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Section A
Note: Answer any two questions; each question carries 5 marks
(2 x 5 = 10)
1)
a) What is a statistical ensemble?
b) What are differences between three types of the ensembles?
c) A system with just two energy levels is in thermal equilibrium with a heat
reservoir at temperature 600 K. The energy gap between the levels is 0.1 eV. Find
the probability that the system is in higher energy level.
2)
a) What is a difference between the macroscopic and microscopic states?
b) What is the grand canonical partition function for a solid vapor equilibrium
system?
c) Show that the pressure in the gaseous phase is given by Langmuir equation
3)
a) The
entropy
of
an
isolated
ideal
gas
is
given
3/2
V
5 Nk
4 mE
S Nk ln
3
2 h N 3 N
2
by
4)
a) What are the difference between Fermi Dirac and Bose Einstein distribution
function?
b) Show that the mean energy per photon in a blackbody radiation cavity is very
nearly 2.7kT .
c) Using the general theory, show that the mean energy E and the magnetization M
of a paramagnetic solid are related by E MB .
Section B
Note: Answer any three questions; each question carries 10 marks
5)
6)
7)
(3 x 10 = 30)
E BV N E
3N
2
. Here, B is a constant.
a) Consider a system whose energy levels are given by 0, , 2 . The energy level is
two-fold degenerate and the other two are non-degenerate. Determine the partition
function of the system.
b) Consider a gas of atoms obeying Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. Determine the
a p
average value of e over all the moments p of each of the particles. Here, a is
the constant vector, m is the mass of each atom, and T is the temperature.
a) A particle is confined to the region x 0 by a potential which increases linearly as
v x v0 x
. Determine the mean position of the particle at temperature T.
b) A one dimensional chain consists of a set of N rods each of length a. When
stretched by a load, each rod can align either parallel or perpendicular to the
length of the chain. The energy of a rod is when perpendicular to it. Determine
the average length of the chain when it is in thermal equilibrium at a temperature
T.
8)
a) Consider a mole of steam under high pressure, so that the Vander Waals equation
is the equation of state. Vander Waals constants for steam:
a 6.0 l 2 atm/mol 2 , b 0.8 l/mol . It is initially at pressure P1 40 atm and has
V 0.8 l
volume Vi 0.5 l . It is then expanded to f
. Calculate the initial
temperature of the steam. Also, calculate the final temperature if the expansion is
isobaric.
b) Consider the chemical reaction A B C . The molar heat capacities at constant
pressure of substances A, B, and C are the following functions of absolute
1
2
2
temperature T: CA 3T , CB 5T , CC 10T . This reaction is carried out at a
constant temperature of 300 K. Calculate the change in entropy per mole of the
substance C produced. Also, calculate the heat released per mole of the substance
C produced.
9)
a) Consider a system of two Ising spins S1 and S2 taking values 1 , with interaction
energy given by JS1S 2 , when it is in thermal equilibrium at a temperature T.
C
determine C when the average energy of the system varies as k BT . Here, the
temperature T is large.
b) The speed v of the molecules of mass m of an ideal gas obeys Maxwells velocity
distribution law at an equilibrium temperature T. Determine the average value of
10)
vy
. Let
v ,v ,v
x