322

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
9.1

GENERAL
The motivation for the present investigation has been presented in chapter 1. The need

for investigating the effects of water on strength properties of concrete was investigated. The
specific aim and objectives were decided accordingly for the present investigation.
Once the aim and objectives were decided, the state-of-art technology related to the
present work was reviewed. The aim and objectives were validated for the investigation from
this review.
The implementation strategy was then decided. Accordingly, experimentation in the
laboratory was planned. A total of 444 samples were prepared and tested for initial setting
time and final setting time. A total of 1332 cubes for Blended Cement Concrete (BCC), Silica
Fume Blended cement Concrete (SFBCC) and Steel Fibre Reinforced Blended cement
Concrete (SFRBCC) were prepared and tested for compressive strength at 28 days and 90
days. Apart from the above, 666 specimen were prepared for Ordinary Portland Cement
Concrete, Blended Cement Concrete (BCC) and Silica Fume Blended cement Concrete
(SFBCC) and tested for chloride ion permeability using RCPT apparatus.
The results of the experimental studies were presented in both tabular and graphical
forms. The significance of the results were assessed with reference to the standards specified
by IS 456-2000. The effects of individual chemical substances with different concentrations
in mixing water on initial and final setting times of cement, short term and long term
compressive strength development of Blended Cement Concrete, Silica Fume Blended
Cement Concrete and Steel Fibre Reinforced Blended Cement Concrete were analysed.
Powdered X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on twenty four selected representative
samples and the patterns were obtained. By using these powdered X-ray diffraction patterns
the probable chemical reactions that take place in hydration of cement with chemical

323
substances in mixing water were formulated. The probable reasons for the behaviour of
cement and concrete due to the presence of chemical substances in the mixing water were also
discussed.
9.2

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained in the present investigation the following conclusions

can be drawn.

Presence of NaCl in water accelerates the initial and final setting times,
of both BC and SFBC, significantly when the concentration is equal to
12 g/l. Further, concentration of 12 g/l results in a significant increase
in compressive strength of BCC, SFBCC and SFRBCC. Chloride
permeability decreases with increase in NaCl concentration.

Presence of KCl in water retards both the initial setting and final
setting time, of both BC and SFBC, significantly at a concentration of
10 g/l. Further, a concentration of 10 g/l results in a significant increase
in compressive strength of all the concretes studied in the present
investigation. Chloride permeability decreases with increase in KCl
concentration.

Presence of Na2SO4 in concentrations equal to 15 g/l retards

significantly the initial and final setting times of both BC and SFBC.
Further, at the same concentration a significant decrease in
compressive strength was observed. Chloride permeability increases
with increase in Na2SO4 concentration in mixing water.

Presence of CaCO3 in water retards the initial setting time but not
significantly, however, it retards final setting time significantly at a
concentration of 0.2 g/l in case of both BC and SFBC. Further, there is no

324
significant effect on strength development even at a maximum concentration
of 0.3 g/l, though said chemical is increasing the compressive strength of
both BCC as well as SFBCC. Chloride permeability decreases with increase
in CaCO3 concentration.

Presence of CaCl2 in concentrations equal to 1.0 g/l in water accelerates both

initial and final setting time of both the cements i.e BC and SFBC
significantly. Its presence in water does not significantly increase the strength
with an increase in concentration, the maximum tested concentration being
2.0 g/l. Chloride permeability decreases with increase in CaCl2 concentration.

Presence of MgCl2 in water retards significantly both initial and final setting
times, of BC and SFBC, at a concentration of 1.5 g/l and. Further a
concentration equal to 1.5 g/l results in a significant decrease of compressive
strength of SFBCC and SFRBCC. But in case of BCC, concentration of
MgCl2 is 2.0 g/l which is significant with respect to compressive strength.
Chloride permeability increases with increase in MgCl2 concentration.

Presence of MgSO4 in water accelerates significantly the initial and final

setting times at concentration of 1.0 g/l. Its presence in water decreases the
compressive strength slightly, but below significant level. Chloride
permeability increases with increase in MgSO4 concentration.

Presence of Mg(HCO3) in water retards both initial and final setting times, of
both BC and SFBC, significantly at a concentration of 0.3 g/l. There is no
significant

change

in

compressive

strength

development.

Chloride

permeability decreases with increase in Mg(HCO3) concentration.

Presence of HCl in water retards significantly the initial and final setting
times of both BC and SFBC when the concentration reaches 500 mg/l. Even
in case of compressive strength, concentration of 500 mg/l of HCl results in

325
significant decrease. Chloride permeability increases with increase in HCl
concentration.

Presence of H2SO4 in water retards significantly the initial and final setting
times of both BC and SFBC in concentrations equal to 300 mg/l. The same
concentration results in significant decrease in compressive strength.
Chloride permeability increases with increase in H2SO4 concentration in the
mixing water for all the concretes studied.

Presence of Na2CO3 in water at concentrations of 6 g/l and 4 g/l retards

significantly, the initial and final setting times of both BC and SFBC
respectively. However, a concentration of 6 g/l of Na2CO3 results in
significant increase in compressive strength of all the three concretes
experimented with. Chloride permeability decreases with an increase in
Na2CO3 concentration in the mixing water.

Presence of NaHCO3 in concentrations equal to 10 g/l retards significantly

the initial and final setting times of both BC and SFBC. In case of
compressive strength, a concentration equal to 10 g/l results in a significant
increase. Chloride permeability decreases with an increase in NaHCO3
concentration in the mixing water.

Among, the neutral salts under consideration (NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and
CaCO3), only CaCO3 in water does not affect the compressive strength of
concretes significantly.

Slightly acidic compounds [CaCl2, MgCl2, MgSO4 and Mg(HCO3)2] under

consideration, only MgCl2 affects the compressive strength significantly.

Strong acidic substances (HCl and H2SO4) in water reduce the compressive
strength significantly with increase in the acids concentration. Thus, great
caution is to be exercised while using such water containing strong acids
while preparing concrete.

326

Strong alkaline substances under consideration (Na2CO3 and NaHCO3) in

water increase the compressive strength significantly.

All the three concretes namely BCC, SFBCC and SFRBCC are relatively
more resistant to chemicals in mixing water than Ordinary Portland Cement
Concrete in an increasing order.

Resistance to Chloride ion permeability was found to be increasing in the

order of BCC and SFBCC. These concretes have exhibited greater resistance
to chloride ion permeability when compared with OPCC.

Mixing water containing Na2SO4 in concentration of 15 g/l and above

is not suitable for concreting works as the compressive strength
decreases significantly at this level and above.

Mixing water consisting of MgCl2 in concentration of 1.5 g/l and above

is not suitable for concreting works as the compressive strength comes
down significantly at this level and above.

Mixing water consisting of MgSO4 in concentration of 1.0 g/l and

above is not suitable for concreting works as the compressive strength
drops down significantly at this level and above.

Mixing water consisting of HCl in concentration of 500 mg/l and above

is not suitable for concreting works as the compressive strength
decreases significantly beyond this concentration.

Mixing water consisting of H2SO4 in concentration of 300 mg/l and

above is not suitable for concreting works as the compressive strength
decreases significantly beyond this concentration.

9.3 SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

The following aspects can be taken up for further investigation:

327

Similar studies can be carried out on other concretes containing admixtures

like Metakaolin, Rice husk etc. to assess and analyse the effect of various
chemical substances on the strength development with a special attention on
the durability.

The effect of biological substances present in water, which are not covered in
this research, on the setting properties of cement and strength of concrete can
be investigated.

The effect of the chemical substances on the flexural strength of cement

concrete with a special attention on durability of concrete can also be studied.

The effect of water bodies located at various places containing unique

components can be studied to develop standards and limitations on the use of
such waters in concrete.

The effect of different treated industrial effluent waters can be tested to

utilize the waters in construction industry with certain limitations.

Formation of lattice structures of hydrated cement components may be

investigated with spiked neutral salts, alkaline and acidic substances by using
X-ray Diffraction analysis.

Advanced X-ray Diffraction studies and SEM analysis can be taken up for
quantitative analysis and more accurate study of the formation of different
critical compounds that affect the properties of cement and concrete.

The impact of soluble organic compounds in natural putrid waters on various

parameters of cement and concrete can be investigated.

The effect of various compounds present in water on the corrosion of

reinforced cement concrete need to be investigated in order to formulate the
standards and limitations for the use of mixing water in construction.

328

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