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Chapter 3-4

Stress concentrations
Deflection

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Stress Concentration (stress riser)

Complex stress distributions arise at sections where the member's
cross section area changes

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Stress Concentration Factor

nom

max
yield

Sut
Sy2

nom

Sy1

nom

Stress Concentration Factor

H/h=1.2

H/h=1.2

r/h=0.11

r/h=0.11

Stress Concentration Example)

r = 5mm
4.5kN

H = 55mm

H = 45 mm
t = 5 mm
avg = 4.5/(0.0450.005)

max = 1.7 avg

r =5 mm
45 kN-mm

H = 55mm

h = 45 mm
t = 5 mm

avg = 6 45 kN-mm/(0.005 (0.045)2)

max = 1.68 avg

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Stress Concentration Factor

Complex stress distributions arise at sections where the member's
cross section area changes

nom
Stress Concentration
For an elliptical flaw in a plate, maximum stress occurs at ( a,0)
a

max 1 2 nom
b

max stress depends on geometry of flaw and far - field stress

NOT on Material property

nom

max 1 2 nom
b

For a fine crack, a / b , and the equation predicts that

max ,
Stress concentration factor, K

max

nom

however it is physically impossible.

a/b

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Stress Concentration Example)

a)
b)
c)
d)

Calculate nominal stress components

Evaluate the stress concentration factor at fillet
Calculate the maximum stress at A
Calculate principal Stresses
I

D 4
64

d 4
32

Shear Concentration factor : D/d 4 1.33, r/d 1 / 3 0.11

3
3

1.65

8 kip
13.86 kip
16 kip

8 kip

d 4
32

1.45

1.6

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z
A
x

y
x

TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE STRESS CONCENTRATION

Increase radius
Reduce disruption
Allow dead zones to shape flowlines more gradually

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STRESSES IN PRESSURIZED CYLINDERS

Cylinder with inside radius ri, outside radius ro, internal pressure pi, and
external pressure po
Tangential and radial stresses,

Fig. 331
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STRESSES IN PRESSURIZED CYLINDERS

Special case of zero outside pressure, po = 0

Fig. 332

If ends are closed, then

longitudinal stresses also exist

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THIN-WALLED VESSELS

Cylindrical pressure vessel with wall thickness 1/10 or less of the radius
Radial stress is quite small compared to tangential stress
Average tangential stress

Maximum tangential stress

Longitudinal stress (if ends are closed)

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Deflection

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Spring Rate

Linear Spring

Nonlinear stiffening

Nonlinear softening

F
y

Fl
y
AE

AE
k
l

GJ
l

Beam Deflection Methods

Some of the more common methods for solving the integration
problem for beam deflection

determines the effects of each load separately, then adds the results
Superposition
Moment-area method
Singularity functions
Numerical integration

Other methods that use alternate approaches

Castigliano energy method
Finite element software

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Beam Deflection by Singularity Function

A notation useful for
integrating across
discontinuities

Angle brackets
indicate special
function to determine
whether forces and
moments are active

Deflection of Beam

Bending moment

Transverse shear

q d4y

EI dx 4
V
d3y
3
EI dx
M d2y

EI dx 2
dy

dx
y f ( x)

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Deflection of Beam

q d4y

EI dx 4

d3y
V
3
EI dx
M d2y

EI dx 2

dy
dx

y f (x)

Example 4-1

M d2y

EI dx 2

EI

d2y
M
dx 2

dy
dx

y f (x)

10

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Example 4-5

Boundary
Condition

y 0 at x 0
y 0 at x l

Singularity function

q d4y

EI dx 4
V
d3y
3
EI dx
M d2y

EI dx 2
dy

dx
y f ( x)

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Superpostion

Superposition

12

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Superposition

Two pulleys with 1.5 in diameter steel,

Find deflection at z at pulley A and B (T1=0.125T2)

13

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Assume that the bearing constitute simple supports.

Two pulleys with 1.5 in diameter steel,
Find deflection at z at pulley A and B (T1=0.125T2)

14

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Strain Energy
external work done on an elastic member in deforming it is transformed into
strain, or potential, energy.
if the force-deflection relationship is linear, this energy is equal to the
product of the average force and the deflection,

F
F2
y
( y F / k)
2
2k

Tension and Compression

AE
k
l
F 2 F 2l
U

2k 2 AE

F
F 2l
U
2
2 AG

l G F AG

M 2 dx
2 EI

Bending Shear

Torsion

CV 2 dx
2 AG

GJ

l
F 2 T 2l
U

2k 2GJ
k

Bending

Direct Shear

Castiglianos Theorem
When forces act on elastic systems subject to small displacements,
the Displacement corresponding to any force, in the direction of the force, is
equal to the Partial Derivative of the Total Strain Energy with respect to
that force
U
i
Fi
Tension and Compression

yi
U
y

U
Fi

F 2 F 2l

2k 2 AE

F 2l Fl

F 2 AE AE

Torsion

U
Ti

F 2 T 2l
U

2k 2GJ
T 2l Tl

T 2GJ GJ

Bending

yi

U
Fi

M 2 dx
2 EI
M 2 dx

y
F 2 EI
U

Vary along the length of the members

1 F
F
dx
AE F

1
GJ

T
T
dx
M

1 M
M
dx
EI F

15

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Ex) a) for circular bar, find the strain energy in the beam
b) Find maximum deflection, including that due to shear
U

M 2 dx
2 EI

CV 2 dx
2 AG

Ex) a) for circular bar, find the strain energy in the beam
b) Find maximum deflection, including that due to shear
U

M 2 dx
2 EI

CV 2 dx
2 AG

16

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Using Castiglianos method, determine the deflections of points A and B due to the force
F applied at the end of the step shaft
The second area moments for sections AB and BC are I1 and 2I1, respectively

1
EI

M
M
dx
F

Using Castiglianos method, determine the deflections of points A and B due to the force
F applied at the end of the step shaft
The second area moments for sections AB and BC are I1 and 2I1, respectively

1 M
M
dx
EI F

17

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Determine the deflection of point

B in the direction of the applied force F
(neglect the effect of bending shear)

1 F
F
dx
AE F

1 T
T
dx
GJ M

1 M
M
dx
EI F

determine the deflection of point

B in the direction of the applied force F
(neglect the effect of bending shear)
yb

1 F
1
dx
F
AE F
GJ

1 M
M
dx
EI F

U
F

T
dx
T
M

18

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Deflection of Curved Members

Consider case of thick curved member in bending (See Sec. 3-18)

Four strain energy terms due to

Bending moment M
Axial force F
Bending moment due to F (since neutral
axis and centroidal axis do not coincide)
Transverse shear Fr

where rn is the radius of the neutral axis

Deflection of Curved Members

Combining four energy terms

Deflection by Castiglianos method

General for any thick circular curved member, with appropriate limits
of integration

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Deflection of Curved Members

For specific example in figure,

Intergrade from 0 to

Deflection of Curved Members

Substituting and factoring,

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Deflection of Thin Curved Members

For thin curved members, say R/h > 10, eccentricity is small

Strain energies can be approximated with regular energy

equations with substitution of Rd for dx

As R increases, bending component dominates all other

terms
U

M 2 dx
2 EI

F 2 dx
2 AE

0
U

CV 2
dx
2 AG

Example 4-12
Find deflection at D
d 2 mm
l 40 mm
R 50 mm

l
R
10 and
10
d
d

Bending is significant

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Example 4-12
Section AB

Example 4-12
Section BC

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Example 4-12
Section CD

Example 4-12

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