Modern Digital Communication-2016

Mid-Semester Exam Solutions

Q1)
a) For a 802.11 a wireless LAN, find the data rate for an OFDM system using 16-ary QAM and
1/2 rate convolutional coding.
Solution:
Code rate = 1/2
Number of data sub-carriers in IEEE WLAN 802.11a standard = 48
Modulation type: 16-ary QAM
OFDM symbol time = 4 s
Number of coded bits per symbol = log216 = 4
Hence the transmission rate can be given as:
1/2
4 48
= 48

= 24 .
1 1
4 106
b) Show that the IEEE WLAN using OFDM has a frame duration is 4 sec
Solution:
Total number of samples for OFDM symbol time = 64 subcarriers + 16 (length of cyclic prefix)= 80.
The bandwidth of the channel = 20 MHz
Frame duration = 80/(20 x 106) = 4 s.
c) Find the probability that PAPR exceeds a threshold
Solution:
Let the PAPR be ,
It is known that, PAPR is Chi-squared distributed,
1

=> < =

1

0

= 1 e

=> = 1 [ < ] = 1 (1 e

)N ,

where N is the total number of samples.

d) Relate X(n) with x(n) , where X(n) and x(n) represent frequency-domain and time-domain
samples of an OFDM signal, n = 0,1.(N-1).
Solution:
x(n) = IFFT of X(n).
i.e. =

1
2
.
=0 ()

Q2)
a) A received complex signal is given by r(t) = x(t) + j y(t), where x(t) and y(t) are zero-mean
Gaussian variates each with variance 2 = 2. Write down the expression of the pdf of the
envelope | r(t)|.
Solution:
| r(t)| is a Rayleigh variate.

Put 2 = 2 in the above expression.

(b) Define coherence bandwidth of a wireless channel. Write the conditions for a wireless channel to
be frequency flat as well as time flat.
Coherence Bandwidth: Range of frequencies over which the channel has constant gain and has a linear
phase response.
When the signal bandwidth (Bs) is less than the coherence bandwidth (Bc) of the channel, then the
channel is known as Frequency flat channel.
Similarly, if the symbol period (Ts) is less than the coherence time of the channel, then the channel is
known as Time flat channel.

(c) Define Rice parameter K. Draw the baseband equivalent model of a Rician channel with Doppler.

Fig. 1. Low pass Equivalent of the Rician Channel Model with Doppler

(d) Consider a 7-path uniformly distributed power delay profile P and assume that p(1) = p(2)
= p(3) =p(7) = P and 1 = 0, 2 = , 3 = 2 etc. Find E().
Solution:
= .

Q3)
a) Provide an analytical expression of the low-pass envelope of the multi-path signals at the
receiver input in a wireless channel suffering channel attenuation, delay and Doppler effects.

b) Which fading distribution describes well the following channel effects:

(i) Shadowing effect
(ii) Short-term and the long-term fading together.
Solution:
(i) Log-normal distribution
(ii) Suzuki distribution
c) For a wireless channel, E( 2 ) = 8 sec2 and E() = 2 sec. Find the maximum data rate the
channel can transmit without any significant ISI.
Solution:

d) The capacity for an OFDM system is given by:

= . 2
Define j , o and B. How do you get the value of o ?
Solution:
j : SNR of the jth sub-channel
o : Cut-off value of the SNR
B: Bandwidth of the channel
To get the value of o, use the constraint:

1=

1
1

Q4)
a) Define PAPR and the crest factor for an OFDM signal.
Solution:
PAPR is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of a signal. It is given by:

Crest factor, C, of an OFDM signal is defined as:

In the above two equations, x(t) is signal amplitude and E[.] denotes the expectation operator.
b) Draw the transmitter configuration of the OFDM system in IEEE 802.11 WLAN.
Solution:

Interleaver

Figure 2: The OFDM transmitter in IEEE 802.11 WLAN

c) Find the value of PAPR for a signal x(t) = A sin (2t/T).

Solution:

=
=>

=>

A sin(2t/T) 2
A sin(2t/T) 2
2

sin(2t/T) 2

2
2
2

=> 2

d) What are the major disadvantages of a high PAPR OFDM system?

Solution:
Large PAPR in OFDM reduces efficiency and increases the cost of RF amplifier.
In-band distortion, i.e. constellation tilting and scattering
Out of band radiations
Mandates large input back-off thereby reducing the power efficiency
Needs higher dynamic range, additional complexity, high cost as well as power burden for
both DAC/ADC,