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Planning:
1. Location of C O:
In every change in direction.
All horizontal pipes.
At every 15 feet of pipe.
Provision of individual ventillation connected to ypur VSTR.
Traps:
House trap.
Grease trap.
Seal trap.
Soil pipe/waste pipe.
Offset.
Water supply:
Location of main line.
Prohibition use of cross T.
Provision of air chamber.
Use of valves.
3 types of water distribution:
Upfeed system.
Downfeed system (gravity).
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Zoning system.
Pipe lengths:
Brass pipe: 20 feet.
PVC: 10 to 20 feet.
RSC: 10 to 20 feet.
G I: 20 feet.
C I: 5 feet.
Cement: 1 meter.
3 available private disposal system:
Cess pool.
Septic tank or vault.
Privy.
Public sewer line.
Public sewer line:
Trunk line.
Tributary.
Septic tank. decompose raw sewage in 2 process:
Sedimentation.
Anaeboric decomposition.
Sludge. creates bacteria to create anaerobic.
Construction and location of septic tank:
15 meters away from potable water.
Must have an inlet and outlet made of sanitary Y.
Minimum water content depth of 1.20 meters for proper reduction of organic materials, with a total
depth of 1.50 meters.
Dimension of a septic tank: 0.75 by 1.5 by 1.20 meters.
Technical data:
Minimum width: 0.90.
Minimum length: 1.50.
Minimum depth: 1.20.
Residential: 0.14 to 0.17 meter cube per person.
12 persons, not more than 2.0 meters cube.
School, commercial, industrial: 0.057 meter cube to .086 meter cube per person.
Manhole has intervals of 75 meters to 150 meters, with a diameter of .90 to 1.20 meters. And is
protuded 15 centimeters from surface to overcome water infiltration.
Types of waste:
Black: feces.
Grey: soap.
White: rain water.
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2 types of standpipes:
Dry.
Wet.
Types of vents:
Wet vent. for water.
Dry vent. for air.
Types of tanks:
Suction type tank.
Pneumatic tank.
Elevated tank.
House tank.
P traps:
Common seal trap: 50 millimeter depth between overflow and dip, used in lavatories.
Deep seal trap. 75 to 100 millimeters depth between overflow and dip, used in sinks.
Moldex uses the O-ring.
Septic tank. cannot be outside property line and inside house, position next to last fixture served,
good in laundry area.
Aeration process. one method to separate waste from water in a public filtering system.
To prevent leakage from treaded connection use teflon, for flange type use gusset.
A device which introduces air into an existing stream of water, aerator fitting.
A backflow preventor is a device to prevent backflow into a potable water supply.
A plumbing fixture used especially for washing the middle parts of the body, bidet/prosterior.
A blank flange is a flange that is not drilled.
A back vent is a vent connecting one or more individual vents with a VS or a SV.
A drain that convey storm water to a satisfactory terminal, catch basin.
A gate valve or service cock, corporatin cock.
House drain is a system of horizontal piping inside a building that extends and connects with the
house sewer. 2 types:
Combine drain. (sanitary and storm).
Sanitary drain.
Drum trap is a special equipment used on plumbing fixtures that discharge large volume of water.
Self closing faucet, faucets are used when it is descred that the flow of water is stopped automatically
upon release of the pressure of the hand.
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The most common form of iron found in spring and well water is ferrous bicarbonate (a colorless salt).
In tall buildings, sprinklers can be supplied with water from elevated storage tank.
Fire extinguishment is normally accomplished by absorption of heat by carbon monoxide and
reduction of temperature.
The fire code of the philippines was created under the P D 1185.
Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard, abatement.
It is not prefferable to use short radius fittings on soil branches for making changes in direction.
A flush valve is a type of plumbing accessories.
In sewerage system pipe should be installed with a grade of 1 4th inch per foot.
Water supply outlets usually installed outside the building, hose bib.
The principal use of hydropneumatic tank is for air under pressure storage.
Caulking and threading are 2 different methods of connecting pipes and fittings.
A manhole is an access chamber for underground piping.
G I pipes used for water lines are commonly manufactured in length of 20 feet.
Water pressure instrument, pressure gauge.
A plastic pipe for hot and cold water, PVDC pipes.
A water pump most commonly used for elevation of waste, sump pump.
Roughing-in is the installation of all parts of plumbing sustem which can be completed prior to the
installation of fixtures.
Small particle of smoke can be detected in less than a minute.
Wet and dry fire water pipes are called standpipe.
Siamese is a wye connection.
Integrated network of hydraulic design piping system, sprinkler system.
Responsible of fire code, director general.
Sanitary and industrial plumbing water piping inside building and premises shall conform to the
provisions of national plumbing code.
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The design, construction, and operation of deepwells for abstraction of groundwater sources shall be
subjected to the provisions of the water code of the Philippines.
The quality of drinking water from meteoric surfaces and underground sources shall conform to the
criteria set forth by National Standards of Drinking water.
Sanitary sewages from buildings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial waste water shall be
discharged directly to the nearest street sanitary sewer main in accordance with the criteria set in the
code of sanitation and the national pollution control commission.
All pipe materials to be used in buildings shall conform to the standard specs of the Philippine
standard council (PSC).
Electrical plans and specifications below 20 outlets or a capacity of 4 kw up to 600 v shall be signed
and sealed by duly licensed master electrician.
U A P is duly accredited for architects while the following:
Civil engineers. P I C E (Philippine institute of civil engineers).
Mechanical engineers. P S M E (Philippine society of mechanical engineers).
Electrical engineers. I I E E (institue of integrated electrical engineer).
Master plumbers. NAMPAP.
Color coding:
Water line. blue.
Electrical. red, orange, light gray.
Sanitary. Orange, brown.
All electrical system, equipment and installlation mentioned in the code shall conform to the provision
of the Philippine ekectrical code, as adopted by the board of electrical engineering persuant to R A
184 otherwise known as the electrical engineering law.
All mechanical systems, equipment and installation mentioned in this code shall conform to the
provisions of the philippine mechanical engineering code, as adopted by the board of mechanical
engineering pursuant to Commonwealth Act number 294 as amended, otherwise known as the
Mechanical engineering law.
Industrial establishment shall be provided with positive noise abatement devices to tone down the
noise level of equipment and machineries to acceptable limits set down by the department of labor
and the national pollution control commission.
In the application form for mechanical, electrical, and sanitary/plumbing permits, the Professional in
charge shall sign and seal and write in the box the following:
PRC registration number.
Full name in print.
PTR number.
Address of P I C (professional in charge).
PTR date/place of issue.
T I N.
In applying for electrical wiring permit, the required are:
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Smokestacks shall have a minimum rise above the eaves of any building of 5 meters.
The temperature and humidity of the air for comfortable cooling is to be maintained at 68 to 74
degrees fahrenheit.
HVAC. heating and ventilating air conditioning.
Piping under steam division of a high pressure pipe is white.
Fresh water pipe is blue.
Fire design ladder should be fixed position in interval not exeeding 6 meters.
Exterior way of exit access so arrange there is no dead-end arranged in 6 meters.
A cable provided with a metal wrapping is called armored cable.
The current in amperes a conductor can carry continously without exceeding it temperature is called
ampacity.
A sheet metal enclosure for conductors, cables and bus bars at switch boards, meter centers,
distribution centers and similar points are called auxiliary gutter.
The latest edition of the Philippine electrical code, part 1 is dated 1973.
Ratio of maximum demand to the total connected to a system is ca;;ed demand factor.
The final decision over any contraversy of the electrical code is vested upon the board of electrical
engineering.
Electric motor. transform electric to mechanical energy.
Fuse. an over current protective device w circuit opening fusible material.
Fuse holder. device to support a fusible link and to complete the contact between fusible link and
fuse clips.
Guy wire. tension member usually of galvanized wire.
Flashover. a disruptive charge around or over the surface of a solid or liquid insulator.
Ground. place a conducting current to the earth.
Lamp. generic term for artificial source of light.
Lighting outlet. direct connection of a lampholder.
Type 2 building under NBC shall be fire resistive for 1 hour.
Cross bar. device half the width of door leaf which opens the door when subjected to pressure.
Condenser. where vaporized refrigerants is liquified.
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Minimum clear height of a window type aircon at grounfd floor is 2.13 meters.
International access signs have white graphics on blue blackground.
NBC allows circular stairs as exit if minimum width of run is not less than 250 millimeters.
Service connection line. connects horizontal main to water service meter.
Fixtures. recieve and discharge water into the drainage system.
The minimum size of trap and branches allowed for bath tub is 2 inches diameter.
Riser. a potable water supply that extend vertically one full storey or more to convey water to
branches and fixtures.
In buildings, water supply for fire fighting must meet:
Be part of domestic supply of building.
Be added to domestic supply of building.
Not required if fire hydrant is within 100 meters.
Fire damper is also called smoke damper which can also be smoke damper serve as fire damper.
Each door in a means of egress shall not be 70 centimeter.
Plumbing code provisions:
All roof extension of soil and waste stack should run full size at least 0.30 meters above the roof.
Other than weather protection, not less than 2.5 meters above the roof.
If there are doors, windows, scuttle, air chafts distance edge to edge is 3 meters.
Usual trouble in pipes is in its fittings.
Rendering a pipe waterproof, caulking.
Cast iron in length of 5 feet.
Pipe of sanitary drainage, cast iron and PVC.
Enlarged part of pipe to receive another end, hub.
Connection of sprinkler to ceiling:
Distance between sprinklers, 3 meters.
Area covered by a sprinkler, 9 square meters.
Electricity:
From NBC:
Lines must be 10 to 7.5 meters in height from sidewalk.
Poles not less than 5 meters from fire hydrant.
Poles not less than 150 meters from a curb.
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For building over 15 meters in height there must be 2 to 2.5 meters open from face of building to pole
for ladders.
Conductors over 3oo volts shall not be carried near the ground surface unless guarded or made
unaccessible.
Lines must clear from building surface of no less than .075 meters.
Lines passing over roofs and building tops must have clearance of 1 to 3 meters.
Service drop clearance over roof must not be less than 2.5 meters.
Service drop must not be less than 3 meters from ground.
There should be 2 services by law.
Fees are 5 pesos for permit of pole and installation of pole.
Approved. acceptable to the authority enforcing the code.
Electricity. electric phenomena manisfectation.
Atoms:
Electron. negative.
Proton. positive.
Neutron. neutral.
2 general classes:
Dynamic electricity (electromagnetic). flows through a substance, over its surface in the form of
electric current.
Static electricity (static/electrostatic).
Accessible. not permanently closed in by the structure or finish of the building; capable of being
removed without disturbing the building structure or finish. Admitting close approach because not
guarded by locked doors, elevation, or other effective means.
Electric current. electric flow in an electric current (amperage) expressed in amperes.
Electric circuit. electric path composed of a conductor or of several conductors and conducting
electric devices joined together through which an electric current flows when the path is completed
and an EMF is applied.
Circuit diagram. diagram that represent an electric circuit on papers.
Chase. a recess built in wall to receive piping and wiring.
Mica. best heat insulators.
Electromotive force (EMT). the force without cause (or tend to cause) the movement of electricity in a
conductor.
Electro magnet.
Close circuit (complete). connected to form a continous path from the source of current back to the
same point.
Open circuit (broken or incomplete). conducting elements are disconnected as to prevent the flow of
electricity.
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RSC.
IMC.
EMT. electrical metallic tubing.
Flexible metal conduit.
Aluminum conduit.
Non-metallic conduit.
Exposed metallic raceways.
RSC. Rigid steel conduit.
IMC. Metallic conduit.
Conduits should be supported every 3 to 15 feet.
Alternator. a generator of AC is produced by the turning of its rotor, a device for generating an
alternating EMF, for high voltage equipments.
Generator. a machine that converts mechanical energy (power) into electical energy (power).
Motor. a machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Battery. combination of 2 or more electric cell capable of storing and supplying direct current by
electro-chemical means, 2 distinct classes:
Primary battery. deliver electricity as soon as the parts are assembled or put together provided that it
is connected in a circuit.
Secondary/storage battery. electricity from some external source (rechargable).
Nickel-cadnium cell. has gained considerable popularity.
Electrical system of building: (main component/system component) 3 categories:
Wiring. includes conductors and raceways of all types.
Conductors. a wire cable or device offering low resistance to the flow of electric current or other form
of metal suitable for carrying currents, examples: copper cable.
Insulator. a material that stops transfer of herts/power of the electric current, resists heat.
Raceways. channel designed expressly for holding wires, cables, bustors.
Equipments. general term including fittings devices, appliance fixtures, apparatus used as part of, or
in connection with an electrical installation.
Appliances. is a utilization equipment, generally other than industrial, normally built in standardized
sizes or types, which is installed or connected as a unit to perform one or more functions; current
consuming equipments. Types: a. Fixed.
Portable.
Stationary.
Wires and cables:
Flexible metal clad cable (FC). A C flexible armored cable.
Metal clad (MC). services, feeders, branch circuits, circuits, exposed/concealed indoors/outdoors
works.
Feeders. cables that goes into a building.
Non-metallic sheated cable.
Conductor for general wiring. most common building wire, copper wire, example: TW wire
(thermoplastic/PVC).
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2. Hydraulic: (parts):
Car or cab.
Control system.
Elevator pit.
Shaft or hoistway.
Plunger.
Elevator machine room.
Guide rail.
Guide shoes.
Spring buffer.
Floor stop and limit switch.
Creepage and leveling cam switch.
Car gate switch.
Controller.
Motor and pump with tank.
Parts of an elevator:
Electrical, mechanical room.
Hoistway/shaft.
Pit.
Penthouse.
Tension sheave.
Counterweight.
Travel.
Oil and spring buffer.
Guide rail.
Car platform.
Car.
Cable socket.
Dovetail joints.
Cable.
Machine beam.
Elevator machine.
MG set.
Counter weight. weight of car and 40 % of its weight of car capacity.
Freight elevators: (for hoisting and lowering equipments).
Dumb waiter. no passengers, just equipments.
Plunger elevator. using piston (for heavy loads).
Sidewalk elevator. from sidewalk level going down only.
Freight elevators. one person plus equipments.
System of elevator selection of operation:
Push button control. caters those who called first and push first.
Collective control. collects all ups and downs.
Electronic supervisory collective dispatching and control. use for high rise building with constant
traffic (service specific number and level of floors).
Consideration of elevator selection:
Types of use or occupancy.
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Types of aircon:
Unitary type/package type. depends on refrigerants as their cooling method.
Advantages:
Control is at hand of the occupant or tenant.
Cooling towers, chillers, pumps, pipings are avoided, saving space.
Disavantages:
Noise (creates sound).
Room units have shorter life than central plants.
Systems: 1/4 to 3 horsepower: a. Unit type.
Through the wall.
Window type.
Package type A C system:
Needs from 3 tons to 100 tons (1 ton to 1 horsepower).
Location: where there is running water.
Centralized air conditioning system:
Have a machine/air conditioning room.
Bigger space to be airconditioned.
3. Needs a duct wall.
3 to 10 changes of air per hour at .45 cubic meter per minute.
Most common systems:
Air to refrigerants to air. room air is cooled by contact with cool refrigerants and then becomes warm.
Warm refrigerants is then cooled by contact with outside air.
Air to refrigerant to water to air. if air-cooled condensers are not available, therefor cooling is needed.
Thus this will take thye water that has removed the heat from hot refrigerant and give heat to outdoor
air.
Ait to water to refrigerant to water. complete heat transfer/most economical.
System of distribution:
Air to air.
Air to air.
Chemical/refrigerants:
Ammonia.
Freon 11 and 12.
System of airconditioning:
Cooling by compressive refrigeration.
Cooling by absorption.
Thermoelectric cooling.
Thermostat. device which respond to change of temperature and directly or indirectly controls it.
Hydrostat/humidistat. a device which measures the degree of moisture in air.
Relay. electrical device which protects and controls the thermostat, uses electrical energy to amplify
or convert power of a thermostat.
Air lock. a space which is designed to isolate an air conditioned space from another space which it is
connected. A space which is designed to isolate an air conditioned space from another space to
which it is connected.
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Air velocity. a quantity which donates the instantaneous time rate and direction of air motion.
Pressure regulator. instrument sensitive to changes in pressure.
Control valve. any valve used to regulate fluid flow.
Compressor. a machine that draws vaporized refrigerants from the evaporator at a low pressure,
compact it, and then discharge it to a condenser.
Accumulator. a vessel whose volume is used to reduce pulsation in a refrigerant circuit.
Cooling tower. a structure on the roof of a building over which water is circulated, so as to cool it
evaporatively by contact of air.
Condenser. a heat exchange device in a refrigeration system; consist of a vessel or arrangement of
pipes or tubing in which refrigerant vapor is liquified by the removal of heat.
Evaporator. that part of a refrigeration system in which refrigerant is vaporized; thereby taking up
external heat and producing cooling.
Adiabatic saturation. water to unsaturated air to increase humidity ratio.
Humidity ratio. weight of actual water vapor over pounds of dry air.
Dew point. temperature when water vapor becomes saturated and turn to water.
Dry bulb temperature. temperature of vapor in fahrenheit thermometer, temperature of a gas or
mixture of gases indicated by an accurate thermometer after correction for radiation.
Wet bulb temperature. the temperature at which liquid or solid water, by evaporation into air, can
bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature.
Enthalphy. BTU per minute in fluid or gas.
Psychrometer. instrument to determine moisture in air.
Relative humidity. saturation of water vapor present in air.
Sensible heat. changing temperature without changing its state.
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC):
Heat and temperature:
Sensible heat. heat through touch.
Absolute temperature. below freezing point.
Pyometer. device for extremely high temperature.
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Conductivity. defined as the number of BTUH that flow through one squar foot of materiaL one inch
thick when the temperature drop through the material under conditions of steady heat flow is one
degree Fahrenheit.
Enthalpy. the total heat in the mixture measured above zero degree Fahrenheit, including the latent
heat of water vapor.
Plenum. an air conditioning compartment maintained under a pressure slightly above atmospheric
and connected to one or more distribution duets.
Incinerator. a furnace for consuming waste by fire.
Pressure regulator. instrument sensitive to change in pressure.
Parts of a package type air cond:
Motor out.
Air filter.
Grille.
Evaporator.
Motor in.
Compressor.
Fan and blower.
Viscous filter.
Distribution grille. 10 Condenser.
Heating, ventilation, and airconditioning. process of treating air to control its temperature.
Heat transmission:
Conductor. transfer of heat from a place of higher temperature to a place of a lower temperature.
Convection. transfer of heat by motion of the particle of the heated substance itself.
Radiation. process of transmitting rays of heat by passing through air.
Common heat distribution system:
1. Burner/boiler. source of heating.
Common methods of distributing heat:
Forced circulation of warm air.
Hot water.
Latent heat. heat due to changing state of that substance.
Latent heat of evaporation. change is from liquid to gaseous state.
Latent heat of fusion. change is from solid to the liquid/liquid to the solid state.
Acoustics: the science of sound, including the generation, transmission, and effect of sound waves.
3 elements:
Sound source: desirable and undesirable.
Path. transmission of sound.
Receiver.
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Sound:
Objective: flunctuation in pressure, a particle displacement in an elastic medium like air.
Subjective: auditory sensation evoked by the physical fluctuation.
Parts of sound:
Frequency.
Velocity.
Wavelength.
Frequency. Pressure fluctuation per second; rate of repetition of a periodic phenomenon (determines
the pitch of a sound); number of displacement or ascillations that a particle undergoes in one second;
unit of frequency: Hertz = cps (cycle per second); the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch;
normal ear responds to sounds within the audio frequency range of about 20 to 20,000 hertz.
Multitudes of frequency (components):
Low.
Medium.
High.
C P S. cycle per second, frequency per second.
Focusing. concave dome sound reflection.
Foci. sound foci, focusing.
Wavelength. the distance a sound wave travels during each complete cycle of vibration; the distance
between layers of compression; wavelength = speed of sound / frequency (f/m).
Characteristics of sound:
Cycle. full circuit by the particle.
Amplitude. maximum displacement of a particle to either side of its normal position during vibration.
Pure tone. one enrgy, one frequency; simplest kind of sound because it is composed entirely of a
single frequency.
Musical tone. combination of many pure tones.
Velocity. sound travels at a velocity that depends primarily on the elasticity and density of the
medium.
Magnitudes of sound:
Sound power. (w) sound power in watts.
Sound intensity. power radiated in a specified direction through unit area normal to this direction.
Sound pressure. variation from normal atmosphere pressure.
Decibel. unit of sound (in terms of magnitude); a dimensionless unit for expressing the ratio of 2
numerical values on a logarithmic scale.
Sabin, sabine. sound absorption unit as called in honor of a pioneer in architectural acoustics; unit of
sound in the term of reverberation.
Flutter. buzzing or clicking sound; rapid succession of reflected soundwaves resulting from a single
initial sound pulse.
Diffusion. ray diagramming; reflected sound from convex surfaces; Sound level is everywhere the
same.
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Echo. reflected sound; a sound wave reflected or otherwise returned with sufficient magnitude and
delay so as to be perceived as a sound distinct from the directly transmitted sound.
Reflection. the reflection of sound from a surface.
Background noise.
Masking noise (acoustic perfume).
Noise. unwanted sound.
Decay time. reverberation time.
Reverberation. Prolonged sound; persistaence of sound after the source has stopped; due to
repeated reflections of the sound remaining between the enclosing surface.
Structural noise. structural borne transmission.
Air borne noise. air borne transmission.
Absorption. sound energy being absorbed.
The best sound absorber is people.
Generation. is the source of sound.
Creep. sound reflected from a curved surface.
Focusing. occurs when sound waves are reflected from concave surfaces and build up.
Attenuation factor. used to describe the room to room noise reduction of a particular construction.
Impact transmission. what happens when a structure is in direct contact with a vibrating source or is
struck by an impulsive force.
Materials can be absorptive or reflective.
Fire safety:
Fire and smoke proof passages.
Standpipe locations.
Accessibility for the disabled.
Mechnical equipments:
Absorber. device containing for refrigerant vapor/vapors.
Acceleration. the derivative of velocity with time.
Accumulation:
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Appliance. a utilization equipment, generally industrial, built-in, standard form and size, installed as a
unit to perform one or more function. (such as washing, cooking, mixing, etceteras).
Askarel. a synthetic non-flammable insulating liquid, which when decomposed by electric arc,
evolves only non-flammable gaseous mixture.
Branch circuit. is that portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final overcurrent device
protecting the circuit. Types:
Appliance. only for appliances.
General purpose. for appliances and lights.
Individual. for one equipment only.
Building. a solitary structure that stands alone from other structures divided by open space or by fire
walls.
Circuit breaker. a device to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means, and to open the circuit
automatically or a predetermined overload of current, without injury to itself when properly applied to
its rating.
Concealed. rendered in accessible by the structure or finish of the building wires in concealed
raceways are considered concealed even though they may become accessible by withdrawing them.
Connector, pressure. (solderless) a pressure wire connector is a device which establishes the
connection between 2 or more conductors or between 1 or more conductors and a terminal by means
of mechanical pressure and without the use of solder.
Continuous load. a load where the maximum current is expected to continue for 3 hours or more.
Controller. a device/devices, which serves to govern in a predetermined manner, the electric power
delivered to the apparatus to which it is connected.
Demand factor. is the ratio of the maximum demand of the system, or part of a system under
consideration.
Disconnecting means. a device or group od devices, or other means of which the conductor of a
circuit can be disconnected from their source of supply.
Duty, continuous. intermittent duty is a requirement of service that demands operation for alternate
intervals of:
Load and no load.
Load and rest.
Load, no load, and rest.
Exposed. not concealed, a live part can be inadvertently touched or approached nearer than a safe
distance by a person. It is applied to parts not suitable guarded, isolated or insulated.
Feeder. is the circuit conductors between the service equipment and the branch circuit overcurrent
device.
Ground. a conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between and electrical circuit or
equipment and earth, or some conducting body which serves in place of the earth.
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Switchboard. a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels, on which are mounted, on the face
or back or both, switches, overcurrent, and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments.
Thermal cut-out. an overcurrent protective device which contains a heater element in addition to and
affecting a renewable fusible member whichs opens the circuit. It is not designed to interrupt short
circuit currents.
Ampere. unit of current when 6.251 Ao8 electrons pass a given cross section in one second.
Volt. unit of electrical potential.
OHM. unit of resistance due to friction in the conductor for direct current (DC), unit of impedance due
to friction in the conductor for alternating current circuit (A C).
Electric circuit. as a complete conducting current from one source of electricity to and through some
electrical device and back to the source.
Direct current (DC). when flow of electric current takes place at constant time rate.
Alternating current (A C). when the flow of current is periodically varying in time rate and in direction.
Pulsating current (PC or RC). when alternating current is rectified or change to direct current.
Series curcuit. all separate parts of the circuit carry the same current.
Parallel circuit. when more than one branch of a circuit is connected between the same 2 points.
Abbreviations:
DS. downspout.
FD. floor drain.
CB. catch basin.
CISP, DH. cast iron soil pipe, double hub.
CISP, SH. cast iron soil pipe, single hub.
Duplex convinient outlet, F M.
Duplex cinvenient outlet, S M.
D C O, WP. duplex convenient outlet, weather proof.
VSTR. vent stack through roof.
PVC. plasticized polyvinyl
chloride.
PS. product safety.
GIP. galvanized iron pipe, grade
30 minimum.
ASTM.American system testing
material.
FM. floor mounted or flush
mounted.
surface mounted.
Polyvinyl chloride.
cast iron soil pipe.
registered master plumber.
SM.
PVC.
CISP.
RMP.
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NAMPAP.
CLFS. Chief of the local fire service.
CAA. civil aeronautic administration (height
clearance in airports).
PPA. Philippine ports authority.
NPCC. National pollution control commission.
RSC. Rigid steel conduit.
Ckt. circuit.
KVA. Kilovolt per ampere.
KWA. Kilowatt per ampere.
PEE. Professional electrical engineer.
IIEE. Institute of intigrated electrical engineer.
BTU. British thermal unit.
PME. Professional mechanical engineer.
PSME.
RHW. Moisture and heat resistant rubber.
T.
Thermoplastic.
TW. Moisture resistant thermoplastic.
THW. Moisture and heat resistant thermoplastic.
THHN. Heat resistant thermoplastic.
THWN.Moisture and heat resistant thermoplastic.
XHHN. Moisture and heat resistant cross-linked
thermosetting polythylene.
SA.
Silicone-asbestos.
AVA. Asbestos and varnish Cambric.
Brand names:
PVC:
Atlanta.
Emerald.
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Kitz.
Clayton.
Keystone.
Symbols:
Toyo.
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Push button:
Smoke fire alarm:
Buzzer bell:
Bell:
Annunciator:
Outside telephone:
Interconnecting telephone:
Telephone switchboard: Telephone outlet:
Bell-ringer transformer:
Maid's single plug:
Interconnection box:
Battery:
Motor:
Main connecting switch:
Electric door opener:
Surge arrester:
Lightning arrester:
Ground:
Fuse cutout:
Push Button:
Duzzer:
Bell:
Annunciator:
Outside Telephone:
Interconnecting Telephone:
Telephone Switchboard:
Bell Ringing Transformer:
Electric Door Opener:
Fire Alarm Bell:
Fire Alarm Station:
City Fire Alarm Station:
Fire Alarm Central Station:
Automatic Fire Alarm Device: Watchman's Station:
Watchman's Central Station:
Horn:
Nurse's Signal Plug:
Maid's Signal Plug:
Radio Outlet:
Signal Central Station:
Interconnection Box:
Battery:
Auxiliary System Circuits:
Panels, circuit, and miscellaneous:
Lighting panel board:
Power panel:
Pull box:
Controller:
Transformer:
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
Sectional diagram of a dry standpipe with siamese connection at ground floor and with fire hose
attachment in upper floors up to 5th floor:
V T R using C I S P as vent pipe, roofing is of corrugated G I sheet on wood purlins/rafters. show
waterproofing:
Connection of service wires to R C column.
Connection of hot and cold waterlines:
Acoustic ceiling:
Acoustic wall:
Carpet connection to floor:
Oval sink:
Escutheon:
20 millimeter diameter female threaded adaptor UPVC water pipe fitting:
Carriage bolt:
Lag bolt:
Grease trap:
H & B connection with rubber ring:
Turnbuckle with hook and eye ends:
Oval head wood screw:
Oval head stove bolt:
Siamese connection, triple roof manifold:
Concealed siamese and wall hydrant (show face only):
Condulet:
Catridge fuse ferrule contact:
Hair pin cold cathode lamp/tube:
Connection of water line from main to house:
Connection from main to water service meter with saddle clamp:
Male threaded adaptor:
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
B.E.:
The National Electric code is concerned with safety electrical installation only and is not intended as
design specifications nor an instruction manual for untrained persons.
An ordinary flashlight dry-cell battery will, if fresh, develop only approximately 3 1/2 to 1.5 volts.
The amount of electrical current in amperes depends on the number of electrons flowing fast a given
point in one second.
The constant speed in electricity at which power flows, is the same as the speed of light, or 186,000
miles per second.
It is a known fact that the greater the current in a wire, the greater the voltage drop and the greater
the power loss in the form of heat.
The septic tank is a device to expedite the decomposition.
The material most commonly used for waste, soil, and vent installation in plumbing system is the
black iron.
Acid resistance pipe usually is an alloy of black iron and sulphur.
The gases which occurs in public sewage system is caused by the decomposition of organic material
within the sewer itself.
It is not permissible to discharge large volume of storm water into a septic tank.
Flourescent lamps can also operate even if the voltage is considerably below their rated voltage.
Carbon Monoxide. Fire extinguishment.
Guy. Tension wire.
Rubber. Insulating material.
Damper. Valve for controling air flow.
Silver. Best conductor of electricity.
Bidet. Plumbing fixtures.
Air conditioning. Freon gas.
Conduit. PVC.
Trap. Plumbing device.
Decibel. Sound energy.
Parallel. Electrical wiring connection.
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
Basement. portion of a hoistway extending from the threshold level of the lowest landing door to the
floor at the bottom of the hoistway.
Counterweight. in a theater stagehouse, a weight used to balance suspended scenery or the like.
Air-motor. air operated device used to open or close a damper or valve.
Wattmeter. device to measure electric power.
Safety switch. protects equipment and appliances in case of current fluctuation.
Volt. electric pressure measurement.
Thermostat. device sensitive to change in temperature.
Pressure gauge. water pressure instrument.
Mica. material which can best withstand high electricity.
Slate. poorest conductor of electricity.
The flow of electricity is measured in ampere.
Surface water produces insolubility in soaps and incrustation of pipes, while ground water possess
opposite characteristics.
Rain water is adapted for washing but not for drinking.
PVC pipes should not be specified for water from a deep well carrying an appreciable amount of lime.
When the downfeed system of water supply is employed in a multi-story building, flush valve W C and
urinals can be installed in all floors.
Advances and modern technics in the manufacture of PVC pipes noe permits its use for hot and cold
water supply systems.
One of the causes of failure of water test in sanitary installations is thye presence of pinholes in the
walls of a cast iron pipes used in the system.
Tee fittings should only be used for vent stacks.
Double hub fittings are principally used to reverse the position of the hub of a cast iron pipe.
House drain should have a minimum slope of 20 millimeters for every meter and should be connected
to the house sewer of the same size.
Shower bath is a plumbing fixture.
4 advantages of concealed wire over open wire types:
4 favoring factors for using fliament over flourescent lamp lighting:
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
No stack serving a water closet shaould have less than 100 millimeter diameter.
Windows. most satisfactory air outlet for natural ventilation.
Saturation. amount of water vapor with a given amount of air.
In a centralized air-conditioning system, air that should not be criculated are those coming from
kitchen.
In hospital air-conditioning, separate units should be provided for operating room.
The direct expansion system system of air-conditioning is best suited for theaters.
A ray of light is reflected in one definite direction when it strikes a surface lined with aluminum.
In school buildings, the room that requires magnitude of illumination is the gymnasium.
Freedom from variation in degree of illumination in a room means diffusion.
Uniformity of distribution, color, quality and case of control of light distribution are some points in favor
of flourescent lamps.
Special installation requirements for sprinkler system includes sloping water proof floors with floor
drains.
Automatic sprinkler systems are installed in buildings that has low water pressure.
Vertical pipes extending from the basement to the top floor with outlets for attachment of fire hose in
every floor is called stand pipe.
Elevators may be classified according to several schemes and one of them is car capacity.
Escalators are best suited and installed mostly in stores.
A major part in any elevator installation is the pit.
When the source of sound in a room has ceased, the effect of the sound will continue, such lingering
sound is called reverberation.
In an auditorium, the best sound absorber are the audience.
Time of reverberation is less in a room that is with convex walls.
On striking walls, sound waves are reflected and part of the energy is converted to heat and is thus
absorbed.
Knobs and tubes. open wiring installation.
Locknut and bushing. metal conduit installation.
Adaptors. PVC conduit installation.
Plumbing.doc
Pipe chase. a continous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etceteras.
Soil stack. a vertical soil pipe carrying the discharge from toilet fixtures.
Trap. a device to maintain a water seal against sewer gases, air and odors.
Water hammer. a loud thumping noise that results from a sudden stoppage of flow.
Spigot. the end of a pipe that fits into a bell.
Roughing in. installating the concealed portion of a plumbing system to the point of connection for
the fixtures.
Rain leader conductor. same as downspout.
Water meter. a device for measuring water volume.
Check valve. permits passage of water in one direction only.
Circuit. a continouse electrical path.
Current. unit of measurements is in amperes.
Resistance. measured in Ohms. Horsepower. equal to 746 watts.
Junction box. location of splices, connections and taps.
110 to 220 volt. voltage between given conductor and any other conductor in the circuit.
Service drop. Wire from Meralco pole to building attachment.
Service entrance. wire from entrance cap to main switch.
Air conditioner. required independent circuit.
Storage battery. produces d-c current.
Pull box. for pulling of conductors in raceways.
Power factor. A C power (watt) / voltage times amperes
Lightning rod. protects building from lightning.
Lightning arrester. Protects wiring from lightning.
Voltage drop. the difference in emf between 2 points in an electrical circuit.
Water pipe. where system grounding is connected to.
Resistor. controls current flow in an electrical circuit.
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
Bell/hub. the portion of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe of the same
diameter for the purpose of making a joint.
Overhead. system of water supply is when water to different fixtures branches is supplied by gravity
from an elevated tank.
Tap. a connection to a water supply main.
Ball cock. a float valve with spherical float.
Couplings. a short internally threaded section of pipe used to joint 2 pipes.
Effluent. a liquid which is discharged as waste especially the discharge from a septic tank.
Static head/pressure head. the pressure equivalent to that exerted by a column of water of a given
height.
Union. a pipe fitting used to cinnect the ends of 2 pipes, neither of which can be turned.
Aerator fitting. a device which introduces air into an exciting stream of water commonly used for sink
faucet.
Kilowatt. equivalent to 1.34 horsepower.
Water heater. requires a low voltage transformer.
Grounding system. Protects life property from damage.
Door bell. a susidiary electric circuit.
Capacitator. charges storage batteries.
Conduit. protects electrical wiring.
Cycle. the flow of current fluctuates in positive and negative loops.
Direct current. flows in one direction only.
Resistor. controls the flow of current in electric curcuit.
Rheostat controls intensity of current flow.
Conductor. offers low resistance to the flow of electrical current.
Electrical resistance. reciprocal of electrical conductance.
Short circuit. high current flow caused by an abnormal connection in an electrical circuit.
Series circuit. power passes through all the devices connected completing its path to the source of
supply.
Relay. stores electric charge.
Plumbing.doc
Stack is a general term for any veritcal line of soil, waste or vent piping.
Unit of resistance is called Ohms.
The density of the luminous flux on a surface is called lumen.
The unit of illumination is called candle power.
Cathode is component of flourescent lamp.
Pressure releif valves are safety device for water heater.
Air ducts should have air space between itself and insulator to prevent moisture condensation.
Loudness is a measure of the magnitude of sound.
The pitch is a measure of highness or loudness of sound.
Master plumber. should sign and seal plans for plumbing installations for purpose of searching
permit.
Relief vents. supplies fresh air to the stacks and branch and prevents corrosion.
Bidet. a low basin like plumbing fixture on which the user sits and wash posterior parts of the body.
Sitz bath. bath tub in which one bath in a sitting position; used especially in hospitals.
Scum. mass of organic matter which flooats on the surface of sewage.
Slop sink. a deep sink usually set low, especially used by janitors for emptying parts of the dirty
water.
Aerator fitting. a device which introduces air into an existing stream of water.
Cap. a fitting for closing the end of a pipe.
Panelboard. for control and protection of branch circuits.
Circular mill. equals an area of .00051 square millimeters.
Frequency. expressed in hertz.
Voltage. voltage at supply end less than at load end.
Volts. product of amperes and ohms.
Insulators. rubber, porcelain, or glass.
Conductors. copper, aluminum, or silver.
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
City engineer. the city electrivcian's office is under this department of the city of manila.
Ammeter. measures high insulation resistance.
2 conductor splice. 2 or more individually insulated electric conductors having a common outer
protective covering of metal.
Close circuit. a continous electrical path.
Power. watts / volts times voltage.
Lightning is conceived as an integral parrt of the architectural design, an element of the structure.
A good example of rheostat is a dimmer.
Wet stand pipe is not required in a building with automatic sprinkler system.
Electronic and communication engineer sign and seal for buildings having more than 5 telephones.
When 2 elevators serve all or the same portion of a building, they can be located in 1 hoistway.
Incandescent bulb/lamp. a lamp from which light is emitted when a tungsten filament is heated to
incandescence by an electric arc.
Transformer. a device with 2 or more coupled windings, used to convert a supply of electric power at
one voltage to another voltage.
Dumbwaiter.a small car to deliver materials.
Every 3 meters of a horizontal pipe shall be anchored.
Sources of water supply:
Surface water.
Ground water.
Atmospheric water.
Potable water. water which is satisfactory for drinking, culinary, and domestic purposes annd shall
meet the accepted standard of purity required by the health department having authority.
Types of sewage:
Domestic sewage.
Industrial or trade sewage.
Storm water.
Types of sewers:
Sanitary sewer.
Storm sewer.
Combined sewers.
Alternating current. is a current that changes both in strength and direction in a given time.
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc
Diffuse. device to redirect light or scatter the light from a source primarily by the process of diffuse
transmission.
Direct-indirect lighting. variant of general diffuse lighting in which the luminaires emit little or no light
at angles near the horizontal.
Flush mounted or recessed. luminaire mounted above the ceiling with the opening of the luminaire
flush with the surface of the ceiling.
Footcandle. unit of illumination.
Gklare. sensation produced by luminance within the visual field sufficiently greater than the
luminance to which the eeyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual
performance and visibility.
Illuminance. the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface.
Louver shielding angle. angle between the horizontal plane of the baffles or louver grid and the plane
at which the louver conceals all objects above.
Lumen. unit of luminous flux.
Luminaire. complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to
distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply.
Luminance. photometric brightness. the luminous intensity of a surface in a given direction per unit
of projected area of the surface as viewed from that direction.
Luminous flux. the time rate of flow of light.
Lux. the metric unit of luminance, 1 lux is 1 lumen per square meter.
Mercury lamps. electric discharge lamps in which the major portion of the radiation is produced by
excitation of mercury atoms.
Rapid start fluorescent lamp. one designed for operation with a ballast that provides for preheating
the electrodes and initiating the arc without a starting switch or the application of high voltage.
Shielding angle. angle between horizontal line through the light center and the line of sight at which
the bare source first becomes visible.
Surface mounted luminaire. one mounted directly on the ceiling.
Suspended (pendant) luminaire. one hung from a ceiling by supports.
3 common type of plastic:
ABS acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
PE polyethylene.
PVC and CPVC chlorinated polyvinyl chloride.
Caulking sleeve. a C I fitting used to join galvanized screw pipe to C I soil pipe
Plumbing.doc
Water test. a test to determine whether there are leaks in a system of pipes.
AC. Armor clad.
MC. Metal clad.
MI. Mineral insulated.
NM or NMC. Non metallic sheathed cable.
SNM. Shielded non metallic sheathed cable.
SE. Service entrance.
USE. Undergrounf service entrance.
UF. underground feeder.
TC. Tray cable.
FC. Flat cable.
MV. Medium voltage.
RH, RHH. heat resistant rubber.
RHW. Moisture-and heat resistant rubber.
RUH. Heat resistant latex.
RUW. Moisture resistant latex rubber.
T. Thermoplastic.
TW. Moisture resistant thermoplastic.
THHN. Heat resistant thermoplastic.
THW. Moisture and heat resistant thermoplastic.
XHHW. Moisture and heat resistant cross linked synthetic polymer.
MTW. Moisture, heat and oil resistant thermoplastic.
PFA, PFAH. Perfluoroakoxy.
TFE. Extruded polytetrafluroethylene.
TA. Thermoplastic and asbestos.
Plumbing.doc
Plumbing.doc