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PUBLIC SPEAKING

speech-making before a large body of audience in a


formal situation wherein you, the speaker, display
your talents for eloquence and oratory

- communication of ideas using words and actions to let


others know what is happening in your head
- an art of facing a group of people and communicating
to them your thoughts and feelings by means of
effective speech
- direct communication with the audience, the creation
of an idea in other minds through the stimuli of
words,
facial expressions, and movements

- process of conveying ideas, of sharing

opinions and information, of inducing


understanding

PUBLIC SPEAKING AS A
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Whenever you speak, you are an information source.
Your voice is the transmitter that sends out your words
or messages. Since words travel through air, the air
becomes the channel of communication. Someone, a
receiver, hears your voice and communication may then
take place. If your message is transmitted to your
listener and you receive some kind of response, you
receive feedback and you know you are communicating
effectively, but if there is no response or reaction
whatsoever on the part of your listener, then you know
that your attempt at communication has fouled up.
Interference has prevented successful communication.
Effective communication depends upon how well or how
clearly meanings are shared. Ineffective communication
occurs when meanings are only partially shared or
missed altogether. Your communication is effective when
your receiver interprets the message as you intended it
to be interpreted.

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS


Definition of Communication
Communication is a dynamic transactional, behaviouraffecting process in which sources and receivers
intentionally code their behaviours to produce messages
that they transmit through a channel in order to induce
or elicit particular attitudes or behaviours.
- Porter and Samovar (1988)

Elements of Communication

1. A source. This is a person who has a need to


communicate. Such a need may vary from a desire for
recognition as an individual to a wish to share
information with others or to influence their attitudes
and behaviours.
2. Encoding. In this process verbal and non-verbal
behaviours are selected and arranged within the
grammatical rules of the language being used.
3. The message. This is what must pass between a
source and a receiver if the former is to influence the
latter.
4. The channel. This provides the connection between
the source and the receiver.
5. A receiver. This is usually the person intended by the
source to be the object of the message.
6. Decoding. Like the act of encoding, this is an activity
internal to the individual. It processes the message and
attributes meaning to the sources behaviours,
7. Receiver response. This is what the receiver
decides to do about the message. It may vary along a
continuum from nothing to a substantial amount.
8. Feedback. This is information available to a source
which permits qualitative judgements about
communication effectiveness in order to adjust and
adapt to an ongoing situation.

SPEAKING EFFECTIVELY

Verbal or oral communication gives a very different


impression from written communication and you should
choose it for different occasions. Compared with writing,
verbal communication is:
- more informal;
- less permanent;
- better if the news you have to impart may be
upsetting to the recipient;
- better if you want to give the other person or people a
chance to question or comment.

Having decided to communicate verbally, you need to


choose the best method. These may include:

Telephone
Immediate;
Informal;
Private
One-to-one meeting
Confidential;
More formal than a phone call.
Departmental or inter-departmental meeting
Allows for group interaction;
To inform (with the chance to ask questions0,
discuss or decide
Presentation
persuasive;
one-sided (you control interruptions)
Company meeting
For very important news;
Everyone hears the news at the same time

You have chosen your medium, and now you need to put
your message across as effectively as possible. This

involves making the right choice of words and tone, and


being aware of your body language.
Choice of words

Always use simple language, even when speaking to


large groups;
Think through the best way to say something in
advance

Tone
Adopt a tone which suits the occasion;
If people dont respond to what you are saying,
consider whether your tone is sending out a
conflicting
message.

Body language
Your body language should give the same impression
as your words or tone;
Aim for a relaxed posture, with regular eye contact
and open gestures, to appear easy and confident;
Make a mental check on your body language every
so often, especially if you dont feel as relaxed as
youd
like to appear.

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