cracking, This cracking may be a result of a, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) b. sulfide stress cracking (SSC) . fatigue cracking 4. all of the above 0.270 Size, shape and orientation of defects detected by AF testing, is usually determined by: a. size is estimated by the number of ingdown counts . otientation can be assumed to be normal to the hoop direction ‘© shape can always be assumed to be like “half penny” . follow-up nondestructive testing ‘0.270 When testing inservice pressure vessels, the maximum test load is commonly based on the maximum operating pressure experienced: 4. in the last one or two months of operation b. in the last six or 12 months of operation ¢. in the last 10 years of operation 4. over the life of the vessel 0.276 Whyisit wise to start an AE test for an inservice pressure vessel at a load lower then required? 4, to determine that the loading rate is sufficient b. to verify that the AE instrament is operating satisfactorily . the maximum operating pressure may be uncertain and AE from SCC occurs ‘within a few percent of this value 4. allof the above ort 12, Daring continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries, AE sources are stimulated by: special cyclic loading normal system operating conditions over pressurization allof the above pose LPara. S.A During continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries per ASTM E 1139, AE system ‘operation and data interpretation should be verified by a qualified AE specialist: foncea month once a year every six months only when there are signs of the system, malfunctioning LPara. 7.7 During continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries per ASTM E 1139, 0.3 mm, 2H pencil lead break ata distance of 300 mm (12 in.) should produce a signal to noise ratio of Lito 2tol 3t01 4tol LPare. 8.1.2 During continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries, signal detection sensitivity should be evaluated during normal operation: aby using a spring loaded center punch b. by tapping the pressure boundary with a light hammer & by using pencil lead breaks asa signal 4. byusinga7 mm pencil lead break 3.05 m (10 ff) from the sensor Lara. 8.1.2 ost PPT at PTT MOF @Level I! Questions ~ Acoustic Emission Testing Method 7 16. 1B During continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries, the distance at which an AB source can be detected is maximized by using a recommended low monitoring frequency of LO kz to 20 KHz 20 kz to 60 kHz 50 kHz to 100 kHz 200 kHz to 400 kHz LPara. 8.4.4 . During continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries, an AE system can perform leak detection if 4. itcan measure the average signal level and/or AB rms voltage at each channel . itcan measure ring down counts itcan measure hit rate 4. itcan measure signal duration above 500 KHz LPara, 12.4.2; Para. 8.1.7.2 For continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries, source location can be performed using: a. difference in Time Of Arrival for ‘multiple sensors “look up" table of Ars signal difference 4d. allof the above Lara, 12.1.6; Para. 84.7.2 ‘During continuous monitoring of pressure boundaries, leaks are indicated by ‘a. a sudden increase in the AE rms signal level and a return back to the normal signal level b, a6 dB change in the average signal level lesting more than 5 seconds . a sustained increase in the AE rms signal level from one or more sensors ina given sensor array 4. an increase inthe noise level lasting more than 5 seconds Lara, 12.1.6 20. What characteristic of a part best a. determines whether a test piece should be considered a large part or snoall part for AB testing purposes? ‘a. a partis considered small when one load parameter will characterize the whole part bb. apart is considered small when attenuation factors do not need to be considered ¢. if awaveguide is required to access the part the part is considered small 4. apattis considered small ifall pencil lead breaks made at any and all positions on the part can still be detected by a single sensor NSection Of the following situations, which is the ‘nost appropriate for using only a single AB sensor? ‘a. ina small part where the sensor can be placed near the expected source of AE and where one or two known noises occur b. ina large part where a single sensor can be used to locate AE sources because of the separation of fast and slow wave modes ¢. inasmall part with no known noise sources and where the sensor can be placed next to the expected source of AE 4. near multiple expected sources of AE, provided there is no background noise ‘ NSeetions 4 and 5 For checking zonal Jocation sensitivity, ‘hat is the minimum number of AE sensors that shall detoct a simulated source atany given position on the structure? b. one two . three or more GSection 8.3.2.4 ee or GZS RBT LT8 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Acoustic Emission Testing Method 23. When monitoring a source of AE, the acoustic activity (as measured by event count or emission count) does not increase with increasing stimull. Which of the following clasifcations apply to this source? inactive active ctitically active intense GPara, 11.4.2 24. According to Table T-1121 of ASME Section V, Article 11 (below), how much time must a pressure vessel, normally ‘operated at 414 kPa (60 psig), be operated at 207 kPa (30 psig) before acoustic emission examination? 12hours 30 hours 2 days 4 days 90.13.14 Examel atest: (2) the test pressure, Table T-1124, Requirements for Reduced Operating Levels Immediately Prior to Examination Porcent of Operating Time Spent at Percent of ‘Maximum Pressure and/or | Maximum Pressure and/or Load Load 10 oF less 42 he 20 a8 hr 30 30 hr 40 2 days 50 4 days 60 7 days For an inservice vessel, two factors must be known prior to making (2). the maximum operating pressure or load during the past year; 25. 26, 2. When monitoring a source of AB, the acoustic activity (es measured by event ‘count or emission count) increases with increasing stimuli. Which of the following classifications apply to this source? Note: {or this question, the rate of acoustic activity is not increasing with increasing stil b. active critically active d. intense G.Para. 14.2.2 ‘When monitoring a source of AE, the rate of acoustic activity (as measured by event, count or emission count) increases with increasing stimuli. Which of the following classifications apply to this source? a, inactive b. active ecitically active i intense G.Para. 14.12 ‘When monitoring a source of AE, beth of the following are found to be true: + the acoustic activity (as measured by event count or emission count) increases with increasing stim + the intensity (as measured by average energy per event or average emission count per event or average amplitude per event) exceeds the average intensity by a fixed level Which of the following dassifications should be used to describe this source? inactive active critically active intense ve GPara. 11.1.2 Piz 99z—aZSCZCSCLevel I! Questions ~ Acoustic Emission Testing Method 29, 30. 31 32 Poe 1. While there is no set criteria for acceptable limits on sensor degradation, what levels of discrepancy warrant further action? ‘4 sensors that demonstrate loss of response of greater than 4 dB ‘sensors that demonstrate loss of, response of greater than 6 4B ‘¢ sensors that demonstrate loss of response of greater than 8 dB 4. sensors that demonstrate loss of response of greater than 10 dB 1Section 6 High amplitude events during the ‘examination of fiberglass-reinforced pressure (PRP) vessels usually indicates: fiber breakage debonding fiber pullout microcracking 90.16 ‘When an elastic material is stretched

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