INTRODUCTION

Heat and Mass Transfer

Ravi Kumar, Ph.D.

Professor
Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee- 247677
India

Introduction
Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that
may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature
difference.
Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat. The
science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be
transferred, but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place
under certain specified conditions.
Example: hot steel bar in pail of water.
Modes of Heat Transfer

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

Example-1
A woman informs an engineer that she frequently feels cooler in the
summer when standing in front of an open refrigerator. The engineer
tells her that she is only imagining things because there is no fan in
the refrigerator to blow the cool air over her. A lively argument ensues.
Whose side of the argument do you take? Why?
The woman is probably correct. Her perceived comfort is based on
both radiation and convection exchange with the surroundings. Even
though a fan does not blow cool air on her from the refrigerator, her
body will radiate to the cold interior and thereby contribute to her
feeling of "coolness."
06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

Example-1
A woman informs her engineer husband that hot water will freeze faster
than cold water. He calls this statement nonsense. She answers by saying
that she has actually timed the freezing process for ice trays in the home
refrigerator and found that hot water does indeed freeze faster. As a friend,
you are asked to settle the argument. Is there any logical explanation for the
womans observation?
This is an old story. All things being equal, hot water does not freeze faster
than cold water. The only explanation for the observed faster cooling is that
th refrigerator might be a non-self defrost model which accumulated an ice
layer on the freezing coils. Then, when the hot water tray was placed on the
ice layer, I melted and reduced the thermal insulation between the cooling
coil and the ice tray.
06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

When a temperature gradient exists in a body, experience has shown
that there is an energy transfer from the high-temperature region to
the low-temperature region. We say that the energy is transferred by
conduction and that the heat-transfer rate per unit area is proportional
to the normal temperature gradient



 
When the proportionality constant is inserted,



=


06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

conduction heat transfer

If the system is in a steady state, i.e., if the temperature does not

change with time, then the problem is a simple one, and we need
only integrate Equation and substitute the appropriate values to solve
for the desired quantity.
However, if the temperature of` the solid is changing with time, or if
there are heat sources or sinks within the solid, the situation is more
complex.
We consider the general case where the temperature may be
changing with time and heat sources may be present within the body.
For the element of thickness dx, the following energy balance may be
made:
06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

conduction heat transfer

Energy conducted in left face + heat generated within element
= change in internal energy + energy conducted out right face

Energy in from left face,  = 

Energy generated within element =  

Change in internal energy = 





Energy out from right face,  = 



 

 

= 
+


 

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

conduction heat transfer

Combining the relations



 


+   = 
 
+




 




  +


  = 







+  = 




06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

conduction heat transfer

This is the one-dimensional heat-conduction equation. To treat more

than one-dimensional heat flow, we need consider only the heat
conducted in and out of a unit volume in all three coordinate
directions. The energy balance yields

 +  +  +  =  +  +  +

 =  


= 


06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

conduction heat transfer


 = 


 = +



 = 

 =





 = 


 = +


06-11-2015

 




 






Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

10

conduction heat transfer









+

+

+  = 
x

y

z


 $   $   $     1 
+
+
+ =
=
 $  $


 & 

& =


 1 
( + =
& 
$

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

11

conduction heat transfer

 $  1  1  $   $   1 
+
+ $ $+ $+ =
$
)
) ) ) )

& 

1  $ )
1


1
 $   1 
+ $
*+,+ $ $
+ =
$
$
) )
) *+,- ) *+, - 
& 
06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

12

Steady state heat flow

One dimension with no heat generation
/ 
Cartesian Coordinates: / = 0

2 
/ 
Cylindrical coordinates: / +
1 1
1

/ 
0; ) /
1


1


1

=0

One dimension with heat generation

 $  
+ =0
$


Two dimension with no heat generation
$  $ 
+ $=0
$


06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

13

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Material
K, W/m-K
Material
K, W/m-K
Silver
410
Hard rubber
0.15
Copper
385
Polyvinyl chloride 0.09
Aluminum
202
Sawdust
0.059
Nickel
93
Glass wool
0.038
Iron
73
Ice
2.22
Carbon steel, 1% C 43
Mercury
8.21
Lead (pure)
35.2
Water
0.556
Diamond
2300
Hydrogen
0.175
Marble
2.082.94
Helium
0.141
Sandstone
1.83
Air
0.024
Glass, window
0.78
Water vapor
0.0206
Maple Ravi
or Kumar,
oak Professor, Department
0.17of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering,
Carbon
dioxide
0.0146
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667
06-11-2015

14

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

15

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

16

Numerical-1
One face of a copper plate 3 cm thick is maintained at 400C, and the
other face is maintained at 100C. How much heat is transferred
through the plate?

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

17

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in
front of a fan than when exposed to still air.
The term convection provides the reader with an intuitive notion
concerning the heat-transfer process.
This intuitive notion must be expanded to enable one to arrive at
anything like an adequate analytical treatment of the problem

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

18

convection heat transfer

= 4  6 = 47  6

=  8,:; <=>6,:;

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

19

Numerical
Air at 20C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250C. The
convection heat-transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2C. Calculate the heat
transfer.
Assuming that the plate in previous Example is made of carbon steel (1%) 2
cm thick and that 300 W is lost from the plate surface by radiation, calculate
the inside plate temperature.
An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and 10 cm
long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric pressure, and the
current is increased until the water boils. For this situation h=5000W/m2K,
and the water temperature will be 100C. How much electric power must be
supplied to the wire to maintain the wire surface at 114C?
06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

20

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Radiation emitted by black body

= ? @
Net radiation exchange between two surfaces

 AB:
&? 2@ $@

Radiation in an enclosure

= C2 ?2 2@ $@

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

21

Numerical
Two infinite black plates at 800C and 300C exchange heat by
radiation. Calculate the heat transfer per unit area.
A horizontal steel pipe having a diameter of 5 cm is maintained at a
temperature of 50C in a large room where the air and wall
temperature are at 20C. The surface emissivity of the steel may be
taken as 0.8. Calculate the total heat lost by the pipe per unit length.
The h for air is 6.5 W/m2-K.

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

22

Practical Problem
A vertical cylinder 1.8 m tall and 300 mm in diameter might be used to
approximate a man for heat-transfer purposes. Suppose the surface
temperature of the cylinder is 25 C, h=2 W/m2-K, the surface emissivity is 0.9,
and the cylinder is placed in a large room where the air temperature is 20C and
the wall temperature is 7 C. Calculate the heat lost from the cylinder. Repeat
for a wall temperature of 27C. What do you conclude from these calculations?
 = AD; + 1:
AD; =  = 2G 0.3 1.8 2 = 6.8 M/42
 = G 0.3 1.8 = 1.74
1: = ?P 2@ $@ = 5.67 10RS 0.9 1.7 298@ 280@ = 151 M
1: = ?P 2@ $@ = 5.67 10RS 298@ 300@ = 18.5M
06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

23

Bibliography
1

Heat Transfer, Holman J.P., Tata McGraw Hill

Fundamental of Heat and Mass Transfer, Incropera and

Dewitt, John Wiley & Sons

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

24

QUESTIONS?

06-11-2015

Ravi Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667

25