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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Acid and Base Strength


Acid Strength, Ka

Base Strength, Kb

Autoionization of Water, Kw

Relative Strengths of Conjugate Pairs


Acid

Ka

Base

Kb

HCl

Very Large

Cl-

Negligible

H2SO4

Very Large

HSO4-

Negligible

HNO3

Very Large

NO3-

Negligible

HSO4-

SO42-

H3PO4

H2PO4-

HF

F-

CH3CO2H

CH3CO2-

NH4+

NH3

HCN

CN-

NH3

Negligible

NH2-

Very Large

OH-

Negligible

O2-

Very Large

H2

Negligible

H-

Very Large

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Q1
1.

The ionization constant of H2S is:


A.
B.
C.
D.
D

near zero.
much less than 1.
about 1.
much more than 1.
1

Acids and Bases: pH, pOH


pOH,, pKa, pKb
Definitions:
pH = log [H+]
pOH = log [OH-]
pH + pOH = 14*
pKa = log
log [Ka]
pKb = log [Kb]
pKa + pKb = 14*

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Q2
2.

Based on the pKa values given below, which of the following species is the strongest base?

Structure

A.
B.
C.
D.

pKa of ammonium ion

NH3

9.26

CH3CH2NH2

10.64

(CH3CH2)2NH

10.98

(CH3CH2)3N

10.76

NH3
CH3CH2NH2
(CH3CH2)2NH
(CH3CH2)3N

Equivalents
What are reacting equivalents?

Gram-Equivalent Weight

Normality

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Titration Curves
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations

Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations

HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl

HA + NaOH H2O + A-Na+

Equivalence Point Formula

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Using the Equivalence Point Formula


What volume of a 10-1 N NaOH solution is required to neutralize 40 mL of a 10-1 N HCl solution?

How many milligrams of NaOH (s) is required to neutralize 40 mL of a 10-1 M HCl solution?

How many milligrams of NaOH (s) is required to neutralize 408 mg of KHP(s), a monoprotic weak acid
with a molecular weight of 204 amu?

Q3
3.

The gram-equivalent weight of an unknown acid is 45 in acid-base reactions. The molecular weight
of the unknown acid is 90 amu. Which statement(s) is/are true?
I.
II.
III.
III
A.
B.
C.
D.

The acid is diprotic.


One mole of NaOH will neutralize one mole of the acid.
One
O mole
l off Na
N 2CO3 will
ill neutralize
li one mole
l off the
h acid.
id
I only
II only
I and III
II and III

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Q4
Questions 4 & 5 are based on the following titration:
A student placed 385.43 mg of pure KHP (a monoprotic
weak acid with a molecular weight of 204 amu) into a clean
flask. After dissolving the acid in 50 mL of deionized water,
NaOH (aq) of unknown concentration was titrated into this
beaker. The end point of the titration was reached upon the
addition of 25.10 mL,, thus the student determined the
concentration of the NaOH solution to be 0.07520 N.
4.

If the student accidentally recorded the volume of base


required to reach the end point as 15.10 mL what
effect would this have had on the final determination of
the NaOH concentration?
A.
B.
C.
D.

The calculated concentration of NaOH would


have been higher than the actual concentration.
The calculated concentration of NaOH would
have been lower than the actual concentration
concentration.
The calculated concentration of NaOH would
have been the same as the actual concentration.
The concentration of NaOH could not have
been calculated.

Q5
Questions 4 & 5 are based on the following titration:
A student placed 385.43 mg of pure KHP (a monoprotic
weak acid with a molecular weight of 204 amu) into a clean
flask. After dissolving the acid in 50 mL of deionized water,
NaOH (aq) of unknown concentration was titrated into this
beaker. The end point of the titration was reached upon the
addition of 25.10 mL,, thus the student determined the
concentration of the NaOH solution to be 0.07520 N.
5.

If the student accidentally recorded the mass of KHP


as 305.43 mg what effect would this have had on the
final determination of the NaOH concentration?
A.
B.
C
C.
D.

The calculated concentration of NaOH would


have been higher than the actual concentration.
The calculated concentration of NaOH would
have been lower than the actual concentration.
The calculated concentration of NaOH would
have been the same as the actual concentration.
The concentration of NaOH could not have
been calculated.

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Types of pH Questions
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations

Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations

HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl


HCl

HA + NaOH H2O + A-Na+

NaCl

HA

Initial

Initial

Halfway

Halfway

Eq. Pt.

Eq. Pt.

A-Na+

pH initial: easy to solve because [HCl]initial = [H+]

pH initial: must use Ka expression to solve for [H+]

pH halfway: NaCl inert, so [HCl]halfway = [H+]

pH halfway: buffer solution, so use HH eqn

pH at eq. pt: HCl neutralized, NaCl inert, pH = 7

pH at eq. pt: HA neutralized, A- = wk base, pH > 7

pH of solution prior to starting titration


A) What is the pH of a 10-3 M HCl solution (pKa -8)?

B) What is the pH of a 10-3 M CH3COOH solution (pKa 5)?

C) What is the pH of a 10-3 M NH3 solution (pKb 5)?

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

pH of solution at halfhalf-equivalence pt
A) What is the pH of a 10-3 M HCl solution at the half-eq pt when titrated with NaOH (s)?

B) What is the pH of a 10-3 M CH3COOH (pKa 5) solution at the half-eq pt when titrated with NaOH?

C) What is the pH of a 10-3 M NH3 (pKb 5) solution at the half-eq pt when titrated with HCl?

pH of solution at equivalence pt
A) What is the eq. pt. pH of a 10-3 M HCl solution when titrated with NaOH?

B) What is the eq. pt. pH of a 10-3 M CH3COOH solution when titrated with NaOH?

C) What is the eq. pt. pH of a 10-3 M NH3 solution when titrated with HCl?

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Ammonia Buffer Solution


Given that the pKA of NH4+ is 9.26, solve for the ratio of [NH3]/[NH4+] for each of the following solutions:

Solution #

Ratio of
[NH3]/[NH4+]

pH

11.26

10.26

9.26

8.26

7.26

Acetic Acid Buffer Solution


Given that the pKA of CH3COOH is 4.74, solve for the pH of each of the following buffer solutions:

Solution #

[CH3COO-]

[CH3COOH]

0.001 M

0.1 M

0.01 M

0.1 M

0.1 M

0.1 M

0.1 M

0.01 M

0.1 M

0.001 M

[Base/acid]

pH

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MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

pH Exercises
Compound
HNO3
HNO2
CH3COOH
HClO
NH4NO3

Identify the pH of each solution:


A) 0.1 M HNO3 / 0.1 M NO3-

Ka, 25C
Large
4.5 104
1.8 105
3.2 108
5.6 1010

B) 0.1 M HNO2 / 0.1 M NO2-

C) 0.01 M HClO

D) 0.01 M HNO2 / 0.1 M NO2-

E) 0.1 M NH4+ / 0.01 M NH3

Buffer Capacity

Solution

Solution pH

1000 eq CH3COO1000 eq CH3COOH

4.74

100 eq CH3COO100 eq CH3COOH

4.74

10 eq CH3COO10 eq CH3COOH

4.74

Solution pH after adding 10 eq H+

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10

MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Indicators

The pKa of methyl red is 5.2. Describe the relative concentrations of the colored forms of a 1 M
solution of methyl red at pH 4.2, 5.2, and 6.2.

Passage
A student was given a flask containing 25.0 mL of an aqueous solution of ammonia (pKb at 25C =
4.74) of unknown concentration. The student was asked to determine the concentration of this solution
by titrating it against a standard 0.10 M aqueous HCl solution that was placed in a burette. The student
added 2 drops of indicator to the solution and titrated it against the HCl solution. The experimental
temperature was 25C. The student noted that 40.0 mL of the HCl solution was needed to reach the
q
p
g of commonly
y used acid-base indicators.
point. Table 1 lists the p
pH range
equivalence

Indicator

pH range

Acidic
Color

Basic
Color

Methyl violet

0.15-3.2

Yellow

Violet

Methyl red

4.4-6.2

Red

Yellow

Phenol red

6.4-8.2

Colorless

Purple

Nitramine

10.8-13.0

Colorless

Brown

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11

MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Q6
6.

The student determined the concentration of the ammonia solution to be closest to:
A.
B.
C.
D.

0.05 M
0.10 M
0.15 M
0.25 M

Q7
7.

Upon the addition of 20.0 mL of the HCl solution to the flask, which of the following was most
likely true of the flask solution?
A.
B.
C
C.
D.

Its pH was greater than 7.00.


Its pH was less than 7.00.
In it
it, [NH3] was much higher than [NH4+]
In it, [NH3] was much lower than [NH4+]

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12

MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Q8
8.

At the equivalence point, the number of Cl- ions in the flask solution was closest to which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
C
D.

1.00 x 1020
1.00 x 1021
1.00
1 00 x 1022
1.00 x 1023

Q9
9.

The pH of the titrant was equal to which of the following?


A.
B.
C.
D.
D

1.00
9.26
11.00
13.00
13 00

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13

MCAT FLEX Sessions - Acids & Bases

Q10
10. What indicator is the best choice
for this titration?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Methyl Violet
Methyl Red
Phenol Red
Nitramine

Follow-up question:
What was the color of the solution at
the end point of the titration?

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