Shannon and Weaver.

The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone
technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The
sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the
receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also
recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which
they deemed noise. The noise could also mean the absence of signal. In a simple model, often referred to
as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message
in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a
destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication views communication as a
means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and
quantifiability. Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the
following elements: An information source, which produces a message. A transmitter, which encodes the
message into signals. A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission. A receiver, which
'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal. A destination, where the message arrives. Shannon
and Weaver argued that there were three levels of problems for communication within this theory. The
technical problem: how accurately can the message be transmitted? The semantic problem: how precisely
is the meaning 'conveyed'? The effectiveness problem: how effectively does the received meaning affect
behavior? Daniel Chandler critiques the transmission model by stating: It assumes communicators are
isolated individuals. No allowance for differing purposes. No allowance for differing interpretations. No
allowance for unequal power relations. No allowance for situational contexts.
Schramm. Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of
things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel
(through which medium), destination / receiver / target /decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur
Schramm (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired
and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer
knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many
forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group
communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a
destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or
group of beings). Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three
levels of semiotic rules: Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols), Pragmatic (concerned with
the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and Semantic (study of relationships between
signs and symbols and what they represent). Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least
two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly
held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or
self-talk, both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative
competences within social interactions.
Transactional Model. It assumes that people are connected through communication; they engage in
transaction. Firstly, it recognizes that each of us is a sender-receiver, not merely a sender or a receiver.
Secondly, it recognizes that communication affects all parties involved. So communication is
fluid/simultaneous. This is how most conversation are like. The transactional model also contains ellipses
that symbolize the communication environment (how you interpret the data that you are given). Where
the ellipses meet is the most effect communication area because both communicators share the same
meaning of the message. For example talking/listening to friends. While your friend is talking you are
constantly giving them feedback on what you think through your facial expression verbal feedback
without necessarily stopping your friend from talking.

Summarizing a text, or distilling its essential concepts into a paragraph or two, is a useful study
tool as well as good writing practice. A summary has two aims: (1) to reproduce the overarching
ideas in a text, identifying the general concepts that run through the entire piece, and (2) to
express these overarching ideas using precise, specific language. When you summarize, you
cannot rely on the language the author has used to develop his or her points, and you must find a
way to give an overview of these points without your own sentences becoming too general. You
must also make decisions about which concepts to leave in and which to omit, taking into
consideration your purposes in summarizing and also your view of what is important in this text.
Here are some methods for summarizing:First, prior to skimming, use some of the previewing
techniques.
1. Include the title and identify the author in your first sentence.
2. The first sentence or two of your summary should contain the authors thesis, or central
concept, stated in your own words. This is the idea that runs through the entire text--the
one youd mention if someone asked you: What is this piece/article about? Unlike
student essays, the main idea in a primary document or an academic article may not be
stated in one location at the beginning. Instead, it may be gradually developed throughout
the piece or it may become fully apparent only at the end.
3. When summarizing a longer article, try to see how the various stages in the explanation
or argument are built up ingroups of related paragraphs. Divide the article into sections if
it isnt done in the published form. Then, write a sentence or two to cover the key ideas in
each section.
4. Omit ideas that are not really central to the text. Dont feel that you must reproduce the
authors exact progression of thought. (On the other hand, be careful not to misrepresent
ideas by omitting important aspects of the authors discussion).
5. In general, omit minor details and specific examples. (In some texts, an extended
example may be a key part of the argument, so you would want to mention it).
6. Avoid writing opinions or personal responses in your summaries (save these for active
reading responses or tutorial discussions).
7. Be careful not to plagiarize the authors words. If you do use even a few of the authors
words, they must appear inquotation marks. To avoid plagiarism, try writing the first
draft of your summary without looking back at the original text.

SUMMARIZING
Summarizing, like paraphrasing, is a technique used to obtain the essential part of an original
source. In other words, it is a concise statement of the most important points taken from another
text. It is a good technique to use when writing a research paper. Important things to remember
when summarizing an article are the following:
Read the text until the meaning or main idea of the passage is clear.
Put the original text away to discourage any similarities between the summary and the source.
Use your own words!
Be concise. Use only the central points of the source, anything that is not relevant to the main
point should not be considered.
Avoid being repetitive.
It helps to use a highlighter or red pen to indicate the most important points of the article.
Juxtapose your summary with the original text. If they look the same then its not really a
summary.

BIG BANG TIMELINE

The Big Bang timeline is basically just a list of relative times at which the major events in the
history of the universe occurred, per the collection of theories, models, and hypotheses which
together form what is called the Big Bang theory.
The start when time began, when t = 0 is not actually part of the Big Bang timeline (!),
contrary to popular belief. Thats because the two theories of physics which are at the heart of the
Big Bang theory General Relativity (GR) and the Standard Model (of particle physics; SM for
short) are mutually incompatible, and that incompatibility becomes so intolerable that saying
anything about what happened in the first Planck second (approx 10-43 second) is meaningless.
In fact, the closer to the Planck regime when GR and the SM are utterly incompatible the less
reliable are our descriptions but the relative times are nonetheless pretty good.
Actually, thats not quite true what is relatively certain are temperatures; forces, matter, and
radiation interact in very distinct ways, depending on the temperature (and pressure, or density),
but converting from temperature back to time depends on various parameters which are not so
well pinned down. However, once the average mass-energy density of the universe, today, is
estimated, the clock can be wound back with some confidence (its ~six hydrogen atoms per
cubic meter, or about 7 x 10-27 kg/m3).
Around 10-35 seconds leptons and baryons were created (the strong force became a distinct
force), and inflation caused the universe to expand so much that the part which later became our
observable universe was both flat (no curvature, in the GR sense) and incredibly smooth (with
only tiny variations in density due to quantum effects).
At around 10-11 seconds the electromagnetic and weak force became distinct.
And by about a microsecond the universe underwent another phase change it was no longer a
quark-gluon plasma, but hadrons formed (protons and neutrons).
When t = 1 second (more or less), nuclear reactions produced light nuclides, such as deuterium
and helium-3 (before this time the universe was too hot for them to form) Big Bang
nucleosynthesis.
The earliest part of the universe we can still see, directly, happened when the electrons and
protons (and other nuclei) combined to form hydrogen atoms; this is the recombination era, and
we see it today as the cosmic microwave background and gravity took over as the dominant
force (before this it was electromagnetism the universe was radiation dominated and before
that, at the time of nucleosynthesis, the strong and weak forces ruled).
The rest, as they say, is history the Dark Ages (during which the first stars were formed), the
era of recombination (when stars and quasars ionized the diffuse hydrogen), galaxy formation,
and then about 13.4 billion years later we observed the skies and worked out the timeline!

Big Bang Timeline

Time
Era
0 to 10

-43

10-43 s

10-35 s

Big Bang

infinite

infinitely small, infinitely dense

Primeval fireball
1 force in nature - Supergravity

Planck Time

1032 K

Earliest known time that can be described

by modern physics
2 forces in nature, gravity, GUT

1027 K

3 forces in nature, gravity, strong nuclear,

electroweak
Quarks and leptons form
(along with their anti-particles)

1027 K

Size of the Universe drastically increased,

by factor of 1030to 1040

End of GUT

10-35 to 10-33 s Inflation

-12

10

Temperature Characteristics of the Universe

15

End of unified forces 10 K

4 forces in nature,
protons and neutrons start forming from
quarks

10-7 s

Heavy Particle

1014 K

proton, neutron production

in full swing

10-4 s

Light particle

1012 K

electrons and positrons form

100 s (a few
minutes)

Nucleosynthesis era

109 - 107 K

helium, deuterium, and a few other

elements form

Recombination
380,000 years
(Decoupling)

3000 K

Matter and radiation seperate

End of radiation domination, start of
matter domination of the Universe

500 million
yrs

Galaxy formation

10 K

galaxies and other large structures form in

the universe

14 billion
years
or so

Now

3K

You are reading this table, that's what's

happening.

No work, no pay for lawmakers?

Navotas Rep. Toby Tiangco has filed a no work, no pay measure for lawmakers to discourage
frequent absenteeism in Congress.
Tiangcos House Bill No. 412 would impose a pay cut on representatives who do not attend
regular or special sessions of Congress.
A representative gets a salary of P97,163 a month.
In the explanatory note of his bill, Tiangco said the multiple absences of some members of
Congress resulting in the absence of a quorum delayed the prompt passage of pertinent bills.
Some members of Congress have failed to promptly, effectively and efficiently carry out and
perform the mandate of their office by reason of their failure to regularly attend the sessions of
Congress, Tiangco said.
Tiangco said the lack of a policy to discourage or sanction frequent absenteeism may be a factor
affecting poor attendance in Congress.
Tiangco noted that Congress used to hold sessions from Monday to Thursday but since hardly
anybody went to office on the fourth day, Congress leaders decided to shorten the work week to
three days. Despite this change in session days, the attendance of house members has not
improved, said Tiangco.
Tiangcos bill, however, may not sit well with other lawmakers.
Sen. Panfilo Lacson, for one, said he would oppose Tiangcos bill, saying it was demeaning to
the lawmakers.
Demeaning
We are not daily wage earners to be subjected to a no-work-no-pay scheme. I think its
demeaning to our positions as elected officials, Lacson said in a text message.
He said Tiangcos bill was good copy for the media but I think it wont pass.
I will oppose it if only to maintain the dignity and honor of the legislature and its members.
We are responsible officials and we answer to our constituents when we misbehave or commit a
misdemeanor like not attending sessions whimsically or without justifiable reason, Lacson said.
Sarangani Rep. Manny Pacquiao, who has moved up to the Senate, and Negros Occidental Rep.
Jules Ledesma, who just finished his third and final term, were top contenders for having the
least sessions attended in the 16th Congress. Pacquiao was present in only four sessions while
Ledesma showed up for seven days.

In Dagupan, elderly learn online chat with apo

DAGUPAN CITYSenior citizens here have found a new playgroundthe internet
where they can chat with their apo (grandchildren), relatives and classmates, and
listen to and download old songs.
The city library has been conducting computer literacy classes for the elderly, some of them in their 80s,
teaching them the basic computer operations as well as how to open and manage a Facebook account or
chat over Skype.
You can really feel their excitement when they are able to connect and chat with their apo, relatives and
long-lost classmates who are living in different parts of the world, said Corazon Langit, assistant
librarian.
Senior citizens, who have limited or zero knowledge about computers, are taught basic operationsthis
is the monitor, this is the mouse, this is the CPU, this is how to type, this is how to eraseshe said.
They asked many questions, too, such as what is Skype, Viber, Instagram and Facebook. They hear these
words from their grandchildren who are fast learners but who are usually too impatient to explain [the
latest online applications and social networking] to their grandparents, Langit said.
Because of their advanced age, some of them suffer from poor hearing, or have memory gaps.
After a few minutes, they would ask again, How do I erase what I have typed? said Marilyn Caguioa,
who supervises the librarys multimedia section.
She said some of the senior students would return the next day and ask, What is my password for
Facebook?
We ask them to write their passwords on their notebooks, she said.
We have to be very patient. Our patience is rewarded when we see their excitement as soon as they see
the faces of their grandchildren who are living abroad, and talk with them online, Langit said.
Source of happiness
Some grandparents said their new-found ability to interact with their grandchildren enables them to help
with their homework.
Finding old classmates has been another source of happiness and pride for them.
They would yell in delight when, after searching, they find the names of their classmates on Facebook,
and their requests to be friends are accepted. They would chat for hours, Caguioa said.
Another thrilling discovery for the elderly folk is the website YouTube, where they find songs that were
popular generations ago.
When they find the songs, they get excited and play them, and download them in their mobile
telephones, which we programmed according to their needs Caguioa said.
These senior citizens are not necessarily poor. One of them is a former city vice mayor while another is
the mother of a city councilor.
Some of them own portable computers and pocket Wi-Fi devices, courtesy of their children.
The literacy training is an outreach project of the city library. A training module for the elderly lasts for
five days (Monday to Friday), from 9 to 11 a.m.
There are absentees, too, such as when a grandmother, who is sometimes required to fetch her apo from
school, asked to be excused, Langit said.

But many return to ask about the lessons they missed or ask for information they have forgotten. Often
they return to use the library computers. Some of them come, brandishing their new laptops, so they could
use the librarys Wi-Fi.

FOI advocates press Palace on promised EO

Malacaang executives on Wednesday held a consultation meeting with freedom of information
(FOI) advocates who want to make sure that the Presidents impending executive order (EO) to
put the principle in effect should actually lead to the faster release of government data to the
public.
Communications Secretary Martin Andanar and Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea met
with Nepomuceno Malaluan, convenor of the Right to Know. Right Now! Coalition, and Malou
Mangahas of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.
Following the consultation, Andanar said the executive order on FOI may be ready by tonight.
He posted a picture of the meeting on his Twitter account.
Malaluan said the FOI advocates offered suggestions on what could be included in the EO which
is currently being drafted.
One key point for the FOI advocates is that the transparency measure should really have practical
application for ordinary people and would lead to swifter release of information. Requests for
information should not be easily denied, said Malaluan.
There should be a clear directive to the agencies to provide information within a definite time
period, and any denial should have a clear basis, he said in a phone interview.
In case there is such a denial, there should be an opportunity to appeal, he added.
In an earlier statement, FOI advocates said the executive order on FOI should clarify the
provision in the code of ethics for public officials that requires a 15-day response to requests. It
should mean that the response should be the actual release of the requested information, they
said.
Malaluan also said that in drafting the FOI order that would cover agencies in the executive
branch, balancing should be the operative word. The government is expected to keep certain
sensitive information under wraps.
Palace officials did not present a copy of the draft executive order on the FOI during the meeting
on Wednesday.
But Malaluan said the FOI advocates were supportive of the Presidents plan to issue an EO that
will pave the way for a more transparent government.
Its a big step that the new administration will provide the direction to the executive branch and
all agencies to give a clear signal that it upholds the right of the people to be informed, he said.
But their support will also depend on the final EO to be handed down.
He said they were working with the government on the framework in good faith.

ELEHIYA KAY INAY

Kung ang kamatayay isang panibagong paglalakbay aking Inay
Sa iyong pagtawid ala-ala namiy baunin
Pagmamahal mo, pagkalinga,
mga pagtitiis at pagdurusa
Ngayoy nakatakas ka na
Habang nakamasid ka sa ming iyong naiwan
sa mga ibong nakasama mo,
sa mga talangka at sigay na naging laruan mo
sa mga along kahabulan mo
at sa malawak na buhanginang naging palaruan mo
Naway naalala mo ang mga ito sa paglisan mo
Mag-isang ninanamnam ang kalinga ng kalikasan
habang isang ala-ala na lamang ang yakap ng iyong ina
sa oyayi ng hangin, ipinaghele ka,
sapagkat ikay maagang naulila
Lumaking salat sa pagmamahal sa magulang
Tanging kaibigan naging takbuhan
Inulila pa ng kapatid na turan
animoy isang sadlak sa dusang nilalang
Pagkat ang isang kaibigay lumisan
Tuluyan nang humalik sa lupa
ang sarangolang dinagit ng hangin,
Tanging pumpon ng bulaklak
sa malamig na bato ang tangan mo
Nakaukit na ang pangalan mo
Ang naiwan sa amiy mga ala-ala mo
Nang isang inang kasabay kong nangarap,
lumipad, kumalinga at sumalo sa aba ko.
Sa bawat ngiti ng mga munting anghel na kinalinga mo
isang munting kaluluwang pinanabikan mo
Konting sulyap lamang sana anak ko
Kahit akoy malamig ng tila yelo
Ngunit itoy ipinagkait mo
Ngayon aking ina sa iyong paglalakbay
Baunin mo ang aming pagmamahal
Ihalik sa hangin aming mga pagmamahal
Ibulong sa Diyos na kamiy bantayan
Yakapin ng pagmamahal kahit sa panaginip lang
Nawa sa iyong pagtawid sa kabilang buhay
masilayan mo ang kaginhawahang
di natikman sa palad ko