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ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY-1
VIVA-VOCE
Q.1
Ans.
Q.2
Ans.
Q.3
Ans.
Q.4
Ans.
Q.5
Ans.
PROCEDURE
Q.6
1.
Ans.
2.
Q.7
Ans.
Q.8
Ans.
Q.9
Ans.
5 V.S.D. = 4 M.S.D.
70
depth of a vessel.
Q.13 Can we measure thickness of a piece of paper
by vernier callipers?
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
No.
71
ACTIVITY 2
OBJECT- To determine the mass of a given body
using a metre balance.
Diagram :
or
m=
Ma 2
a1
a1 = a2 = a
Hence,
mga1 = Mga2
or
m=M
mg a1 = Mg a2, becomes mg a = Mg A
or
m=M
A
a
PROCEDURE
(i)
First method.
1.
72
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
4.
Length of weight
(or power) arm
a (cm)
Unknown mass
m(g)
30
35
40
M1 = ............
M2 =............
M3 =............
m1 = M1 =............
m2 = M2 =............
m3 = M3 =............
1.
2.
3.
m1 + m 2 + m 3
g = ..... g
3
Mean mass,
m=
M1 = M2 = M3 = m is all cases.
RESULT
3.
Second method
1.
3.
Mass of weight
In the paper pan
M (g)
Length of the
Weight arm
A(cm)
1.
20
A1 = ........
m1 =
M1A1
a
2.
25
A2 = ........
m2 =
M2A2
a
3.
30
A3 = ........
m3 =
M 3A 3
a
Mean mass,
m=
m1 = m2 = m3 = m in all cases.
m1 + m 2 + m 3
g = ..... g
3
Unknown mass
m(g)
73
ACTIVITY 3
OBJECT - To study the variation in the range of
a jet of water with the angle of projection.
APPARATUS - A plyboard protector with radius of
about 30 cm and making 0 and 90 with an interval
of 15 each, a 10 metre long measuring tap, A constant
level reservior under pressure ( a tap connected to a
tank or water supply line), a water pipe with a metallic
nozzle (narrow opening).
THEORY - The horizontal distances between point
of projection and point of return, covered by the jet
during its flight, is called its horizontal range. It is
represented by the symbol R.
If the water jet leaves the nozzle with a velocity U
and an angle with horizontal, then the horizontal
U 2 sin 2
range (or range) R =
g
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Diagram
Protactor
Water jet
A
B
Nozzle
Water pipe
Horizontal
slab or table
10.
11.
OBSERVATIONS
Least count of measuring tap = 2 cm.
Table for angle and range.
Serial No.
(1)
Range of water
jet R(cm)
(3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
15
30
45
60
75
OB1 =
OB2 =
OB3 =
OB4 =
OB5 =
74
What is a trajectory?
Ans.
Q.3
Ans.
Q.4
Ans.
It is a parabola.
Q.5
Ans.
Q.6
1.
Ans.
2.
Q.7
Ans.
Q.8
Ans.
Q.9
Ans.
2.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1.
2.
VIVA VOCE
Q.1
What is a projectile ?
Ans.
2U sin
g
U2 sin 2
g
75
ACTIVITY 4
OBJECT - To study the conservation of energy of
a ball rolling down on an inclined plane, using a
double inclined plane (track).
APPARATUS - A double inclined plane (track), a
steel ball of diameter about 20 cm, two wooden blocks
(2.5 cm length), two weights of one kg. each. Stop
clock/watch, plumb line, metre scale.
THEORY - A body (ball) at rest at the top of an
inclined track has only potential energy and zero
kinetic energy. When the body rolls down the track,
its potential energy decreases and kinetic energy
increases. At the bottom of the track, energy is all
kinetic and zero potential energy.
If the same hall rolls up the second inclined track, its
kinetic energy decreases and potential energy
increases. When the ball stops somewhere near the
top of the second inclined track, it has only potential
energy and zero kinetic energy.
The ball will roll back from this second track and
this will continue.
In the absence of any friction in the track, the sum
of the kinetic and the potential energy of the ball
will remain constant (conserved) throughout.
OBSERVATIONS
Serial No.
(1)
Position of mark
D on track I
C on track II
(2a)
(2b)
Vertical height
DF
CE
(3a)
(3b)
Difference
DF-CE
(4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
PROCEDURE
1.
Set the laboratory table with its top horizontal
as tested by a spirit level.
2.
Keep the double inclined track on the table
76
ACTIVITY 5
Aim : To study dissipation of energy of a simple
pendulum by plotting a graph between square of
amplitude and time.
Apparatus : A metallic bob provided with a hook, a
piece of thread about 1.5 m long, a clamp stand, a
split cork, a stop watch, a transparent metre scale,
two blocks to hold the metre scale horizontally and
a piece of chalk.
Theory : A particle executing simple harmonic
motion possesses potential energy (U) on account of
its displacement from the mean position and kinetic
energy (T) on account of the motion it possesses. If
loss of energy in overcoming the frictional force is
neglected, them total energy at any instant (the sum
of these two types of energies) always remains
constant.
Potential energy : The acceleration in a simple
harmonic motions is proportional to the displacement
and is directed towards the mean position i.e.
1
m v2
2
Now, v =
r2 y2 ,
T=
E=U+T=
a = y
F = m2y
If the particle undergoes a further infinitesimally small
displacement dy, the small work done against the
restoring force is given by
2y dy .....
dW = (F) dy = m
W=
m 2 ydy = m 2
o
y2 1
= m 2y 2
2
2
1
m r22
2
.... (4)
E=
1 2
mr (2v)2
2
E = 22 m r2v2
.... (5)
E=
U=
1
1
m 2y2 +
m 2 (r2 y2)
2
2
or
Therefore,
(1)
...... (3)
1
m 2 (r2 y2)
2
..... (2)
77
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Displace the bob through a small angle (810) and release it. See that the bob moves
along the straight line.
7.
78
The number of
vibrations completed
1.
10
2.
20
3.
30
4.
40
5.
50
6.
60
Amplitude of
vibration, r
Time,
t
Square of
amplitude, r2
6.
Precautions :
Sources of error :
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
4.
5.
79
ACTIVITY 6
OBJECT- To observe change of state and plot a
cooling curve for molten wax.
APPARATUS - Newtons law of cooling apparatus (a
thin-walled copper calorimeter suspended in a double
walled enclosure), two thermometers, clamp and stand,
stop clock/watch.
THEORY - (a) From Newtons law of cooling.
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
d
dQ
= ms
dt
dt
Hence,
ms
or
d
( 0 )
dt
d
( 0 )
dt
d
must also decrease.
dt
OBSERVATIONS
Least count of enclosure water thermometer
= .......C
Least count of calorimeter wax thermometer
= ......C
Least count of stop clock/watch
= .......s.
Newtons law of cooling apparatus.
80
Time for
cooling t(s)
(2)
CALCULATIONS
1.
Temperature of
water in calorimeter (C)
(3)
2.
81
ACTIVITY 7
OBJECT
(i)
Diagram
(ii)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bimetallic strip
When the bimetallic strip is heated both bars expand
differently. Since they are ripetted at their ends, their
ends stay together. The bimetallic strip bends keeping
more expanding bar on its convex side. More is
heating, more is the bending.
In case of an iron-brass bimetallic strip, the bent strip
will have brass bar on its convex side.
THEORY - If L1 be the length of a rod (bar) at
temperature t1 C and L2 be the length at t2 C, then
L2 = L1 [1 + (t2 t1)]
Where is the coefficient of linear expansion of the
material of the rod (bar).
If two rods of different metals have same length L 1
at temperature t1 C, their length at higher temperature
t2 C will be different. The road of a metal having
more value of coefficient of linear expansion will
82
OBSERVATIONS
Room temperature
= 30C (say)
= 1 mm.
Position of upper
edge of bimetallic
strip x (mm)
(3)
Amount of bending
(1)
Temperature of
bimetallic strip
t (C)
(2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
30C
32C
.........
50C
x1 =
x2 =
.......
x11 =
x1 x1 =
x2 x1 =
................
x11 x1 =
CALCULATIONS
1.
2.
RESULT
(a)
upward (mm)
(4)
2.
1.
3.
2.
4.
1.
2.
(b)
SOURCES OF ERROR
83
ACTIVITY 8
OBJECT
(i)
(ii)
2.
r = a + g.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Diagram
OBSERVATONS
2.
=.....C
=....C
=....C.
84
Position of mark
A
B
C
(ml)
(ml)
(ml)
(1)
(2a)
(2b)
Cubical expansion
of vessel
VAB (ml)
(2c)
(3)
2.
PRECAUTIONS
1.
2.
3.
RESULT
1.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1.
2.
85
ACTIVITY 9
OBJECT - To determine the surface tension of water
by capillary rise method.
APPARATUS - Three capillary tubes of different radii
and a tipped pointer clamped in a metallic plate with
a handle, travelling microscope, clamp and stand, a
fine motion adjustab le height stand, a flat bottom
open dish, clean water in a beaker, thermometer.
THEORY - Let a capillary tube be dipped in a liquid
which makes concave meniscus in the tube. Due to
surface tension, the tube molecules exert a force T on
the liquid molecules in the unit length of the circle
of contact of the liquid surface with the tube. This
force acts at an angle (angle of contact) with the
wall of the vessel Fig. Component T sin
perpendicular to the wall of the tube cancel for the
whole circle. Component T cos along the wall of
the tube gets added. For the tube of redius r, the
circle of contact has circumference 2r and the upward
force on all molecules becomes 2 r T cos .
It is this upward force that pulls the liquid upward in
the capillary tube. The liquid rises in the capillary
tube upto a height till the weight of the liquid risen
equals this force.
Let the liquid rise upto a height h (as measured for
the lower meniscus B) and let the meniscus ABC
have hemispherical shape fig.
Then, volume of the liquid risen upto lower meniscus
= p 2h.
Volume of liquid in meniscus above B Fig.
= Volume of cylinder of radius and height r Volume
of hemisphere of radius r = r2 . r
2
1 3
r
r3 =
3
3
1 3
r = r2 h
3
r
3
For equilibrium,
r
r2 h+ 3 g = 2r T cos
or
h+
r 2r T cos 2T cos
=
=
3
rg
r 2 g
or
h=
2T cos r
rg
3
1
, i.e., liquid rises
r
more in a capillary tube of small radius]
Also, T =
(h + r / 3)rg
2 cos
T=
r
is neglected as compared to h, then
3
hr g
]
2 cos
Surface tension, T =
Water level rising in a glass capillary tube
r ( h + r 3 ) g
2 cos
86
PROCEDURE
(a) Setting the apparatus
1.
2.
Measurement of surface
tension by capillary rise.
3.
4.
5.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
6.
15.
7.
16.
17.
18.
87
Reading of Meniscus
M.S.R.
V.S.R.
Total
N
n (L.C.)
Reading
(cm)
(cm)
N + n (L.C.)
h1 (cm)
(2a)
(2b)
(2c)
M.S.R.
N
(cm)
(3a)
Height
h1 h2
= h (cm)
(4)
1.
2.
3.
(c)
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
OBSERVATIONS
Least count of travelling microscope (L.C.) = ....cm.
Serial
No. of
Capillary
tube
(1)
(2a)
(2b)
(2c)
(2d)
Internal Diameter
Vertical
AB
(cm)
Horizontal
CD
(cm)
Mean
AB + CD
2
d (cm)
(3a)
(3b)
(3c)
1.
2.
3.
Temperature of water,
(t) = ........ C
= ........ gcm3
= 8
i.e.,
Internal
radii
d
2
= r (cm)
(4)
88
CALCULATIONS :
RESULT
From Formula,
r ( h + r 3 ) g
2 cos
T1 + T2 + T3
3
2.
3.
4.
5.
T1 + T2 + T3
3
89
ACTIVITY 10
Object : To study the factors affecting the rate of
loss of heat (rate of cooling) of a liquid.
Apparatus : Same as in Activity 6, plus calorimeters
of different materials, cross-section and nature of outer
surface (polished and back painted).
Theory : According to Newtons Law of cooling, rate
of cooling (i.e. heat lost per sec.) of a body is directly
proportional to the difference of temperature of the
body and the surrounding.
For same difference of temperature, rate of cooling
also depends upon:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2.
3.
4.
least count.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
= ..C
= ..C
= ..s
5.
6.
(1)
Time for
cooling t(s)
(2)
Temperature of
water in calorimeter
(C)
(3)
90
Calculations :
1.
2.
3.
Comparison of graphs
Fig. 17.02
Case 1. Cooling is fast from more surface area
provided by calorimeter of small cross-section.
1.
2.
3.
4.