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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
9.1
GENERAL
The motivation for the present investigation has been presented in chapter 1. The need
for investigating the effects of water on strength properties of concrete was investigated. The
specific aim and objectives were decided accordingly for the present investigation.
Once the aim and objectives were decided, the state-of-art technology related to the
present work was reviewed. The aim and objectives were validated for the investigation from
this review.
The implementation strategy was then decided. Accordingly, experimentation in the
laboratory was planned. A total of 444 samples were prepared and tested for initial setting
time and final setting time. A total of 1332 cubes for Blended Cement Concrete (BCC), Silica
Fume Blended cement Concrete (SFBCC) and Steel Fibre Reinforced Blended cement
Concrete (SFRBCC) were prepared and tested for compressive strength at 28 days and 90
days. Apart from the above, 666 specimen were prepared for Ordinary Portland Cement
Concrete, Blended Cement Concrete (BCC) and Silica Fume Blended cement Concrete
(SFBCC) and tested for chloride ion permeability using RCPT apparatus.
The results of the experimental studies were presented in both tabular and graphical
forms. The significance of the results were assessed with reference to the standards specified
by IS 456-2000. The effects of individual chemical substances with different concentrations
in mixing water on initial and final setting times of cement, short term and long term
compressive strength development of Blended Cement Concrete, Silica Fume Blended
Cement Concrete and Steel Fibre Reinforced Blended Cement Concrete were analysed.
Powdered X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on twenty four selected representative
samples and the patterns were obtained. By using these powdered X-ray diffraction patterns
the probable chemical reactions that take place in hydration of cement with chemical
323
substances in mixing water were formulated. The probable reasons for the behaviour of
cement and concrete due to the presence of chemical substances in the mixing water were also
discussed.
9.2
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained in the present investigation the following conclusions
can be drawn.
Presence of NaCl in water accelerates the initial and final setting times,
of both BC and SFBC, significantly when the concentration is equal to
12 g/l. Further, concentration of 12 g/l results in a significant increase
in compressive strength of BCC, SFBCC and SFRBCC. Chloride
permeability decreases with increase in NaCl concentration.
Presence of KCl in water retards both the initial setting and final
setting time, of both BC and SFBC, significantly at a concentration of
10 g/l. Further, a concentration of 10 g/l results in a significant increase
in compressive strength of all the concretes studied in the present
investigation. Chloride permeability decreases with increase in KCl
concentration.
Presence of CaCO3 in water retards the initial setting time but not
significantly, however, it retards final setting time significantly at a
concentration of 0.2 g/l in case of both BC and SFBC. Further, there is no
324
significant effect on strength development even at a maximum concentration
of 0.3 g/l, though said chemical is increasing the compressive strength of
both BCC as well as SFBCC. Chloride permeability decreases with increase
in CaCO3 concentration.
Presence of MgCl2 in water retards significantly both initial and final setting
times, of BC and SFBC, at a concentration of 1.5 g/l and. Further a
concentration equal to 1.5 g/l results in a significant decrease of compressive
strength of SFBCC and SFRBCC. But in case of BCC, concentration of
MgCl2 is 2.0 g/l which is significant with respect to compressive strength.
Chloride permeability increases with increase in MgCl2 concentration.
Presence of Mg(HCO3) in water retards both initial and final setting times, of
both BC and SFBC, significantly at a concentration of 0.3 g/l. There is no
significant
change
in
compressive
strength
development.
Chloride
Presence of HCl in water retards significantly the initial and final setting
times of both BC and SFBC when the concentration reaches 500 mg/l. Even
in case of compressive strength, concentration of 500 mg/l of HCl results in
325
significant decrease. Chloride permeability increases with increase in HCl
concentration.
Presence of H2SO4 in water retards significantly the initial and final setting
times of both BC and SFBC in concentrations equal to 300 mg/l. The same
concentration results in significant decrease in compressive strength.
Chloride permeability increases with increase in H2SO4 concentration in the
mixing water for all the concretes studied.
Among, the neutral salts under consideration (NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and
CaCO3), only CaCO3 in water does not affect the compressive strength of
concretes significantly.
Strong acidic substances (HCl and H2SO4) in water reduce the compressive
strength significantly with increase in the acids concentration. Thus, great
caution is to be exercised while using such water containing strong acids
while preparing concrete.
326
All the three concretes namely BCC, SFBCC and SFRBCC are relatively
more resistant to chemicals in mixing water than Ordinary Portland Cement
Concrete in an increasing order.
327
The effect of biological substances present in water, which are not covered in
this research, on the setting properties of cement and strength of concrete can
be investigated.
Advanced X-ray Diffraction studies and SEM analysis can be taken up for
quantitative analysis and more accurate study of the formation of different
critical compounds that affect the properties of cement and concrete.
328
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