Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(CGE577)
1
CHAPTER 6:
CEMENTING
(PART I)
20/05/2014 15:52
CONTENTS
2
Cement Additives
Cementing Equipments
Cementing Operations & Procedure
Evaluation of cement
Cementing Calculation
Lesson Objectives
3
INTRODUCTION
4
FUNCTIONS OF CEMENTING
6
Support for the wellbore walls (in conjunction with the casing) to
Class C
Up to 6000 ft depth
High early strength cement
Class D
Use from 6000 ft to 10,000 ft
Known as retarded cement
Moderately high temperature and
pressure
Available in moderate and high
sulphate resistance types
Class E & F
Use from 10,000 ft to 16,000 ft
Known as retarded cement
Available in moderate and high sulphate
resistance types
Good for deep wells under extreme
HPHT condition
Premium cement because of its high cost
Class G & H
Up to 8000 ft depth
General purpose cement
Can be modified using additives to suit
application
Widely used
Component
Formula
Trade
Name
Amount Function
Tricalcium
silicate
3CaO.SiO2
C3S
50%
Dicalcium
Silicate
2CaO.SiO2
C2S
25%
Tricalcium
Aluminate
3CaO.Al2O3
C3A
10%
C4AF
10%
Tetracalcium
4CaO. Al2O3.
Aluminoferrite Fe2O3
20/05/2014 15:52
Class
Mixwater
gal/sack
Slurry Weight
Lbs/gal
5.2
15.6
5.2
15.6
6.3
14.8
4.3
16.4
4.3
16.4
4.3
16.2
5.0
15.8
4.3
16.4
If not enough,
Slurry density and viscosity increases
Pumpability will decrease
Less volume of slurry will be produced
from each sack of cement
11
Compressive Strength
20/05/2014 15:52
20/05/2014 15:52
20/05/2014 15:52
16
Water Loss
Water can lost from slurry before it reaches the intended place during
hydration. If the water lost is high, the slurry viscosity will increase and
pumpability will decrease.
Its amount can be tolerated depending on type of cement job and cement
slurry formulation
Under standard laboratory conditions (1000 psi filter pressure, with a 325
mesh filter) a slurry for a squeeze job should give a fluid loss of 50 - 200 cc.
For a primary cement job 250 - 400 cc is adequate.
Corrosion resistance
Permeability of cement
Permeability of set cement should be the lowest possible (must be less than
0.1 mD)
The following factors influence the permeability of the set
CEMENT ADDITIVES
18
The eight classes of API cement above are used for wells with
Accelerators
Retarders
Fluid Loss reducers
Weighting materials
Lost circulation materials
Accelerators
Retarders
CEMENT
ADDITIVES
Lost Circulation
Materials
To combat cement slurry lost
into formation
Fluid Loss
To minimize amount of water loss
from cement slurry
Organic polymers, dispersants
and synthetic polymers
Weighting Agents
To increase cement slurry density
Barite, ilmenite, hematite
Dispersant
To improve the flow properties of the slurry by
lowering the viscosity of the slurry.
Eg: Polymers, Calcium lignosulphanate
Primary Cementing
PRIMARY CEMENTING
22
Primary cementing is a process whereby the borehole is
SECONDARY CEMENTING
23
SECONDARY CEMENTING
24
Plug back cementing
Squeeze cementing
An improved method for cementing large diameter casing. Cement the casing
through drillpipe/tubing rather than casing itself .
The drill pipe is stabbed directly into the float shoe or collar and cement is pumped
through the drill pipe (stinger) until returns reach surface.
Recommended for large diameter casing more than 13-3/8 such as conductor and
surface casing.
Liner Cementing
Liners are run on drillpipe and therefore the conventional cementing techniques
cannot be used for cementing liner.
CEMENTING EQUIPMENT
26
Guide shoe
27
28
Diaphragm of the bottom plug will ruptures, allowing cement slurry to flow
pressure rises
The increase in pressure indicates cement is fully in place and the pump
closes and keeps the cement from flowing back up the casing
Prepared by: Mrs. Arina binti Sauki