Waste water

DCC5022
Case study
LECTURER NAME:

Group member
Cynthia dayang sigar
Marry gorrety buring kajan
Sylvinna Vanessa ak
cosmas

Matrix no.
05DKA14F2001
05DKA14F2036
05DKA14F2048

1.Ball valve

Ball valves are quarter-turn, straight-through valves that have a round closure element with
matching rounded seats that permit uniform sealing stress. The valve gets its name from the
ball that rotates to open and close the valve. Ball valves are used in situations where tight
shut-off is required. They are wide duty valves, able to transfer gases, liquids and liquids with
suspended solids (slurries). Ball valves are commonly found in flowing systems on ships, fire
safe protection services and chlorine manufacturers. They are not recommended for use in
pharmaceutical, bioprocessing, or food and beverage applications because they cannot be
cleaned easily. Exceptions can be made for chemical or non-sterile applicationsBall valve
manufacturers have ball valves available with several different features to fit an application.

Swing check- A swing check gives a valve the feature of a check valve. This
prevents media from backing up into the system.
Valve stops- A stopper that only permits 90 rotation.
Position indicators- Piston indicators are placed on the top of the ball to
indicate the direction of flow. This is especially useful in multi-port ball valves.
Standard face-to-face dimensions- These dimensions comply with ASMS
standards and make the ball easy to retrofit and replace in-line with most
other valves.
Anti-static- Anti-static design features can prevent static electricity from
building up due to the valve rubbing against the elastomer seat. Static can
pose a fire hazard, especially if the system has flammable liquids.
Fire safe- Fire safe ball valves feature a back-up metal seat. This is important
if the temperature of the system gets high enough to melt or soften the plastic
seal. The metal seat acts as a seal when the ball rests across the seal.

Advantages
Superior ease of
operation
Maintains and regulates
high volume,
high pressure, and high
temp flow
Rugged construction
and long
service life
Low purchase and
maintenance cost
Able to function without
side loads
Permits inspection and
repair of seats
and seals without
removing the valves'

Disadvantages
Poor throttling characteristics
Difficult to clean, leads to contamination

body
from the line
Does not require
lubrication

2.Gate valves

Gate valves (also known as knife valves or slide valves) are linear motion valves in which a
flat closure element slides into the flow stream to provide shut-off. They are one of the most
common valves used. Gate valves and knife valves are advantageous in applications involving
slurries, as their gates can cut right through the slurry. They are also used in applications that
involve viscous liquids such as heavy oils, light grease, varnish, molasses, honey, cream and other
non-flammable viscous liquids. They are available in large sizes to better handle thick flow. However,
gate valves do have low-pressure limitations, and are not optimal in applications that require
cleanliness or sanitary conditions. They are excellent for use anywhere a shutoff valve is needed.
When needed, they can also be used where throttling capabilities are desired, although this is not

generally recommend
ed as erosion of the seat and disc occurs due to the
vibrations of the disk in throttling applications.

Gate valves and knife valves are designed to minimize pressure drop across the valve in the fully
opened position and stop the flow of fluid completely. The direction of fluid flow does not change, and
the diameter through which the process fluid passes is essentially equal to that of the pipe. Hence,
they tend to have minimal pressure drop when opened fully.

Valve Function
Gate valves are primarily designed for on-off services. They are best used in systems which require
infrequent use of the valve. The valves are designed for full-area flow to minimize the pressure drop
and allow the passage of a pipe-cleaning pig. Since most of the flow change occurs near the shutoff,
the relatively high fluid velocity causes disk and seat wear and eventual leakage if the valve is used to
regulate flow.
Gate valves are usually divided into two types: parallel and wedge-shaped.
The parallel gate valve uses a flat disc gate between two parallel seats, upstream and downstream.
Shut-off is obtained by the free-floating seat or disk gate allow the upstream pressure to seal the seat

and disk against any

unwanted seat leakage. Some parallel gate valves are
designed to allow the seat to be spring-energized by an elastomer that applies constant pressure to
the disk gate seating surface. In the double-disk parallel-seat type, the valve is closed by lowering the
disks from the valve neck to a height equal to that of the valve seats. Once so positioned, an inclined
plane mounted between the two disks converts downward stem force into axial force and presses the
parallel disks firmly against the valve seats sealing the two openings. These types of valve design can
accommodate asymmetric or angularly misaligned valve seats. Parallel gate valves are used in low
pressure drops and low pressures, and where tight shutoff is not an important prerequisite.
Knife valves are a specific type of parallel gate valve. They have a sharp edge on the bottom of the
gate to shear entrained solids or separate slurries.

The through-conduit gate valves have a rectangular closure element. The closure has a circular
opening equal to the full-area flow passageway of the gate valve; as the element is lowered the
opening is exposed to the flow. Raising the element shuts off the flow. In this design the seating
surface of the gate is in contact with the gate at all times.

Advantages
Available in large sizes
Can be used with slurries and viscous
liquids
Used as a shut off valve
Easy to maintain and disassemble
Inexpensive
Inherently fire-safe (when used with a
metal sheet)
Bidirectional

Disadvantages
Low pressure limitations
Slow open and close time
Erosion of the seat and disk can occur
Poor throttling characteristics
Difficult to repair
Should not be used in sanitary applications

Body
The body of a gate valve holds all of the operational parts of the valve. It is connected to the system
with one of the mounting options below. The mounting option should be selected based on the current
system mounting features and the type and size of the media.
Threaded
Compression
fitting
Bolt Flange
Clamp Flange
Union
Tube fitting
Butt weld
Socket
weld/solder
Metal face seal

The valve has internal or external threads for inlet or outlet

connection(s).
A sealed pipe connection without soldering or threading. As the nut on
one fitting is tightened, it compresses a washer around the second pipe,
forming a watertight closure.
The valve has a bolt flange(s) for inlet or outlet connection.
The valve has a clamp flange(s) for inlet or outlet connection.
The valve has a union connection for inlet or outlet connection(s).
The valve has a connection for directly joining tubing at the inlet and/or
outlet connections.
The valve has a butt weld sized connection for inlet or outlet connection.
The valve has a socket weld connection for inlet or outlet connection.
The valve has a metal gasket sandwiched between two fitting parts. The
gasket forms a face seal on each side of the fitting.

Bonnet
The bonnet of a gate valve contains the moving parts and is attached to the valve body. The bonnet
can be removed from the body in order to allow for maintenance and replacing parts.

Trim
The trim of a gate valve contains the functioning pieces of the valve: the stem, the gate, the disc or
wedge, and the seat rings.
Stem - The stem of a gate valve is either a rising stem or a nonrising stem. The stem is responsible
for the proper positioning of the disk. Nonrising stems will almost always have a pointer-type indicator
mounted onto the upper end of the stem to indicate valve position. This configuration protects the
threads from carrying dirt into the packing because the stem threads are held within the boundary of
the valve packing. Rising stems rise out of the flow path when the valve is opened. They can either
have a stem that rises through the handwheel or have a stem that is threaded to the bonnet.
Seat - The seat of a gate valve is either integral with the valve body or in a seat ring type of
configuration. The seat ring construction is either threaded on to the body or pressed into position and

the seal welded to the valve body. Pressed and welded is recommended for higher temperature
applications. Press-in or threaded-in seats permit variation in the seat material verses the material of
the body of the valve.
It is important to consider the size of the valve and system when selecting a gate valve. Gate valves
are linear motion valves and therefore are taller than other manual valves. This is especially true if
the valve uses a rising stem. Most of the time gate valves should be installed horizontally
(perpendicular to the ground) with the manual actuator in the top position. This allows for easy access
for maintenance and replacing parts. Smaller gate valves can be installed in vertical lines, but gravity
tends to pull the valve out of alignment.

3.Globe valve

Globe Valves Information

Show all Globe Valves Manufacturers

As their name suggests, globe valves are linear motion valves with rounded globular
shaped bodies. Since their shape is similar to other valve bodies, positive identification

must be made based on internal piping. Recently globe

valves have lost
their traditional round body-shape. Globe valves have many advantages and
disadvantages for users. They have excellent and precise throttling ability for highpressure systems. The disadvantages include low-flow coefficients and a longer operating
time because the operator must turn the handle and stem many times to ensure the
valve is completely open or completely closed. Globe valves can be used in systems that
require frequent stroking, vacuum, and systems that have a wide range of temperature
extremes.

Find Globe Valves by Specification or See Our Directory of Suppliers

Advantages

Disadvantages

Can be fast-acting

High head loss

Precise control

Large opening for disk assembly

Can be used in high-pressure

systems

Heavier than other valves

Cantilevered mounting of the disk to the stem

Low coefficient of flow
Not good for clean or sterile applications

Globe Valve. Video Credit: CTE Skills.com / CC BY-SA 4.0

Classification
Industrial Valves can be classified in a number of different ways including method of
control and valve function. Globe valves use a linear motion disk and function to start,
stop, and throttle fluid flow.

Method of Control
Globe valves have a disk which can completely open or completely close the flow path.
This is done with the perpendicular movement of the disk away from the seat. The
annular space between the disk and seat ring gradually changes to allow fluid flow
through the valve. As the fluid travels through the valve it changes direction many times
and increases the pressure. In most cases, globe valves are installed with the stem

vertical and the fluid stream connected to the pipe side above the disk. This helps to
maintain a tight seal when the valve is fully closed. When the globe valve is open, the
fluid flows through the space between the edge of the disk and the seat. The flow rate

for the media is determined by the distance between the valve

plug and the valve seat.

Globe Valve Function

Globe valves are commonly used as an on/off valve, but they may be used for throttling
systems. The gradual change in spacing between the disk and seat ring gives the globe
valve good throttling ability. These linear motion valves can be used in a variety of
applications as long as the pressure and temperature limits are not exceeded, and the
process does not require special materials to combat corrosion. Globe valve also have
a smaller chance of damage to the seat or valve plug by the fluid, even if the seat is in
the partially open position.

4.Needle valve

Functions of a needle valve

August 31, 2015 by Sealexcel

Needle valves play an important role in regulating the amount of a

substance released by flow, pressure and direction. Needle valves also have the ability
to shut off the flow entirely. Needle valves resemble globe valves in function and design
except the needle valve has a point rather than a disc at the end of the valve stem.
Like other valves, needle valves play the pivotal role of controlling and regulating the
amount of product released by flow, along with the direction and pressure of the product.
Unlike many other valves, needle valves come with the built in ability to shut off product
flow entirely. When it comes to design, needle valves resemble ball valves a lot with the
exception of a piercing point rather than a disc at the end of the system.
At SEALEXCEL, we are a leading needle valve manufacturer and supplier. The profound
expertise and experience on our team in the industry enables us to deliver valves, pipe
fittings, tube fittings and other equipment that specifically meets our clients needs.
Moreover, with a state of the art facility, we are able to product custom products that are
designed according to client specifications. Give us a call at 0091-22-26788534 to learn
more.

The functions of needle

valves
Needle valves are especially designed to control the flow of liquid or gas products so
that flow can be regulated. It can be increased, decreased or completely shut off. When
it comes to throttle control, needle valves are highly preferred compared to ball valves
due to the smaller seating surface. In addition to this, needle valves also provide ample
protection for fragile gauges that might be prone to damage when high amounts of
pressurized substances are released.