Chapter 12

1. According to your book, what constitutes a "civilization"?

a. A civilization is a group of settled people who have religion, a writing
system, calendars, metalworking, and art.
2. How did civilizations develop?
a. Civilizations developed because of the industrial revolution. When
people were able to settle down and stop searching for food because of
a food surplus, civilizations were able to develop.
3. What was the artist's role during the first civilizations?
a. First, they were priest like, making images of gods, then they became
servants to the ruling powers to preserve their legacy.
4. How did Pharaoh Akhenaton change the style of portraiture?
a. The portraits went from angular images of perfection to a more
realistic portrait with a narrow face, and long nose etc. Current experts
believe that the pot belly and swelling hips were to show the ruler as
having both male and female traits.
5. What western disciplines were developed by the Greeks?
a. Mathematics, science, astronomy, history, and philosophy were all
invented by the Greeks
6. Describe the visual style for the following 3 Greek periods:
a. Archaic (we will discuss this one in class)
i.

b. Classical
i. This style was during the age of Athenian rule. A major
accomplishment of the era was the building of the Athenian
Acropolis. Sculpture in this time was made to look more lifelike
than previous generations, with a stoic face, which showed off
the Greek culture of self-control.
c. Hellenistic
i. Statues looked more natural than the previous ages. Greek
sculptors were able to make marble resemble skin. Artists took
more liberties with expression, they are less restrained than the
classical period.
7. What was the goal of Roman architecture?
a. The goal was to provoke a sense of awe in a viewer, not to just be
functional
8. How did the Roman style evolve?
a. The roman style was developed based on the Greeks style. It evolved
into a more elaborate style.
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9. How did Constantine the Great affect Christianity?
a. He was converted due to a divine vision, and legalized the religion.
10.How did art change during Constantine's reign?

a. The art went from natural, realistic portraiture of humans to images of

humans that stood for something else. In Constantines case it was
power.
11.Why was visual art important during this time?
a. Many people were illiterate, so a piece of art could be used to teach a
lesson about Christianity.
12.Describe the Byzantine style.
a. The Byzantine style was less naturalistic, it focused more on stylized
and symbolic ideas.
13.How was Christ represented in early Christian art?
a. Christ is depicted as a young shepherd in early art because there were
no other traditions to follow other than old Roman traditions. He looks
reminiscent of Apollo
14.Why were illuminated manuscripts important?
a. They were a way for the priests of the time to worship the Christian
god.
15.What was the role of the artist during this time?
a. To glorify god, essentially. The artist made works that would
accompany religious books. They were also the only group that
attempted to hold onto the old roman culture, history and knowledge.
16.What ideas dominated art during the Middle Ages?
a. Death and Sin were the most focused on ideas. The middle ages artists
were downers.
17.How did art during the Middle Ages differ from that in Greco-Roman times?
a. The human body is treated as some sort of sinful object that is to be
hidden from god in the new style of the middle ages. The Greeks and
romans love the human body
18.Describe the Romanesque style.
a. The balance and repose of older generations of art is no longer
present. It has been replaced by energy and tension. The messages are
typically gruesome and frightening.
19.Describe the Gothic style.
a. The gothic style was more organic than previous styles of the era. It
also made use of the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the exterior
buttress, and stained glass windows.
Chapter 14
20.What is so significant about Giotto's Lamentation?
a. It was the first piece in a very long time that actually had naturalistic
images of people. Everybody is showing unique emotional signs. The
book said he literally brought spiritual art down to earth with this
piece.
21.What does the term "renaissance" mean?
a. The term means rebirth, because culture was literally being reborn into
a new world.
22.What changes occurred in Europe during this time?

a. Europe experienced a massive economic boom. Cities became a thing,

and so did the nation state as opposed to the feudalist system. Culture
came back to the level of the Romans a thousand years earlier.
23.How did life during the Renaissance differ from that in Middle Ages?
a. People were free to do things other than farming for one. People were
again able to travel farther than they could walk, they could enjoy art,
and they could move to cities and become craftsmen and artists.
24.What previous historical period was an influence on art in the Renaissance?
a. The Classical Roman period was the main influence on Renaissance
artists. They all took pilgrimages to Rome to learn from the ruins.
25.What is humanism?
a. It was a philosophy influenced by Roman culture and had major
concern for the individual.
26.What determined whether a work was made of marble or bronze?
a. Money. If you had more of it you could get things made in cast bronze.
Less money means marble.
27.Why is Donatello's David significant?
a. It is significant because it not only displays a story, as most pieces do.
It represents more than just the story. Details like the fragility of
Davids body point to deeper meanings in the art.
28.Why is Mantegna's Dead Christ significant?
a. It uses perspective lines to make an illusion of three dimensions. It is
also very naturalistic and non-idealized.
29.What is grazia?
a. It was the backlash to Mantegnas art. It is a grace that patrons wanted
in their art. They wanted something pretty, like the birth of Venus.
30.How did Botticelli's work differ from that of Mantegna?
a. It is sweet and innocent, unlike Mantegnas which was harsh and
realistic.
31.Define inductive reasoning.
a. Drawing conclusions from direct observations.
32.Define deductive reasoning.
a. Drawing conclusions based on general rules that have already been
accepted.
33.Why was Leonardo DaVinci considered a "Renaissance man"?
a. He was a Renaissance man because he could do it all. He influenced so
many different fields that he couldnt just be called an artist, although
that is what he considered himself. There wasnt a thing he was bad at.
A Renaissance man.
34.How did DaVincis work embody the High Renaissance style?
a. He was one of the first artists to use the figure triangle! This technical
system is pretty iconic of the High Renaissance style.
35.Compare/contrast the Michelangelo's David vs. Donatello's David.
a. Michelangelos David is far more idealized than Donatellos. It shows a
young man in peak physical condition. There are no character flaws of
pride in his statue. Just a confident young man, ready to go into battle.
The pride will come later.
36.Who commissioned the Sistine Chapel?
a. Pope Julius II, otherwise known as the terrible pope

37.It was name after which Pope?<--will discuss in class

a.

38.Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the fresco technique.

a. Frescos are good for artists because they dont need a canvas and are
able to influence architecture in a greater sense. They are not good for
art historians because they always fall apart. Frescos are painted on
plaster after all. Theyre impermanent.
39.What is significant about Raphael's The School of Athens?
a. It is significant because it displays the sources of the school of thought
that the artists subscribed to. They even went so far as to pose as
some of the key figures. For instance the likeness of da Vinci is used for
Plato.
40.What painting techniques were developed during the Renaissance?
a. Impasto was developed by Titian. Form and composition were mostly
explored by everyone though. For instance, da Vinci made the sfumato
light technique.
41.Why is Titian's Venus of Urbino significant?
a. It epitomizes the love of sensuality that the Venetians enjoyed.
Composition wise, he made something that artists would be borrowing
for centuries. It started a tradition of the reclining nude.
42.What constituted the end of the High Renaissance?
a. While there is no exact end. A good pointer would probably be the civil
unrest of Italy including the sacking of Rome in 1527.
43.How did Michelangelo's work change as he got older?
a. As Michelangelo got older, he got angrier, and it transferred to his work
The Last Judgement uses ugliness and terror to make its point. There is
no Grazia left.
44.What was the artists role during the Renaissance?
a. Artists became the most popular people around. They were scientists
and engineers. They were philosophers. The role of the artist was
summed up by Leonardo da Vinci; they were Renaissance men.
45.In what countries did the Northern Renaissance begin?
a. The Netherlands, Germany, France, and England became the new
centers for art.
46.What is significant about Jan Van Eyck's Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride?
a. It not only served as a portrait, but since Van Eyck was an appointed
official of the duke, it served as an official wedding document! It is also
a good example of secondary symbolism.
47.Who was considered Leonardo of the North?
a. Albrecht Drer was because he was the one that used math to make
his art more realistic.
48.What was significant about Albrecht Drer's work?
a. He was the first person to really do a self-portrait. He posed as a Christ
like figure to say that he is also a creator. He also was the first real
master of the print.
49.How did the Reformation affect art?

a. It was a bad time for artists and art historians. The Protestants thought
of art as idolatry.
50.How Northern Renaissance art differ from that of the High Renaissance?
a. Northern art preferred hard edges and harsher lighting. They also
preferred using many different textures. Unlike the south, where
sfumato was a leading system. Everything looks like it is from a dream.
Hazy with soft edges. All the textures are softened.
51.What was the goal of Hieronymus Bosch's work?
a. He wanted his pieces to tell moral lessons. He only used the
Renaissance traditions to make his art look more realistic.
52.What is significant about Pieter Bruegel's Hunters in the Snow?
a. It really marks the end of the Renaissance. It isnt as obsessed with
picture perfection. It focuses more on color and impressions than
realism.