Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Amity School of Engineering & Technology

B.Tech (CSE)/B.Tech(IT) 3rd Semester

Operating Systems
Topic: Operating System Definition & its functions

ANIL SAROLIYA

Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Text/ Reference Books

Text Books:
Silberschatz A. , Galvin P.B., Operating System Concepts, 7th ed. (2006), John
Willey & Sons.INC
Milenekovic, Operating System Concepts, 4nd ed.(2002), McGraw Hill

Reference Books:
Stallings W., Operating System, 6th ed. (2009), Pearson
Gary N., Operating System, A Modern Perspection,3rd ed.(2000), Pearson Edu.
Tanenbaum A. S., Modern Operating System, 5th ed.(2006), PHI.

Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Module I: Introduction to operating system

Operating system and function
Evolution of operating system:

Batch
Interactive,
multiprogramming,
Time Sharing and Real Time System,
multiprocessor system,
Distributed system,
System protection.

Operating System structure

Operating System Services
System Program and calls
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Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

What is an Operating System?

The collection of software which administers, maintains and
provides access to the resources of a computer system, is called
the Operating system.
It is the one of the type of system software
It is like a cop (policeman), it makes sure that different
program and users running at the same time do not interfere
with each other.
The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring
that unauthorized users do not access the system.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which
other programs, called application programs, can run.

Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Well known Example of Operating System:

Windows XP Professional (or Home) Edition,
Windows Vista,
Windows 2003(use to run the server),

Unix,
Linux,
Solaris,
Apple-Mac, etc.
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Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
Make the computer system convenient to use.
How to use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components
Hardware provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices

Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users

Application programs define the ways in which the

system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games

Users
People, machines, other computers
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Computer System Structure(contd..) : Four Components of a Computer System

User 1

User 2

User 3

Compiler

assembler

Text editor

User N

Database
System

System and application programs

Operating System

Computer
Hardware
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Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Technical definition of OS
Resource allocator manages and allocates
resources.
Control program controls the execution of user
programs and operations of I/O devices .

Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

The working of Operating System

OS is a program that manages a computer's resources
and performs basic tasks. Some of the working of OS
are as follows:
Recognizing keyboard input
Sending output to the display screen or printer
Managing files and directories
Controlling peripheral devices
Allocating system resources to other programs running on
the computer

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B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

The working of Operating System(continued..)

Figure: The working of Operating System

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Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Important Term:
Kernel
It is a program which runs every time till the machine(mostly in
computers) is in active mode
As compare to other application programs, kernel always lies inside the
Memory(RAM).

Interrupt
It is the signal to a processor indicating that an asynchronous event has
occurred. Here the current sequence of instructions is temporarily
suspended, and a sequence related to the interruption is started in its place.

or
Its purpose is to alert the operating system when any special event occurs so
that it can suspend its current activity and deal appropriately with the new
situation
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Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Important Term: Interrupt (continued..)

So, we can say, that, Interrupting is a mechanism by which other
modules (I/O, memory) may interrupt the normal sequencing of
the processor (CPU) .
Interrupts help to improve processor utilization.
Classes of interrupts:
Program Interrupt: generated by some condition that occurs as a result of an
instruction execution, such as arithmetic overflow, division by zero, attempt to
execute an illegal machine instruction, and reference outside a users allowed
memory space.
Timer Interrupt: Generated by a timer within the processor. This allows the
operating system to perform certain functions regularly.
I/O Interrupt: Generated by an I/O controller, to signal normal completion of
an operation or to signal a variety of error conditions.
H/W failure Interrupt: Generated by a failure, such as power, etc.
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Main Functions of an OS
Command
Interpretation
or
User Interface

Protection
and Security

Process
Management

OS
Device
Management

Memory
Management

File
Management

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B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Main Functions of an OS (continued)

Process Management
As we know OS controls the execution of applications.
Application (software) is made up by set of programs.
A process (also called job) is a program in execution.
OS manages the processes (which are submitted to a computer
system) in a manner to minimize idle time of processors (CPUs,
I/O processors, etc.) of the system
Create, execute, delete process
Cancel or resume process, schedule process
Synchronization,
Communication,
Deadlock handling
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B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Main Functions of an OS (continued)

Memory Management
Memory is important resource of a computer system that
must be properly managed for the overall system
performance.
Memory management module:
Keeps the track of parts of memory in use and parts not in use
Allocates(provides) memory to processes as needed and deallocates when no longer needed

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Memory Levels: CPU Accessing

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Main Functions of an OS (continued): File Management

A file is a collection of related information. Every file has a name, its
data and attributes
Files name uniquely identifies the file in the system and is used by its users to
access itself
Files data is the available as contents found in the file
Files attributes contain information such as
date & time file creation,
date & time of last access,
date & time of last update,
its current size,
its protection features, etc.

File management module of an operating system takes care of filerelated activities such as:

structuring(type of the file),

accessing,
naming,
sharing,
and protection of files

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Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Main Functions of an OS (continued)

Device (I/O) Management

Manages and controls devices attached to computer
Handles devices by both hardware and software techniques
I/O Hardware: Ports, buses, device controllers for devices
Software (Device driver): OS communicates with I/O hardware via device
driver of device

Device Controller
Operates port, bus, device. Bridge between device and OS
Complexity of handling devices is abstracted and hidden in device
drivers of device

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Main Functions of an OS (continued): SECURITY

Security deals with protecting the various resources and information
of a computer system against destruction and unauthorized access
External security: Deals with securing computer against external factors
such as fires, floods, earthquakes, stolen disks/tapes, etc. by maintaining
adequate backup, using security guards, allowing access to sensitive information
to only trusted employees/users, etc.

Internal security: Deals with user authentication, access control, and

cryptography mechanisms
User authentication: Deals with the problem of verifying the identity of a user
(person or program) before permitting access to the requested resource

Access Control: Once authenticated, access control mechanisms prohibit a

user/process from accessing those resources/information that he/she/it is not
authorized to access

Cryptography: Means of encrypting private information so that unauthorized

access cannot use information

Back-up of data : Took the extra copy of essential data on another place of
same or other storage device or media.

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B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Main Functions of an OS (continued)

Command Interpretation: It provides a set of commands

using which the user can give instructions to the computer for
getting some job done by it
Two types of user interfaces(for command interpretation) supported by
various operating systems are:
Command-line interface: User gives instructions to the computer by
typing the commands (console mode)
Graphical User Interface (GUI): User gives commands to the system
by selecting icon or menu item displayed on the screen with the use of a
point-and-draw device

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Amity School of Engineering Technology

B.Tech.(CSE) & B.Tech (IT) 3rd Semester

Thanks
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