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Test 3
I promise that I will abide by the Virginia Tech Honor Code while taking this test.
Signature
Work each problem on this test copy, then circle the single best answer, and bubble the
corresponding circle on the opscan.
Turn in your opscan and THIS COVER SHEET to receive a grade; you may keep
your test copy, starting with page 3.
IMPORTANT! You MUST correctly bubble your student ID# to obtain a grade on this test!
You MUST also mark the test version on your opscan to receive a grade. Failure to correctly include
your student ID# and /or to enter a test version on your opscan will mean that you will NOT get a
grade on this test!!
Use the blank sheets of paper at the end of the test to draw the necessary Lewis
structures. (These will not be graded, but you will need to refer to them to answer the test
questions.)
Two elements with symbols Q and Z each have seven valence electrons. Which of the
following compounds is most likely to form between these two elements?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
B. NF
C. PF
D. PCl
E. FF
Answer: C. PF
When there is a difference in electronegativity values between two elements in a covalent
bond, the electrons are unequally shared and the bond is polar since there are two distinct
ends: a partially positive end and a partially negative end. The larger the difference in
electronegativity values between the two atoms, the more polar the bond.
Electronegativity values increase up a group in the periodic table and left to right across
the rows. The bond between P and F is the most polar. Of the elements listed, P, O, N,
F and Cl, P has the lowest electronegativity value since it is farthest to the left and
farthest down in a column. Of the elements listed, F has the highest electronegativity
since it is in the upper right corner. Therefore, the electronegativity difference between P
and F will be larger than in any of the other bonds listed.
3.
5.
Covalent bonds are formed between nonmetal elements. Nonmetal elements have high
ionization energy values and so do not lose electrons readily. They have high electron
affinity values so they gain electrons readily. So ionic bonds do not form between two
nonmetals, both of which want to gain electrons. Instead, nonmetal elements share
electrons in covalent bonds. Metal elements have low ionization energy values, low
electron affinity values, and low electronegativity values and are not likely to be involved
in covalent compounds.
6.
Which of the following has polar covalent bonds: O3, MgCl2, PF5, Li3N, CCl4?
A. O3
D. PF5, CCl4
B. MgCl2, Li3N
E. MgCl2, PF5, Li3N, CCl4
A. SF
B. PCl
D. OC
E. NH
C. ClBr
Answer: D. OC
When there is a difference in electronegativity values between two elements in a covalent
bond, the electrons are unequally shared and the bond is polar since there are two distinct
ends: a partially positive end and a partially negative end. The element that is more
electronegative draws the electron cloud towards itself and so has a partial negative
charge while the element that is less electronegative has a partial positive charge.
Polarity is either indicated with a polar arrow that points towards the more
electronegative element or by the lower case Greek letter delta and a + sign for the less
electronegative element and a sign for the more electronegative element.
Electronegativity values increase up a group in the periodic table and left to right across
the rows.
In A and C, the polar arrow correctly points towards the more electronegative F (in A)
and the more electronegative Cl (in C). In B and E, the partial negative charge is
correctly placed over the more electronegative Cl (in B) and the more electronegative N
(in E). But in C, the partial negative charge is incorrectly placed over the oxygen atom
despite the fact that oxygen is more electronegative than C.
8.
B. MgCl2
E. MgS
C. CaCl2
Answer: C. CaCl2
The ionic compound with the greates ionic character would involve a metal and nonmetal
with the largest difference in electronegativity. The larger the difference in
electronegativity values, the more polar (or ionic) the bond.
Electronegativity values increase up a group in the periodic table and left to right across
the rows. Of the metals listed, Ca has the lowest electronegativity. Cl is more
electronegative than S. Therefore the electronegativity difference between Ca and Cl is
larger than in the other compounds listed, so the bonds in CaCl2 are more ionic-like and
less covalent-like.
9.
Which of the following lists the compounds in order of decreasing lattice energy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ions having a charge of +2 and 1 or +1 and 2, MgF2 has the smaller ions and therefore
has the largest lattice energy of these three compounds. The lattice energy of Na2O is
larger than that of K2O since the sodium ion is smaller than the potassium ion.
Use bond energies to calculate the heat of reaction (Hrxn) for the following reaction:
Bond energy:
(kJ/mol)
CC
347
A. 2570 kJ
D. 1695 kJ
CO
799
B. 2223 kJ
E. 2042 kJ
CH
413
OH
467
OO
498
C. 1902 kJ
Answer: E. 2042 kJ
Heat of reaction = energy required to break bonds in reactant molecules (+) + energy
released in bond formation in product molecules ().
Bond energy required to break bonds:
3304 kJ
694 kJ
2490 kJ
6488 kJ
Notice that bond formation releases energy so the values of the bond energies are negative.
Heat of reaction = 6488 + (8530) = 2042 kJ
11.
Answer: B. The bond angles in CF4 are smaller than those in CH4
See the Lewis structures for these species at the end of this test. Since the central carbon
atom in both molecules has four electron regions and each region is a single bond, both
molecules have a tetrahedral geometry with bond angles of 109.5. The electronegativity
difference of a CF bond is 4.0 2.5 = 1.5 while the electronegativity difference in the
CH bond is 2.5 21. = 0.4. So the CF is more polar than the CH bond. Carbon does
have the partial positive charge in CF4 since C is less electronegative than F while carbon
has the partial negative charge in CH4 since C is more electronegative than H.
12.
C. AsF3
Answer: A. BrO2
See the Lewis structures for these substances at the end of the test. XeO4 has 4
electron
regions around the central atom, arranged in a tetrahedral arrangement
with bond angles
of 109.5. H2CO arranges its three electron regions in a trigonal
Which of the following has NO unshared pairs of electrons on the central atom?
A. XeOF4 (Xe is central)
D. ICl4
B. AsF3
E. O3
C. BrO4
Answer: C. BrO4
See the Lewis structures for these species at the end of this test. The central atom I in
ICl4 has two unshared pairs of electrons. As in AsF3, O in O3, and Xe in XeOF4 each
have one unshared pair of electrons. Br in BrO4 has NO unshared pairs of electrons.
16.
Which of the following has an atom that is an exception to the octet rule?
A. AsF3
D. O3
B. HNO (N is central)
E. CO32
C. BrF3
Answer: C. BrF3
Look at the Lewis structures of all of these species at the end of the test. AsF3, HNO,
O3, and CO32 each have atoms with 8 electrons, an octet (remember that for hydrogen,
an octet is only 2 electrons). But in BrF3, the central atom Br has a total of 10
electrons, three shared pairs (bonds) and 2 unshared
pairs of electrons, for an
expanded octet.
17.
B. See-saw
E. Square planar
C. Tetrahedral
corner in the octahedron has an unshared pair of electrons instead of an atom so the
molecular geometry is square pyramid.
19.
Rank the following possible structures of N2O from least important to most important:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
B<A<C
B<C <A
A<B<C
A<C<B
C<B<A
electrons)]
B. I = 0 and Cl = 1
D. I = 3 and Cl = 1
Answer: E. I = 1 and Cl = 0
Formal charge = # of valence electron [# of unshared electrons + (# of shared electrons)]
See the Lewis structure for ICl4 at the end of this test.
I in Group 17 has 7 valence electrons. In the Lewis structure of the ion, I has 4
unshared electrons. I has 4 single bonds (4 shared pairs or 8 shared electrons)
So for I: Formal charge = 7 [4 + (8)] = 7 8 = 1
Cl in Group 17 has 7 valence electrons. In the Lewis structure of the ion, each Cl has
6 unshared electrons (3 unshared pairs). Cl has 1 single bond (1 shared pair or 2
shared electrons).
So for Cl: Formal charge = 7 [6 + (2)] = 7 7 = 0
22.
A. CH
D. CN
B. CC
E. CC
C. CN
Answer: D. CN
In general, double bonds are stronger than single bonds as two electron pairs bond the
two atoms more tightly than just one electron pair in a single bond. Since the N atom has
a smaller radius than a C atom, the CN would be shorter and therefore stronger than the
longer CC bond.
23.
B. SO3
E. PF5
C. AsF3
Answer: B. SO3
Look at the Lewis structures of all of these species at the end of the test. Resonance
structures exist when there is more than one way to draw a Lewis structure for a species.
HCN, AsF3, ICl4, and PF5 have only single bonds and no possibility of resonance. But
an additional bond is needed in the Lewis structure of SO3 since the too many electrons
are used to give an octet to each atom if only single bonds are used. Since there are three
different places to put the extra bond in SO3, there are three possible Lewis structures
and thus resonance structures.
24.
Which of the following has a Lewis structure in which the bond order of all bonds = 1?
A. H2CO (C is central)
D. O3
B. SO3
E. CO
C. XeF5+
Answer: C. XeF5+
Look at the Lewis structures at the end of this test. A single bond has a bond order of 1
(a double bond has a bond order of 2 and a triple bond has a bond order of 3). All of the
choices have a double or triple bond (considering one resonance structure for SO3 and O3)
except for XeF5+, which has only single bonds with a bond order of 1.
25.
B. BrF3
E. XeO3
C. O3
Answer: D. SO3
Look at the Lewis structures of these species at the end of this test. AsF3 and XeO3
each have a central atom with 4 electron regions (3 bonds and 1 unshared pair of
electrons) which will be arranged in a tetrahedral arrangement. One corner of the
tetrahedron is occupied by the unshared pair so the molecular geometry is trigonal
pyramid. The central Br atom in BrF3 has 5 electron regions, 3 bonds and 2 unshared
pairs. The 5 electron regions are arranged in a trigonal bipyramid arrangement. Since
two corners of the trigonal bipyramid do not have an atom, the atoms in the species are
arranged in a T-shaped geometry. The central atom in O3 has 3 electron regions arranged
in a trigonal planar arrangement; one corner of the triangle is occupied by an unshared
pair, so the molecular geometry is bent. The central S atom in SO3 has three electron
regions, all of which are bonds. The geometry is trigonal planar, with an atom in each
corner of the triangle.
26.
What is the value of the COH bond angle and the value of the HCH bond
angles in this molecule, respectively?
A. 90 and 109.5
C. <109.5 and 109.5
E. < 180 and 109.5
27.
28.
B. XeO3
E. BrO2
C. ICl4
Answer: B. XeO3
See the Lewis structures for these substances at the end of the test.BrF3is T-shaped,
which is a planar or flat geometry; BrO2 is bent which is also planar. H2CO is
trigonal planar, which is flat and ICl4 is square planar which is also flat. But XeO3
has a trigonal pyramidal geometry which is not a flat geometry
29.
The central atom in a molecule is surrounded by five electron groups (or five regions or
five structural units) and is bonded to four surrounding atoms through single bonds.
The molecular geometry is
A. trigonal pyramid
D. trigonal bipyramid
B. see-saw
E. square pyramid
C. T-shaped
Answer: B. see-saw
A molecule with a central atom that has five electron regions will arrange those regions
in a trigonal bipyramid. If the central atom has only four bonds, one corner of the
trigonal bipyramid must be occupied by an unshared electron pair. The molecular
geometry is then see-saw.
30.
Which of the following is the best description of the bond angle in O3?
A. 180
D. 109.5
B. 120
E. slightly < 109.5