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Chapter 2
HEAT CONDUCTION
EQUATION
Objectives
Understand multidimensionality and time dependence of heat
transfer
Obtain the differential equation of heat conduction in various
coordinate systems,
Identify the thermal conditions on surfaces, and express them
mathematically as boundary and initial conditions.
Solve one-dimensional heat conduction problems and obtain the
temperature distributions within a medium and the heat flux.
Analyze one-dimensional heat conduction in solids that involve heat
generation.
Evaluate heat conduction in solids with temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity.
INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer and temperature are related but different:
Temperature has only magnitude. It is a scalar.
Heat transfer has direction and magnitude. It is a vector. We
indicate direction with plus or minus signs.
rectangular T(x, y, z, t)
cylindrical T(r, , z, t)
spherical T(r, , , t).
three-dimensional
In most general case, heat transfer is three-dimensional.
However, some problems can be classified as two- or onedimensional depending on relative magnitudes of heat transfer
rates in different directions and the level of accuracy desired.
One-dimensional if temperature varies in one direction only
(thus heat is transferred in one direction), and variation of
temperature (thus heat transfer in other directions) are
negligible.
Two-dimensional if temperature varies mainly in two primary
directions, and variation of temperature in the third direction
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(thus heat transfer) is negligible.
Heat Generation
Examples:
The rate of heat generation in a medium may vary with time and position
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Heat Conduction
Equation in a Large
Plane Wall
(2-6)
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Heat
Conduction
Equation in a
Long Cylinder
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Rectangular Coordinates
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Rectangular Coordinates
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Cylindrical Coordinates
Relations between the coordinates of a point in rectangular
and cylindrical coordinate systems:
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Spherical Coordinates
Relations between the coordinates of a point in rectangular
and spherical coordinate systems:
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BOUNDARY AND
INITIAL
CONDITIONS
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mathematical expressions
of thermal conditions at
the boundaries.
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Boundary Conditions
We may encounter various type of boundary
conditions in heat transfer problems:
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
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symmetry
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Examples:
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temperature coefficient
of thermal conductivity.
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Summary
Introduction
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer
Multidimensional Heat Transfer
Heat Generation