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Part 3
process zone
crack
The process zone confines the volume wherein inelastic processes associated with
crack propagation take place. It propagates with the crack and produces a
boundary layer.
The elastic fracture model can be used if the process zone size is much smaller than
all characteristic lengths of the strain distribution and no inelastic processes occur
outside the crack process zone.
Page 1
elastoplastic
>y
elastic
<y
Part 3
plastic
Major types of the fracture process and the location of the inelastic zone.
C
E
B D
Load
Load
C
B
F
A
Displacement
D
F
D' G
Displacement
a
b
Load - Displacement curves of: (a) linear elastic and (b) elastoplastic (plastic)
fracture processes (quasi-static crack growth in both cases). (a) A-B-C - elastic part
of elastic fracture curve before cracking; C-D-A unloading path without cracking.
C-E-F-A cracking and unloading path. (b) A-B elastic part without cracking on
elastoplastic (plastic) fracture curve; B-C plastic part without cracking; C-D-D' unloading before cracking but after the beginning of plastic deformation; C-E-F-G
cracking and unloading path.
Page 2
Part 3
strain energy release rate (used in the linear elastic fracture theory)
the rate of the change of potential energy with respect to the crack area (used
in the theory of elastoplastic and plastic fracture)
1
1
U e Fi ui M i i
2
2
where
Fi
ui
are displacements,
Mi
are rotations.
1
U e ij ij dV
V2
process can be presented as a sum of contributions from (i) the work of external
forces,
or
Page 3
Fdu GdA dU e
Note that
Part 3
grips (clamped conditions with du=0) were considered first. Under those conditions
u const , the work of external forces is equal to zero and the driving force for the
crack growth is coming only from the release of elastic energy and we can write:
G
As a result
dU e
dA
was given the name of the strain energy release rate; however, in a
more general case it also includes the rate of the work of the external load:
GF
du dU e
dA dA
(Term rate is used here and further in the sense of value per crack area rather then
value per unit time).
During a static (quasi-static) or equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium) fracture:
R G Gc or R J J c
therefore, the work of external forces can be presented as:
Fdu dU e RdA
Note that both the stored elastic energy and the work of external forces can
contribute to the driving force of the crack growth.
Page 4
Part 3
Fdu dU e JdA d
where
is the energy dissipated by the remote plastic flow. Note that in this case
the rate of the change of potential energy should be used since JG for plastic or
elastoplastic fracture.
2. Creep fracture:
Fdu dU e GdA d
where
4. A dynamic fracture:
Fdu dU e RdA d dH
where
Page 5
Part 3
a,
or
A.
A
cr
in
B
g
sin
ea
The increase in the crack area (or length) results the jump from the line with a
higher slope (larger stiffness) to the line with a lower slope (smaller stiffness). The
jump can happen in different direction depending on the boundary conditions. For
example constant load conditions correspond to jump B C while the constant
displacement conditions correspond to jump B D for the same change in stiffness.
The elastic energy,
representing the current stiffness of the body (current crack length) drawn from the
origin of the coordinate system up to the (F, u) point representing the current load displacement state of the system corresponding to the current crack area or length.
Note that
Ue
increases with
A or a
when
A or a when u const .
Page 6
F const
and
Ue
decreases with
u / F (a)
Part 3
F / u , or compliance, u / F ,
diagram or by the
u / F ( A)
diagram.
Example. Determine the expression for the
h
B
a
Principal scheme of the DCB specimen
F a3
The deflection of each arm is determined as: ua
3 E I
The total displacement is:
, where
B h3
I
12
2 F a3
u 2 ua
3 E I
F u F F a3 4 F 2 a3
Ue
2
3 E I
E B h3
(Note that this strain energy is the strain energy produced by the application of an
external load gradually increasing up to the F value under constant crack length
conditions).
Page 7
u
2 a3
8 a3
F 3 E I E B h3
u/F
Part 3
u/F
aa
a1
F
a2 .
a2
C
Two limiting cases of the crack growth condition (for the growth starting from point
B on the F-u diagram) are shown by dashed arrows:
at a constant load, F , (BC)
at a constant displacement, u , (BD)
Page 8
Part 3
U e area OBE
Gu
a1
F
area OBE
,
b a2 a1
a2
C
area BCDF
OBF
to area
crack propagation).
The strain energy release rate:
In the limit of
GF
area OBC
b a2 a1
(a 2 a1 ) 0 GF Gu
Page 9
OCD as a result of
Part 3
Schematics of the F-u diagram typical of double ended DCB specimens and of
composite delamination specimens, and schematics of a double ended DCB
specimen. Multiple loading unloading cycles are used to produce segments
corresponding to consecutive increments of the crack length.
Page 10
Part 3
Schematics of the F-u diagram typical of the off-axis compression tests performed
on thin polymer specimens.
Page 11
1
dU e d F u ,
2
therefore:
F du
or:
1
F du u dF G dA
2
F du u dF 2 G dA .
F 2 dA and obtain:
Page 12
Part 3
Part 3
du
dF
F u
dA
dA d u / F 2 G / F 2
dA
F2
or (taking into account that G=R for the quasi-static crack growth):
Fc 2 2 R /
d
u / F ,
dA
where index c denotes the value of the variable when the cracking occurs.
The obtained expression can be used to calculate the
u / F vs A
uc 2 2 R /
d
F / u
dA
F u
A 2
F F
u
Fc 2 R /
A F Fc
F
uc 2 R /
A u uc
Page 13
F u
A 2
u u
Part 3
R . Determine the
load at the onset of crack growth. The initial crack length and specimen geometry
are as shown below.
h
B
a
We already obtained
u
2 a3
F 3 E I
we know that
therefore:
A Ba
d u 2 a2
,
dA F B E I
and finally
Fc 2 2 R /
d
u / F R B 2E I
dA
a
Page 14
Part 3
B
The compliance calibration curve of pre-cracked notched 3-point bending
specimens is shown below. The specimens had D=40 mm, B=20 mm and a different
crack length, a (where a includes the depth of the notch and the length of the crack
fatigued from the tip of the notch). The F-u plot obtained on the specimen with the
initial crack length of 15 mm and deformed to the complete fracture is also shown.
Determine toughness using the analytical (compliance calibration) method and
using the area under the fracture curve. Compare results. Discuss accuracy.
2 10
6 10
5 10
4 10
3 10
2 10
1 10
1.5 10
F, N
u/F, mm/N
1 10
5000
0
0
0
10
15
a
20
25
30
(a)
u, mm
(b)
Compliance calibration curve (a) and F-u fracture diagram (for the specimen with
the initial crack length of 15 mm) (b) of 3-point bending specimens.
Page 15
Part 3
Solution:
By drawing a tangent to the u/F(a) curve at the point with a=15 mm we can
estimate:
d u 1 d u
7
7.5 10
dA F B da F
N 1 mm 1,
therefore:
1
d
1
R Fc 2 u / F 17,000 2 7.5 10 7 N / mm 108 kJ / m 2
2
dA
2
From the area under the F-u fracture diagram we can estimate the fracture energy
as:
G A
35,700 N mm 35.7 J
2
2
A 40 15 20 500 mm 2
Therefore (assuming quasi-static fracture conditions):
35.7
kJ
G A
J
71
A
500 10 6 m 2
m2
value obtained using the F-u curve is mainly due to the error in the drawing
tangent line which was used in the compliance calibration method. If the actual
slope (from the digital curve data) is used:
Page 16
d u 1 d u
7
5.108 10
dA F B da F
Part 3
N 1 mm 1
R 75.8
kJ
m2
The accuracy of this method can be improved if the specimens with a linear
vs.
Page 17
u / F
F
A double-torsion specimen.
Page 18
Part 3
Part 3
F u Ue
should be also taken into account.
X
F
U
e
uu
1
Ue F u
2
U e F (u ) du
or
1
U e ij ij dV
2
U e ij ( ij ) d ij dV
F du dU e JdA
u dF d JdA
4. Manipulation of energy balances leads to cracking conditions:
Page 19
Part 3
J
u
A F F A
F
J
A u
u A
u
J
dF
A F
F
U
F
J e du
A u
A u
To use these criteria:
we need an experimentally fitted
A frequently used form of
F (u , A) (or u ( F , A) ) dependence.
F (u , A) :
F k A u n
where
k A is a simple function
F
m
Cm u m
m 1
A 2
Page 20
Part 3
u2
u3
u
4500
F 200 1500
3/ 2
2
A
A
A
where
was a
crack area in mm2. A crack of the area of 35 mm2 started to propagate when
F 80
N and
1. Integrate the
Ue :
Page 21
at constant
A and obtain
Part 3
u2
u3
u4
1125
U e F u du 100 500
A
A3 / 2
A2
2.
Use:
u2
u3
u4
U e
J
100 2 750 5 / 2 2250 3
A u
A
A
A
32
33
34
U e
750
2250
100
J c
352
355 / 2
353
A u uc , A Ac
J c 2.2
N mm
mm 2
2.2
J 103
m 2 10 6
2.2
R J c 2.2 103
J
m 2 103
2.2 103
J
m2
J
m2
Part 3
Trousers test
u
a
The specimen geometry (a) for the trousers test and (b) load deflection curve of the
trousers test for a zero elastic energy in tension during crack propagation.
dU e
2F du / 2 J dA J B du / 2
and the cracking or fracture condition can be expressed as
Jc R 2F / B
which also can be used as an equation for toughness.
Page 23
Part 3
Note that in the trousers test a fracture develops at a constant load, and toughness
plays the role of the material strength in a most direct form.
Trousers test with linear elastic legs.
If trousers legs can store elastic energy, then the load-deflection curve has a
different slope of the loading and unloading line.
A'
u=2.(a+)
B'
Load deflection curve for the trousers test when the legs store elastic energy.
During the loading up to the offset of cracking the length of each leg increases by .
As the cracking starts, a total displacement can be presented as:
u 2a
where
F /( wB )
Page 24
Part 3
/ E F /( w B E )
and the elastic displacement is
a a / E F a /( w B E )
The energy balance can be presented as
F du F d 2a d 2 F R dA
2
or
d
1
R
2
dA F w E B 2 F 2 FB
Therefore, the equation for toughness is:
F2
w E B2
2F
B
Note that:
for
Page 25
Part 3
Peeling Test.
dA w da
J c R F 1 cos / w
da1 cos
Toughness equation:
F
1
F
R 1 cos
w
w 2E B
Page 26
Part 3
cos 1 and
FC 2 R E B w2
The product of stiffness and toughness determines the effective resistance to peeling
at low peeling angles.
w
B
2h
D
2a
Page 27
Part 3
Under constant load conditions the strain energy of the plate increases as the result
of cracking. The increase in the elastic energy is:
U e
where:
2 a2 B
E
where
F
,
w B
Fc 2 2 R /
d
u / F
dA
u D D
where
E1
F /( w B )
E1
1 d
d
dA 2 B da
we can obtain:
Page 28
c2
where
Part 3
2 R
F / w B
D
E1
1 d
2
w B
F
2 B da
Rearranging produces:
c2
4 R B
d 1
V
da E1
The apparent Young's modulus can be determined from the elastic energy of the
cracked plate:
2 V
2 E
2 a2 B
E
2 V
2 E1
therefore:
d 1 4 a B
da E1
E V
And finally:
c2
ER
4 R B
4 a B a
V
E V
Page 29
Part 3
ER
a
R , then
R 2
and
2 E
a
ER
a
can be rearranged as
c a E R
The right-hand side now contains only material constants and the left-hand side is a
function of the applied load and the specimen geometry, i.e. the crack length. The
left-hand side determines the severity of the combined effect of the load and the
crack. It is called stress intensity, and the critical value of the stress intensity is the
material parameter as well as
and
R.
Page 30