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q,fwef;ratmifcifurl olUtm; EdkifcsifovdkEdkifoGm;aom? olu bk&m;xl;&Sdcdk;vdkuf&aom

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0w¬Krsm;udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;oavmuf 0wÅKa&;q&mrsm;udk MunfndKtm;usavonf/
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aomtcg wwfEdkifvQif 0w¬Ka&;q&mvkyfrnf) [laom uAsmqefonfh pmuav;udk uAsm

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odkU&mwGif þrnfþrnfaom &efrSef;csufrsm;um; pE´&m;ay:wGif aMumifckefwuf&mrS

ay:xGufvmaom *DwoHrQom jzpfygonf/ e&Dwdkufí tpDtpOfESifh ay:vmaom
*DwoHrsKd; r[kwfyg/ taMumif;qdkufovdk pum;tvsOf;oifhovdk ay:vmaom &nfrSef;
csufrsm;om jzpfygav\/ /
- 10 -
tazhrSef;csufrSm ESrf;xGufESifhuGmonf
q,fwef;atmifí aumvdyfa&mufaomfvnf; b0&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí uRefawmf

onf rsm;pGmwdk;wufrI&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifyg/ ydkí&nfrSef;csufrsm;vmonf? axGjym;vmonf
[kom qkd&vdrfhrnf/ tdkifpDtufjzpf&rnf[laom uRefawmfhacgif;wGif;odkU tazoGif;ay;
vdkufonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSmvnf; v,f0efjzpf&rnfqdkaom rlvrSef;csufvdkyif aemuf
uG,frSmom acsmifckdaeavh&Sdygonf/ a&SUqkH;uaeonfh b0&nfrSef;csuf[kyif ac:Edkifrnf
r[kwfaom rSef;csufrSm ynmoif&rnf? pmar;yGJatmif&rnf[líom jzpfygavonf/
pmzwfolwdkU odNyD;jzpfMuonfhtwkdif; &efukefwuúodkvfwnf;[laom ,leDAmpDwDrSm ynm

oifMum;&mü ukefusp&dwf tvGefBuD;av;ygonf/ [kdufpul;ausmif;wkef;u abmf'g?
aumvdyfrSmawmh a[mfpw,fvfac:onfh ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;ae&vQif tazh ajrwdkif;
pma&;vcudk tdrfrSmpm;zdkUrcsefbJ ydkUrS avmufiS&kHavmuf jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ xdkUaMumifh
uRefawmfhrSm xrif;vcaygayg tdrfaecaygaygESifh &rnfhae&m &SmNyD; aeUausmif;om;tjzpf
ESifh ausmif;wuf&avonf/ c&D;p&dwfrukefatmif aumvdyfausmif;ESifhvnf; eD;&rnf jzpf
&m urm&GwfrSmyif ae&avonf/
tv,fwef;txufwef; t*Fvdyfausmif;om;wkef;uvdk a&xrf;jcif;ponfh tdrfrIa&;&m udk

um; rvkyf&awmhay? odkU&mwGif t&yfxJaeonfhtwdkif; &yfrIa&;&mrsm;wGif yg&avonf/
uRefawmfuvnf; rnfrQxd pyfpkygoenf;qkdaomf t&yfxJwGif we*FaEGaeUwdkif; qGrf;cHí
qGrf;BuD;avmif;aom qGrf;BuD;avmif;toif;ukdUyif ydwfjzL0wfpkH0wf toif;om;tjzpfjzifh
yg0if aqmif&Gufygonf/ ydwfjzL0wfxm;aom aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD; qGr;fqefawmif;
xrf;ívnf;aumif;? aMu;pnf&dkufívnf;aumif; qGrf;qefcHxGufaeonfudk awGUEdkifMu
ygonf/
- 11 -
4if;jyif xdkpOftcgu urm&Gwfonf wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;\ tm;taumif;qkH;aom tajccH

&yfuGufwpfck jzpfaeavNyD/ urm&Gwf wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;udk 1934 ckavmufu pwif
wnfaxmifcJU&m pwifwnfaxmifcJUolrsm;rSm ocifodef;azESifh ocifcifarmifwdkU jzpfonf
[k od&avonf/ uRefawmf urm&Gwfa&mufNyD;aemuf urm&Gwfocifrsm;ESifh vkH;rdcsdefwGif
ocifodef;azonf umvuwÅm;odkU a&mufaeNyD[k od&onf/ uRefawmfESifh rawGUvdkuf&
awmhyg/ 4if;um;wufbkef;BuD;0wÅKudk a&;aomaMumifh wufbkef;BuD;odef;az[k ausmfMum;
vmaomolyif jzpfygonf/
ocifcifarmifrSmrl urm&Gwfom; &Srf;jrefrmjzpfNyD; urm&GwfrSmyifaeojzifh uRefawmfESifh

awGU&ygonf/ ocifcifarmifrSmum; jzLjzLykyk cyfwkwfwkwfjzpfavonf/ ocifApdefonf
olUxHokdU tpnf;t&kH;udpöESifh vnf;aumif;? tvnftywfvnf;aumif; vmwwfav&m
uRefawmfjrifawGUzl;&ygonf/ ocifApdefrSm ndKndKykykcyf00yifjzpf\/ olUtm; jznf;jznf;
aES;aES; oGm;vmaeonfudk b,fawmhrSrjrifzl;yg/ olonf ykojzihf olUajcwdkaeonfudk
tNrJowd&um ajcwdkaeonfESifh umrdatmif wrifyif tvSrf;us,fus,fBuD; vSrf;í
oGufoGufBuD; avQmuf[efwlavonf/
4if;jyif olpum;ajymwdkif; a'gESifharmESifh rajymonfhtcg[lí rawGUrjrifzl;yg/ w&m;a[m

pifjrifh ay:rSmvnf; a'garmESihf? ESpfa,mufwrf;ajymvnf; a'garmESihf? vlolav;yg;
rMum;atmif wdk;wdk;ajym&mrSmvnf; a'garmESifhyif jzpfayonf/ olonf rcifqdkaom trsKd;
orD; wpfa,mufESifh nm;oGm;NyD[k owif;pmxJwGif ygvmaomtcg uRefawmf yxrqkH;
pOf;pm;Munfhvdkufaom t&mum; ol orD;&nf;pm;pum; ajymykHwnf;/ olb,fvdkrsm; orD;
&nf;pm; pum;ajymygvdrfh/ 'D a'g'DarmESifh yJavvm;/
urm&GwfxJrSmae&if; uRefawmfonf ocifrsm;ESifh wJGavmif;wJGavmif; jzpfaerdonf/
txl;ojzihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;yg &JabmfokH;usdyfwGif Adkvfvif;,kefESifh

Adkvfrdk;ndK[k jzpfvmMuaom ocifrsm;rSm uRefawmfESifh &G,fwlvdkjzpfojzifh ydkvdkUwJGrdyg
onf/ ocifrsm;ESifh uRefawmfonf wyl;wGJwJGjzpfaeonfudk urm&Gwfvlxku trSwfxm;
rd[ef rwlaomfvnf; ykvdyfum; aumif;pGmtrSwfxm;av\/ uRefawmfhtm; aumvdyf
- 12 -
ausmif;om; EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;tjzpfjzihf oufqdkif&modkU urm&GwfXmerS wdkifcsufydkU[ef

&Sday\/ taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfhtazxHu qlylBudrf;armif;oHESifh csLoHygatmif nnf;
nLoH a&m>yrf;xm;aom pmwpfapmifvmaomaMumifhwnf;/ uRefawmfhtaztm; NrdKUtkyfrif;
u ac:í ]]rif;om;[m ocifawGeJUwJGNyD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfaew,fvdkU bk&ifcHrif;BuD;qDu pm
vmw,f? tpdk;&trIxrf; om;orD;[m EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&bl;qdkwm owday;zdkUvdkw,f/
rif;om;qDudk pmcsufcsif;a&;vdkuf}} [k rdefUMum;onf[k xdkpmuqdkavonf/ tazu
uRefawmhftm; EkdifiHa&;orm; vkyfonfhtwGuf qlvdkufavonf/ ]]igtvkyfjyKwfatmif
vkyfwmvm;}} [kvnf; aighawmhawmhar;vkdufonf/ NrdKUtkyfrif;u xdkokdU pum;ac:ajym
aomtcg rdk;BudK;typfcH&ovdk tazcHpm;rdaMumif;? tdrfa&mufaomtcg ]]iga,musmf;&ifhr
BuD; idkBuD;csufrjzpfrdaMumif;}} udk a&;í nnf;nLoHay;avonf/ 4if;aemuf ]]tdkifpDtuf
atmifatmifoif&rnf}} [laom rSef;csufudkrarhzkdU? rSef;csufESifh ESrf;xGufruGmzkdU owday;
EId;aqmfvdkufavonf/
odkU&mwGif uRefawmfhrSm ykvdyftpD&ifcHovdk EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD; r[kwfyg/ t&yfxJae&if;u

t&yfudpörsm; xrf;&Guf&if;u ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;oif;rdjcif;om jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHa&;
pifjrifhokdU wufí w&m;a[mjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? qE´jyyGJacgif;aqmifjcif; aomfvnf;
aumif;? wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; &efykHaiGaumufcHjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; rvkyfcJUay/ okdU&mwGif
EdkifiHa&;rSmawmh pdwf0ifpm;onf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfuvnf; &ifwGif;rSm 0ifaeNyD;jzpfygonf/
i,fi,fuav;wkef;u rif;om;OD;py,fopfESifh rif;orD;OD;zl;ndKwdkU\ &kyfao;udk Munfh&

pOf ]][oFmpvkwfxGef;NyD? jrefrmwdkU acwfaumif;csdefeD;ygNyD}} [k &kyfao;pifay:u w&m;
a[moH Mum;e&uwnf;u trsKd;om;todw&m;awG 0ifvmcJUonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif; ae
wkef;uvnf; q&mawmfOD;eE´rmvmESifh oajyyif&GmrS vlBuD;rsm;u ESpfusdwf&Spfaomif;aom
oHcarmufaqmif; ppfonfrsm;udk uGyfuJvmrnfh rif;avmif;ay:rnfhtaMumif;? xdkrif;
avmif;onf jrefrmjynfBuD;tm; rdpäm'dXdrsm;vufatmufrS u,fwifrnfhtaMumif;rsm;
ajymqkdaqG;aEG;aeMuonfudk Mum;&av&m uRefawmfhrSm rsm;pGm pdwftm;xufoef aerd
ayonf/ twefMumatmif rif;avmif;arQmfonfh 0g'pGJaeao;onf/
- 13 -
uRefawmfwkdU ajcmufwef;avmufwGif &Sdaewkef; om,m0wDolykefBuD; ay:aygufvmav

onf/ uRefawmfwdkU rnfrQ acsmufcsm;oGm;ygoen;f? uRefawmfwdkU rnfrQ aoG;<uoGm;
ygoenf;/ *VKefq&mpHonf oHcarmufaqmif;í *VKefudkpD;um uRefawmffwdkU ausmif;0if;
xJodkU xdk;qif;vmavrnfavm/
4if;aemuf &efukefouúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;onf *VKefolykef axmufcHa&;rsm; acgif;

aqmifí EdkifiHjcm;txnftvdyf oydwfarSmufa&;? pD;u&uf raomufa&; ponfrsm;
vkyfMuonf[k Mum;vkduf&avonf/ xdktcg uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;awG vdkufvkyfMu
ao;onf/ yifeDtay:tusÐ 0wfvkdufMuao;onf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf\ txdrf;trSwf tjzpfjzifh
vnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfrqefvdkaom txdrf;trSwftjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;? AdkvfauawG
y,fum acgif;wkH;yif wkH;vkdufMuao;onf/
urm&GwfrSmaeí ocifrsm;ESifh aygif;rdaomtcg EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwf0ifpm;rIESifh rlv&SdNyD;

rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfwkdUonf wdk;wufyGm;rsm;vmonfudkum; 0efcHygonf/ 4if;jyif ocifrsm;udk
uRefawmf MunfndKvmaMumif;udkvnf; 0efcH&ayrnf/
Oyrm- ]acG;acgif; ajymif;jyef uyfvdkufonf} [laom udpöü tcsKdUolwdkUu awmifil

ocifvSarmifonf rdkuf&l;&JvkyfaMumif;? tusKd;r&SdwJUvkyfief; vkyfaMumif; ajymqdk&Iwfcs
avonf/ uRefawmfum; ocifvSarmiftm; csKd;usL;ygonf/ aESmif;vlwdkU em;vnfEdkif&ef
tenf;i,f &Sif;yg&ap/ awmifilrS ocifvSarmifqdkolonf wpfae&modkU pma&;ydkU&m
pmtdwfwGif a*smhbk&ifwHqdyfacgif;udk ajymif;jyefuyfNyD; atmufrS ]acG;acgif;ajymif;jyef
uyfvdkufonf} [k a&;vdkufavonf/ xdkuJUokdUaom jypfrIaMumifh axmif'Pf (7)ESpf
&avonf/ ocifvSarmifonf þtvkyfudk trSwfwrJU vkyfvkdufonfr[kwf/ wrifyif
t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;rIudk qefUusifaom qE´jyyGJwpf&yftaeESifh wpfudk,fwnf; olem;vnf
pdwful;aygufaomenf;jzifh usif;yvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/ ,if;qE´jyyGJum; xda&mufvS
ayonf/
ocifrsm;onf tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;ESifhrwl/ tiwftjywf tqif;&JcHí EdkifiHa&;

vkyfMu\/ oGm;vmp&m p&dwfr&SdvQif ajcvQifavQmuf\/ om;r,m;? aqGrsKd;rdbESifh
- 14 -
jywfpJrnfvm;? wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;ESifh jywfpJrnfvm; a&G;cs,f&vQif

wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;ESifh rjywfpJEdkif[k a&G;olrsm;jzpfay\/ axmifwef;
udkvnf; raMumufolrsm;jzpf\/ axmufusvQif 0rf;renf;? pdwf"mwfrus? ]ta&SUu
ae0ef; xGef;onfhyrm wdkUacwfudkawmh a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg} [laom wkdUArmoDcsif;udk
qdkvsuf pdwfwif;um cH&JolawGjzpf\/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; jzpfygvsuf vufxdyfcwfjcif;?
vlqdk;&mZ0wfaumifudkvkyfenf; tvkyfcH&aomtcg ociftusOf;orm;rsm;onf xdkif
oydwf arSmufjcif;? tpmiwfcHjcif;? ponfwdkUjzifh qE´jyMu\/ ckHcHMu\/ tcGifhta&;
&atmif aqmif&GufMuav\/ olwkdUvdkrvkyfEdkifOD;awmh? uRefawmfonf olwkdUudk rMunf
ndKbJ &SdEdkifygrnfavm/
urm&GwfwGif puf&kHrsm;&Sdav&m tBuD;qkH;puf&kHrSm wa,mpGyfus,fpuf jzpfavonf/

pGyfus,fpufrS tvkyform;rsm;onfvnf; uRefawmfhvdkyif ocifrsm;udk MunfndK\/ olwdkU
\ pGefUpm;rItwGuf csD;usL;\/ urm&GwfrSm ocifw&m;yJGusif;yvQif w,mwHqdyf
pGyfus,fpuf&kHrS tvkyform;rsm;onf tm;wkduftifwkduf wufa&muf tm;ay;Mu\/
uRefawmfonf ocifrsm;udk MunfndKtm;ay;&mü wpfa,mufxD;wnf;BuD; r[kwfyg/
uRefawmfrrSm;Edkifyg/ wpfa,mufxD;wnf;jzpfvQifum; ]]igrsm; rSm;aeNyDvm;}} [k ylp&m
&Sdao;onf/ ,ckrl ylp&mr&Sdyg/ qif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm;vnf; uRefawmfwdkUbufu
&SdaeavNyD/
uRefawmfonf EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwf0ifpm;onf/ jrefrmhacwfaumif;csdefudk arQmfonf/ jrefrmh

vGwfvyfa&;udk vkdvm;onf/ ocifEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk MunfndKonf? tm;ay;onf?
axmufcHonf/ odkU&mwGif uRefawmfudk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;
jzpfzdkUum; pdwful;yif rxnfhrd&dk; {ueftrSefjzpfygonf/
ykvdyfuawmh uRefawmhtm; EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;tjzpf pm&if;oGif;xm;avNyD/ NrdKUtkyfrif;u

uRefawmfhtaz ajrwdkif;pma&;udk ac:í tpdk;&trIxrf; om;orD;qdkwm EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&bl;
[k owday;pum; qdkavNyD/ tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;um; rvGwfvyf? 4if;wkdU\ om;orD;rsm;
yif rvGwfvyfMu/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIawG rsm;vSbdawmhonf/ þonfum; cH,lvdkufaom
oifcef;pm aywnf;/
- 15 -
tpdk;&trIxrf;tvkyfudk uRefawmfpdwfemvmonf/ t&m&SdBuD;jzpfOD;awmh? tdkifpDtufpf

jzpfOD;awmh rvGwfvyf[laom tjrifudk jrifvmayonf/ xdkUaMumifh zcifBuD;ay;vkdufonfh
tdkifpDtufpfjzpf&r,f[laom &nfrSef;csufudk rpGefUvTwfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfwJUtvkyf
vkyf&&if aumif;rSmyJ[k xGufayguf&Smrdavonf/ a&SUae? 0wfvkHvkyf&&if raumif;ay
bl;vm;?? vGwfvnf;vGwfvyfr,f? *kPfvnf;&Sdr,f? 0ifaiGvnf; aumif;Edkifw,f/ igh
tBudKuf jzpfEdkifw,f/
&nfrSef;csuf a&G;cs,fa&;ESifhywfoufí uRefawmfonf bufwfrifwef Muufawmifvdk

jzpfae[ef&Sdonf/ tajctae tjzpftysuf trsKd;rsKd;wkdU\ Mum;0,f &dkufykwfxkwfonfh
bufodkU ul;ae&avonf/
aumvdyfausmif;wGif toif;trsKd;rsKd;&Sd\/ arG;&yfa'oqdkif&m toif;rsm;? ynmbmom&yf

qkdif&m toif;rsm;? ausmif;aqmiftvdkuf toif;rsm;? bmoma&;toif;rsm;? usef;rma&;
toif;rsm;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾wdkU jzpfavonf/
uRefawmfwkdU aeUausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; toif;zJGUxm;ao;onf/ uRefawmfonf

wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾okdUvnf; 0ifxm;avonf/ 4if;jyif ynmbmom&yfqdkif&m
toif;tcsKdUudkvnf; 0ifxm;avonf/ Ak'¨bmomtoif;udkvnf; vufrvTwfyg/ toif;
tyif; Am[D&udpörsm;rSm tawmfrsm;ay\/ wuúodkvfausmif;or*¾onf t&Sdefwufaewkef;
jzpfavonf/ or*¾OuúXa&G;aumufyGJESifh trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif udk,fwdkif0if
ta&G;rcHaomfvnf; ocifqefaom ausmif;om;rsm;bufrS tEdkif&atmif uRefawmfwkdU
0ifvkH;yef;& ygao;onf/
uRefawmf wuúodkvfpa&mufonfhESpfrSm 1935-36 jzpfav&m ausmif;om;avmuonf

txl;ojzihf tkH<uonfhESpfaywnf;/ 1920 jynfhESpf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH NyD;onfhaemuf
tBuD;qkH; ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH ay:vmaomESpfjzpfonf/ wuúodkvfa&mufcgpESpf
vnf;jzpf? tazhMoZm ylaEG;aewkef;vnf; jzpfjyefav&m xdkausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHwGif
uRefawmf\tcef;rSm bmrQajymprSwfrjyKavmufyg/ 'Da&xJarsmygaeaom aA'gyifavmuf
- 16 -
om jzpfygonf/ trsm;enf;wl or*¾xJ0ifvkdufonf/ trsm;enf;wl or*¾rS BuD;rSL;aom

w&m;yJGrsm;okdU oGm;emonf/ trsm;enf;wl vufckyfwD;onf/
trsm;ESifh wlEdkifrnfr[kwfaom tawGUtBuKHuav; wpfckESpfckawmh &Sdygonf/ 4if;wkdUum;

þodkUwnf;/ or*¾OuúXjzpfvmol udkEkonf uRefawmfwkdU wuúodkvfra&mufrD ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGmu bDatatmifNyD; ausmif;q&mvkyfaecJUonf/ aemufrS Oya'oifwef;wuf&ef
wuúodkvfodkU jyefvmcJUjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfwkdUvli,fawGESifh qkHpnf;&jcif;jzpf\/ olUrSm
&Sif;vif;jywfom;aom rsufESm&Sd\/ olUudk,fvkH;udk,faygufESifh olUtouft&G,frSmvnf;
uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;uav;rsm;ESifhpmaomf nDtpfudktrsm;tjym;wGif tpfudktBuDqkH;
ESifh nDtaxG;qkH;awGvdk jzpfaeay&m udkEkonf uRefawmfwkdU\ cspfaMumuf&dkaojcif;udk
cH&avonf/ olonf pum;ajymaomfvnf;aumif;\/ jywfom;pGm ajym&kHru vIyf&Sm;
atmif vIHUaqmfí ajymqdkonf/ þtcsufrsm;wGif trsm;tawGUtBuKHESifh uRefawmfhtawGU
tBuKHjcm;em;vSrnfr[kwfyg/ okdU&mwGif udkEku ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwmpavmhpfESifh tjcm;
rsufESmjzLygarmu©rsm;udk Armhtay: a[mh&rf;jcif;? armufrmjcif;rsm;twGuf &Iwfcsvkduf
aomtcg uRefawmfhtawGUtBuKHonf trsm;tawGUtBuKHESifh wlEdkfifrnfr[kwf[k xifyg
onf/ uRefawmfonf y&dowfxJu tjcm;olrsm;udk rqkdxm;bd? xdkpum;udkajymaom udkEk
xufyif xdkpum;\ oabmouefudk em;vnfayonf/ taMumif;rlum; uRefawmf
i,fi,fwkef;u bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS iSm;ay;&aom aumfaZmay:wGif zdeyfjzihf avQmufaom
rsufESmjzLv,f0efrif;onf uRefawmfhtaztm; ]]'rfzl;}} [k qJNyD; ajrykHvdyfjzihf rsufESmudk
aygufcJUonfudk udk,fawGUjzpfaomaMumifh aywnf;/
wuúodkvftmPmydkifwkdU\ tjyKtrlrsm;udk uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyf

e,fcsJUorm;wkdUay;aom uRefynmudk azmfxkwf&Iwfcsaomtm;jzifh vnf;aumif; udkEku
bDatbJGUudk jyeftyfaomtcg ,if;odkUtyfjcif;onf trsm;wumrSmxuf uRefawmfh tay:
wGif ydkípl;&Sxufjrufaom tmedoif&Sdonf[k uRefawmfqdkcsifygonf/ uRefawmfonf
t*Fvdyfpmoifrnf? pmar;yGJatmif&rnf[laom rSef;csufjzifh q,fwef;atmifcJUonf/
aemuf bDatatmif&rnf? tdkifpDtufpfjzpf&rnf [laom jyXmef;csufrsm;jzifh aumvdyfodkU
wufcJUonf/ þjyXmef;csufrsm;udk ESvkH;ydkufí ynmoifaepOf udkEk\ bJGUjyeftyfaom
tvkyfonf ZufBudK;aqmifhqJGvdkufonfESifh wlay\/ ,if;odkUaom jyXmef;csufrsm;\
- 17 -
abmiftwGif;rSm pOf;pm;ae&mrS xkdabmifudk cGJzsufvkdufNyD; vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;aponfESifh

wlay\/ oifMum;ae&aom ynm&yfwpfckvkH;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;vm\/ ynma&;pepf
wpfckvkH;udk a0zefpjyKvm\/ xkdynma&;pepfudk zefwD;ay;vdkufaom e,fcsJUtkyfcsKyfa&;
taqmufttkH wpfckvkH;udk NcKHí qifjcifokH;oyfvmavawmh\/
uRefawmfhtawG;tac:um; ajymif;vJrIpavNyD/
okdU&mwGif tvkyfum;rygvSao;yg/ "avhxkH;pH tusifhponfwkdU\ t&Sdeftmedoifonf

BuD;rm;vSaypG/ pmar;yGJatmifzkdU pmoifonf[laom "avhxkH;pHonf >cif;csufr[kwfay/
xdkUaMumifh 1936 ck? ausmif;om;oydwfBuD; jzpfyGm;vmaomtcg uRefawmfonf trsm;

enf;wl oydwfarSmufí vdkufcJUaomfvnf; awmif;qkdcsuf&vQif ausmif;jyefí pmar;yGJ
aNz&rnf[laom &nf&G,fcsufum; tNrJ&Sdaeavonf/ tdkifpDtufpfatmif&rnf [laom
rSef;csufuav;u OD;aESmuf\ aemufuG,fwpfae&mrS pufykef;ckwfaeqJ jzpfavonf/
oydwfarSmufpü a&Twd*kHukef;awmfay:wGif oydwfpcef;odkU rSefrSefa&muf\/ ntdyfonfh
tcg tdyfvdkufao;\/ aemuf oydwfESifhtmPmydkif ta&;qdkí tBudwfte,fjzpfvmaom
tcg uRefawmfonf rdb&yfxHokdU jyefcJUavonf/ uRefawmfhtazu oydwfarSmuf&mokdU
yg&ygrnfvm;[k qD;íBudrf;av&m ]]trsm;vkyfawmh vdkufvkyf&wmaygh taz&JU/ oHCm
tm; bk&m;rqefomvdkUawmif pum;ykH&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;}} [k uRefawmfu tajzay;
avonf/ taru jyefa&mufvmonfhom;tm; at;jrjcif;ESifh cspfjcif;udkom jy&rnf[k
ulajymavonf/ tazhpdwfrSm rajywwfao;/ uRefawmfu-
]]udpörNyD;jywfao;cif [dkrSmae&if pmrzwfjzpfrSmpdk;vdkU tdrfjyefvmcJUwm? tdrfrSmpmzwfr,f}}
zcifBuD;onf pdwfajyoGm;NyD; tcGefawmfajympmrsm; ukef;a&;aeavonf/ oltvkyfvkyfykH

Munfh&onfrSm uRefawmfh aemufqkH;pum;aMumifh tvkyfESpfqwdk;vkyf&ef pdwfxufoef
oGm;[ef &Sdayonf/
þum; 1936 ck oydwftwGif;u tjzpftysuf/
- 18 -
aemufESpfrsm;wGifvnf; uRefawmfonf ocifqefaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk

pdwftm;jzifh vkH;0axmufcH\/ vufawGUtm;jzifh rJay;jcif;? tpnf;ta0;wuf em;axmif
jcif;rsKd;jzihf axmufcH\/ uRefawmfwkdU axmufcHaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif
udkb*srf;? rdw¬DvmudkvSarmif? udkatmifqef;? udkb[def;? udkAaqG? udkxGe;f&Sdef ponfwdkUudk
txl; owd&ayonf/ olwdkUxJwGif udkb[def;ESifh udkxGef;&SdefwdkUrSvJGí tjcm;olwdkUrSm
&kyfvu©Pm raumif;Muyg/ udkb*srf;rSm rxdwxd tm;rvkdtm;r& rsufESm&Sdonf/
udkvSarmifrSm &IHUrJUrJUrsufESm&Sdonf/ udkatmifqef;um; pkwfcRef;cRef; rIefawaw rsufESm
&Sdonf/ udkAaqGrSm ysif;&dxdkif;rIdif;aom rsufESm&Sdonf/ okdU&mwGif &kyfvu©Pmonf ta&;
BuD;vSonf[k rxifyg/ olwkdUtm;vkH;onf ausmif;om;ta&;rsm; pdwfygvufyg &dk;&dk;
om;om; aqmif&GufaeMuonfudk awGU&\/ olwdkUtm;vkH;onf wkdif;jynfudk wu,f
cspfjrwfEkd;[ef &Sd\/ xkdUjyif olwkdUtm;vkH;onf uRefawmfhxuf pGef hvTwfEdkifaom owÅdrsm;
&SdMu\/ xdkUaMumifh olwdkUtm; MunfndKygonf/
onfvdkESifh 1938 ckESpfodkU a&mufcJUNyD/ xdkESpfwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾ü udkb[def;

OuúX? udkvSa&Tu 'kwd,OuúX? udkAaqGu twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfMuav\/
xdkESpf\ aemufydkif;um; þ0w¬K pwiftuGufazmfonfhtcsdef jzpfayonf/ okdU&mwGif

jynfzkH;um;udk r..rwifrD uRefawmf\ t&ifu tjcm;tjzpftysuf tcsKdUudkvnf; twkdcsKH;í
tpD&ifcHzdkU vdkao;onf[k xifyg\/ okdUrS cspfpGmaompmzwfolonf þ0w¬KwGif BuKHawGU
ae&rnfh uRefawmfhtm; ydkrkdtuJcwfEdkif&ef tajccH&xm;ygvdrfhrnf/ /
- 19 -
udk&ifBuD; OD;boef;\ zdkrudpö oifMum;csufrsm;
b0wpfoufwm &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí uRefawmfhtazonf ykAÁmp&d, vufOD;

q&m jzpfaomfvnf; ra&;? zdka&;? cspfa&;? BudKufa&;wGifum; ykAÁmp&d,r[kwfyg/
vufOD;q&mrsm;ESifh awGUNyD;rS uRefawmfhtazu aESmif;q&mtjzifhjzihf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
&jcif;omjzpfayonf/
,if;udpörsm;ESifhywfoufí uRefawmhvufOD;q&mum; udk&ifBuD;OD;boef; jzpfayownf;/

zdkrta&;? cspfa&;BudKufa&;wGif udk&ifBuD;wpfyg;u vufOD;q&mjzpf&onf? ]]xl;ay qef;
ayonf}} [k qdkMurnfvm;/
jzpfykHurl þokdUwnf;/ uRefawmfonf t*Fvdyfausmif;rSm 7-wef;pmar;yGJ NyD;aomtcg

ausmif;ydwfí &Gmjyefvmonf/ touf 14ESpfrQ &SdavNyD/ ausmif;ydwfwkef; tcsdeftv[o
rukefbJ ukodkvf&ap&ef q&mawmf OD;eE´rmvmausmif;wGif udk&if0wfaeavonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; 10a,mufcefUtjyif uRefawmfyg udk&if4-yg;&Sdav\/ 4if;wdkUteuf
2yg;rSm rsm;pGmi,fí tBuD;qkH;rSm udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;jzpfavonf/ olonf touf 17ESpf?
18ESpfrQ &Sdvdrfhrnf/ naearSmif&DvmNyDqdkvQif ausmif;om;a&m udk&ifyg pmtHMu&\/
wpfem&D pmtHNyD;vQif &yfem;um i,f&G,folrsm;rSm tdyfMu&\/ uRefawmfwdkUum; q&m
awmftm; 0wfjznfhMu& (0g) eif;ay;Mu&\/ 4if;aemuf q&mawmfum; rSdef;avNyD/ b,f
tcsdef usdef;pufonf[kum; rod&? rodEdkif/ uRefawmfwkdU pum;oHenf;enf; jrnfvmvQif
]][JUtdyfMu}} [laom q&mawmfhtoHum; ay:vmNrJwnf;/
uRefawmfwkdUonf arSmifBuD;rnf;rnf;xJwGif okdUr[kwf ausmif;ocFrf; twGif;odkU rIefwd

rIefrTm; wkd;0ifvmaomva&mifwGif wdk;wkd; pum;pjrnfajymMu\/ uRefawmfESifh udk&ifBuD;
OD;boef;um; twGif;usus wdkifyifaqG;aEG;Muaom wdk;wdk;azmf wdk;wdk;zufrsm;wnf;/
- 20 -
udk&ifBuD;u avmueDwdvm £w¬d0F*H? e'D0*Fpaom pum;rsm;jzihf rdef;rtaMumif;p\/

rdef;rrsm; aumufuspfykH ajymjy&mrS cspfp&maumif;ykHodkU a&muf\/ rdef;rrsm; &m*BuD;
onf[k qdk&mrS a,musmf;rsm;MumckdykHokdU a&muf\/ olESifh vufyGef;wwD; awGUzl;onf
qdkaom rdef;rrsm;taMumif; ajymjy\/ uRefawmfhrSm þrQt&om&Sdaom pum;rsm;udk ,cif
u wpfBudrfrQrMum;zl;yg/ udk&ifBuD;tajymaMumifh uRefawmfonf wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;jcif;
rsm; jzpf&\/ udk&ifBuD;u tysKdawG b,fvdkcspfatmif vkyf&rnfqdkaom enf;rsm;udk
&Gwfzwfjy\/ 4if;jyif tysKdwpfa,mufESifh? ESpfa,mufwnf; vlBuD;rsm; rjrifuG,f&mrSm
awGUvQif csufcsif; vufujrif;&efvnf; onmay;vdkufavonf/
udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;\ zdkrudpö? cspfa&;BudKufa&; ynmrsm;aMumifh uRefawmf acsmufuszl;

avNyD/
uRefawmf udk&ifvlxGufNyD; t*Fvdyfausmif;odkU oGm;aomtcg olay;vkdufaom oifcef;pm

rsm;onf uRefawmhfacgif;xJwGif vnf;aumif;? aoG;xJwGif vnf;aumif;? ylylaEG;aeG;yif
&Sdavao;onf/ uRefawmfaeaom q&mhtdrfwGif touf 14ESpf? 15ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;
wpfOD;onf uav;xdef;vkyfvsuf &Sdav\/ wpfaeUoü q&m? q&muawmfESifh tjcm;ol
rsm;yg tdrfwGifr&Sd/ tqdkygoli,fronf uav;csDívm&m uRefawmfu bmrajym nmr
ajymESifh udk&ifBuD;\oifcef;pmudk vufawGUusifhokH;um? vufo&rf;vdkufavonf/ oli,f
ronf csKH;csíidk\/ olUbmomol ikd&kHqdkvQifawmfao;\/ xdkokdUum;r[kwf q&muawmf
jyefvmaomtcg uRefawmfvufo&rf;aMumif; qD;wdkif\/ uRefawmfhrSm twif; bl;uG,fí
om ae&avawmhonf/ ]]uav;udkqGJ,lwmyg}} [k cyfwnfwnf vdrf&avonf/
tu,fíuRefawmfhrSm t*Fvdyfausmif;om; pm;a&;BuD;om;r[kwfbJ tcdkif;tap aomfvnf;

aumif;? ausmif;jymwm aomfvnf;aumif; qif;&Jom;xJu jzpfbdrl? q&muawmfESifh
Mum;Mum;orQaom rif;a,musmf; rif;rdef;rwkdUonf ]][JU wPSm&l;? acG;wd&pämef}} ponf
jzihf qJa&;um <uufaoudk acG;awG0dkif;qGJovdk qGJiifqkwfNzJMuayvdrfhrnf/ ,ckawmh
q&muawmfu ]][JUaumifrav;? r[kwfwmawGrajymeJU/ armifwifxGef;[m vl&dk;uav;/
wdkUu twGif;od? tjyifod? tifrwefodu©m&SdwJU aumifuav;}} [k omajymNyD; aumifr
uav;udk NidrfoGm;aponf/ uRefawmfhudkum; bmrQrajymMuay/
- 21 -
uRefawmfonf þudpöwGif ]acsmuf} rS vGwfajrmufcJUaomfvnf; udk,fhvdyfjymudk,f &SufvS

ygonf/ xdkrdef;uav;udkvnf; r[kwfrcHojzifh &dkaordayonf/ xdkUaMumifh awmifNyKH;yJGvdk
ae&mrsKd;rSmyif vufraqmhawmhyg/
okdU&mwGif þtrSm;udk usL;vGefrdaomfvnf; udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;\ oifMum;csufrsm;

tm;vkH;udk pGefUy,fjcif;rjyKyg/
udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;u ]]aumifrwpfa,mufu rif;udk okH;cgwdwdaphatmif NyKH;MunfhNyDqdk&if

rif;udkBudKufvdkUyJvdkU rSwfayawmh}} [k oifMum;cJUzl;avonf/
uRefawmfaeaom tdrfteD;&Sd jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif 7-wef;ü pmoifaeaom rdef;uav;

wpfa,muf&Sd\/ uRefawmfESifh &G,fwlavmufyif/ tom;rSm jzL0if;ae\/ rsufpdcyfarS;arS;
ay:wGif okH;&ufv? ckH;rsufponf 0JacGvsufae\/ ausmif;oGm;ausmif;jyefwGif qkHwdkif;
olu uRefawmfhtm; eDjref;aomEIwfcrf;uav;rsm;jzihf NyKH;jyí rsufvkH;arS;uav;rsm;jzihf
Munfhavh&Sd\/ okH;cgru q,fcgrQ NyKH;MunfhonfjzpfaomaMumifh? 'if;awmh ighBudKufaeNyD
[k uRefawmfxifrSwfvdkuf\/
okdUaomf pma&;&efum; rqkH;jzwfao;/ uRefawmfu t*Fvdyfausmif;om; olu jrefrm

ausmif;ol/ uRefawmfu v,f0efavmif;? olu tpGrf;ukefjzpfvSrS jrefrmausmif;q&mr/
þrQ tqifhtwef;csif; uGmjcm;aeaomaMumifh rydk;vdk/ þum;wpfzuf/ tjcm;wpfzuf
wGif uRefawmfonf udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;\ oifcef;pmudk vufawGUusifhokH;vdkayonf/
aemufqkH;wGif ]]prf;Munfhaygh? tyef;BuD;wmvdkufvdkU? t&IH;vnf;r&SdEdkifygbl;}} [laom
udk&ifBuD;\ qifjcifwkHw&m;udk owd&NyD; &nf;pm;pmay;vdkufavonf/ þum; uRefawmf
\ yxrqkH;aom &nf;pm;pmwnf;/ aemufwpfaeUwGif olu t&ifuvdkyifNyHK;um t&ifu
vdkyif Munfhí jyefpmuav; vSrf;ay;oGm;avonf/ olUrSm &nf;pm;&SdNyD;jzpfvkdU 0rf;enf;
ygowJU/ udk&ifBuD;\Mo0g'u vJGrSm;ovm;? uRefawmfhuHuyJ acvGef;aeovm; rajym
wwfawmhyg/
- 22 -
uRefawmf 9wef;a&mufaomtcg vlyg;tawmf0vmNyD;[k qdkEdkifygonf/ EIwfcrf;arT;a&;a&;

udkyif jrifEdkifojzifh tawmiftvufpkHaomt&G,f[kyif qdkEdkifayonf/ &G,fwl&G,fwef
odkUr[kwf udk,fhxuftawmftwefBuD;aom rdef;rysKdrsm;udkjrifvQif pdkufMunfhNyD; tMunfh
csif;qkHrdvQif zdef;ceJ? &Sdef;ceJ? t&omcHpm;wwfavNyD/ xkdtcg 6-wef;wGif rdef;racsmav;
wpfa,muf &Sdav\/ tom;jzLjzL rsufvkH;rsufzefaumif;aumif;? ESmwHay:ay: yg;pyf
vSvS? olUudk,fvkH;udk,fxnfuav;rSmvnf; pdkpdkjynfjynfESifh ,Ofpp/ olUwpfudk,fvkH;wGif
uRefawmftcspfqkH;aom t&mrsm;rSm ol\qHawmufuav; jzpfonf/
trnfuawmh rjr0if; jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfonf rjr0if;tm; usdwfícspfae\/ b,folUudkrQrajym? rjr0if;\ rsufESmuav;

udk jrifEdkif&mwpfaxmifhaxmifhu wpdrfhpdrfhMunfhaerd\/ olUtm;jrifEdkif&ef olwdkU 6-wef;
a&SUwGif vrf;ovm;&onfrSmvnf; tarmyif/ ausmif;wufaewkef; taMumif;r&Sd
taMumif;&Smum q&mudkwdkifí tjyifxGufNyD; 6-wef;tcef;ayguf0em;u jzwfavQmuf\/
olwkdUtdrfa&SUu oli,fcsif;tdrfodkU vdkufoGm;NyD; pmzwf[efaqmifí olUtm;Munfh\/
olESifhuRefawmf tMunfhcsif;qkHaomtcgrsm;ü yDwdvIdif;w<u<uESifh rl;arhrwwf jzpfae
wwfayonf/
uRefawmfonf olUtm; b,frQtxd cspfygoenf;qdkaomf twnfBuHonftxd jzpf\/

olUtm; &nf;pm;pmra&;? zGifhrajymbJaejcif;rSm udk,fhbufu aocsmcsifí jzpfayonf/
raocsmvQif oluav; pdwfraumif;jzpf&rnfudk rvdkvm;/ uRefawmfh zcifBuD;tm;
taMumif;pkHzGifhajymí wdkifyifavonf/
]]olUtazu b,folvJ}}
]]a&SUaeOD;wifav? tazodrSmyg}}
- 23 -
]]at;at;? olUtazudk igodygw,f? aeygOD;ighom;&,f? rif;ynmqufoifygtkH;/ v,f0ef

jzpfatmif BudK;pm;ygOD;/ tJ'Dawmh rif;aumifrav;xuf ydkvnf;vS? ydkvnf;ypönf;&SdwJU[m
onfhxufomwmawG &Edkifygw,f? apmifhygOD;uGm}}
uRefawmfonf uRefawmfhtaz\ qifjcifwkHw&m;udk vufcHvdkufavonf/ onfhxufom

wmawG &Edkifrnfh tem*wfudkom apmifhpm;aevdkufawmhonf/
aemufrsm;rMumrD rjr0if;onf olUxuf toufrsm;pGmBuD;aom a,musmf;wpfa,mufESifh

rdbrsm;pDrHonfhtwkdif; vdkufemí vufxyfvdkufavonf/ uRefawmfonf [dkt&G,fwkef;
u uRefawmfwkdUESifh&G,fwl rdef;uav;rsm;xuf a,musmf;vkyfolrsm;u 6ESpf 7ESpfBuD;vQif
toufuGmvGef;vSonf[k xifwwfonf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfhpdwf0,f rjr0if;crsmrSm
tbkd;BuD;wpfa,mufESifh nm;oGm;NyDjzpfav[ef ESajrmow ,lusKH;r& jzpfrdavonf/
uRefawmfhtazonf uRefawmfhtm; pdwful;,OfcGifhray;/ tdyfrufxJutcspfrsKd;wGif arGUaysmf

aecGifhray;/ aysmfovdkrae&? awmfovdkae&rnfqdkaom pum;vdk cspfwmudkr,l& awmfwm
udk ,l&rnfqkdaom Mo0g'udk ay;cJUavonf/ awmfrawmf\ rSwfausmufum; v,f0ef
jzpfa&;wnf;/ v,f0efjzpfvQif onfhxufydkvSaomrdef;r? onfhxuf ydkypönf;aygaom
rdef;rudk &rnf[kxifovdk v,f0efjzpfa&; okdUr[kwf t&m&Sdjzpfa&;udk taxmuftul jzpf
apvQif awmfaomrdef;r[k ,lq[efwlavonf/
taMumif;aomfum; rjr0if;xufydkvSaom ydkívnf;ypönf;&Sdaom rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk

awGU\/ olUtaztarrsm;u uRefawmfhtm;vdkvm;\/ uRefawmhftaru xdkacR;ravmif;udk
oabmus\/ uRefawmfuvnf; cspfEdkifyg\/ uRefawmfhtazonf rdef;uav;rdbrsm;tm;
twdtvif; ar;vkdufavonf/ ]]uRefawmfhom;udk v,f0efjzpfonfhwdkifatmif ynmquf
oifay;oGm;rvm;}}
olwdkUu tif;rvdkufaomtcg tazu uRefawmfhtm; ]]ighom; avQmhaps;ray;eJU}} [k

ukefonfpum;ESifh oifMum;avonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; zcifBuD;\ ukefonfwGufudef;udk
tvG,fwulyif vufcHvdkufavonf/
- 24 -
onfwdkUum; 8wef;? 9wef;? 10wef; vlysKdayguft&G,fwGif zdkrudpö? cspfa&; BudKufa&;wdkUü

uRefawmfBuKHawGU&aom tawGUtBuKHwdkU jzpfay\/ ,if;udpöwkdUü q&mrsm;rSm udk&ifBuD;
OD;boef;ESifh tazwkdUjzpfygonf/ ,ck0w¬Kpaomtcsdef? touf 25ESpfwpf0dkuft&G,fü
vlysKdaygufb0udk jyefvnfqifjcifvkdufaomtcg þodkUawGU&\/ udk&ifBuD;OD;boef;onf
uRefawmfhtm; trSm;udkrvkyfvkyfatmif oifjyay;oljzpf\/ okdUaomf olUtm; uRefawmf
&efNidK;rxm;&kHru rkef;yifrrkef;Edkifyg/ olUaMumifhtrSm;vkyfrdonf/ trSm;vkyfrdí trSefudk
jrif&ayonf/ ]]rrSm;aoma&SUae raoaomaq;orm; r&Sd}} [laom qdk&dk;pum; &Sdonf
r[kwfygvm;/
Oyrm- uRefawmfonf aumvdyfa&mufonfhwdkif zdkrudpö? cspfa&;BudKufa&; udpöwdkUü

udk&ifBuD;udkboef;\ MoZmrSruif;ao;yg/ rdef;uav;wpfa,mufu udk,fhudk okH;Budrf
okH;cg NyKH;MunfhvQif udk,fhBudKufvdkU[k xifwwfygao;onf/ oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufu
olUESrtaMumif; udk,fhcPcPajymjyNyD; olUESrESifhudk,fESifh rdwfqufay;vQif oli,fcsif;u
udkf,fESifholUESr ay;pm;zdkUvkyfaeonf[k xifwwfygao;onf/ e'D0*FH paom tpJGESifh
a,musmf;ESifhrdef;r wef;rwl[laom tpGJrsm;rSmvnf; rukefwwfao;yg/
þonfwdkUum; uRefawmf\ aemufcHum;aywnf;/ tcef; 1-2-3 ESifh 4-wdkUjzifh aemufcH

um; azmfjycJUayonf/
þaemufcHum;udk odxm;rS þ0w¬KwGif ta&;BuD;aomwpfae&m ,lxm;onfh uRefawmfh

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cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk axmufaxmufnSmnSm pOf;pm;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmfum; cRwf,Gif;csufajrmufjrm;pGmESifh vlwpfa,muf/
uRefawmfum; rjynfhpkHao;aom vlwpfa,muf/
uRefawmfum; vlvm;rajrmufao;aom vlwpfa,muf/ /
- 25 -
0w¬Kpcsdef\ EdkifiHa&;aemufcHum;csyf
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&dkufcwftyfaom xdkjzpfysuf&yfwkdU\ tmedoifonf uRefawmfhyifudk "mwfcHpdwfESifh
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jzpf\/ tjcm;e,fcsJUEdkifiHjzpfaom tDwvDu uRefawmfwdkUESifh b0wljzpfaom EdkifiHi,f
uav;tm; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufaomtcg tbDqD;eD;,m;bufodkU pmemaxmufxm;
u&kPmryGm;bJ raeEdkifyg/
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Edkifonfh w&kwfjynfBuD;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufckdufvsuf &Sdavonf/ e,fcsJUqefUusifa&;
- 26 -
pdwf"mwfcH&Sdaeaom uRefawmfwdkUonf usL;ausmfcH&aom w&kwfjynfBuD;bufodkU

udk,fcsif;pmjcif; arwÅmouf0ifjcif; ra&mufbJraeEdkifyg/ 4if;jyif w&kwfjynfoljynfom;
wkdUu rnfrQyif tiftm;BuD;rm;aom &efoljzpfapumrl pnf;vkH;nDnGwfpGm tEdkifrcH t&IH;
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&efoludk 0g;cRefESifhyifjzpfap? vSHwHqGJvsufyifjzpfap ckcHujzpfEdkifonf[laom taMumif;
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t*Fvdyf&dkifz,fudk raMumufatmif tm;arG;jrLay;aeavonf/
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onfh Mum;rSyif wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;onf wdk;wufvmcJU\/ ,if;odkUaom tzGJUtpnf;ygwD
wdkU\ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; (1935)Oya'u cGifhjyKcsuft&
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EdkifiHa&;tm;opfjzpfaom wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm;udkom tm;udk;wpfck
axmufcHjyKMu&avonf/
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uRefawmfwdkUu vdkufqdkMuonf/
- 27 -
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qefUusifaom vlxl;vlqef;wpfa,muf[kyif ac:&ayvdrfhrnf/
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]]ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfhyrmy? wkdUacwfudkom a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg/ wdkUArm? a[h
wkdUArm}} [laom oDcsif;oHonf uRefawmfwdkU&if0,f yJUwifcwfvmayonf/
xdktcsdefum; þ0w¬K\ yifrZmwfvrf; pcsdefaywnf;/ /
- 28 -
ydwfjzLpifMu,f0wf aumvdyf ausmif;om;
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ESifh awGU&aomaMumifhwnf;/
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tif;vsm;Mum; NcHBuD;wpfNcHwGif aexdkifavonf/
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ayonf/
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awmh\/ okdU&mwGif tokH;um;ravQmh? jrif;yJGokdUvnf; tywfpOfrSefrSef oGm;vdkufao;onf/
]]jrif;yJGroGm;&ifvnf; bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdawmh ysif;p&mBuD;}} [k OD;azu jrif;yJGoGm;jcif;udk

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aumif;? olUZeD;onf a':aX;Munfonfvnf;aumif;? om;orD;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;?
olUtm;rSDcdkaeMuaom trsKd;BuD;aqGrsKd;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; toufarG;rItvkyfqdkí bm
- 29 -
wpfckrQ rvkyfMu/ xdkUaMumifh jrif;yJGonfom olwdkUtm; we*FaEGwpfywfvkH; rtm;rvyf&

atmif tvkyfay;xm;Edkif\/ we*FaEGaeUwGif paeaeUuNyD;cJUaom jrif;yJGudk pm;NrHKUjyefMu
onf/ wevFmaeUESifh t*FgaeUrsm;wGif jrif;rsm;\&mZ0ifudk avhvmMuonf/ Ak'¨[l;aeU
wGif a&SUtywfNydKifyJG0ifrnfh jrif;rsm;udk avhvmMuonf/ cJwGufMuonf/ Mumomyaw;?
aomMumaeUrsm;wGif wpf&SmazGMuonf/ wwfEdkifvQif udk,fwdkif jrif;aZmif;rsm;qif;í
penf;emMuonf/ onfhxufwwfEdkifvQif aA'ifq&mudk oGm;awGUNyD; jrif;\Zmwm? a*smfuD
\ Zmwmponfrsm;udk wGufppfí Ekdifajcudk &SmMu&avonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]jrif;yJGroGm;&if
vnf; bmrSvkyfp&mr&Sdawmh ysif;p&mBuD;}} [laom OD;az\ajympum;rSm taMumif;rJU
r[kwfyg/
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OD;azwdkUtaMumif; qufygOD;rnf/
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trdk;rSm "ed? eH&HESifhtcif;rSm opfom;jzpfavonf/ opfom;eH&Hrsm;udk txyfxyf a&eHokwf
xm;ojzifh ndKrIdif;íae\/ xdkuJUodkU txyfxyfa&eHokyfxm;jcif;onf wpfenf;tm;jzifh
a[mif;EGrf;,dk,Gif;jcif;udk zkH;tkyfxm;ovdk&Sday\/ tcif;Murf;jyifrSm tBudrfBudrf wkdufxm;
ojzifh wzdwfzdwfawmufae\/ odkU&mwGif awmufyaeaom tcif;ta&mifonf
a[mif;EGrf;,dk,Gif;jcif;udk rzkH;tkyfEdkif/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajceif;xm;ojzifh ajcwdkufpm;aom
aMumifh cGufaeaomae&mrsm;udk xdawGUEkdifonf/ aqG;ojzifh usKd;usaom ae&mrsm;wGif
zmax;xm;onfudkvnf; jrifEdkifonf/
- 30 -
{nfhcef;wGif cif;xm;aom ukvm;xdkifpm;yJGrsm;rSmvnf; rnfrQyif yGwfwdkuf okwfvdrf;

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ykHoP²mefrsm;udk rzkH;vTrf;Edkifacs/ olwdkUtdrf{nfhcef;wGif yGwfvkH;wyf ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? bk&m;wefaqmif;wGif yef;ykxkxm;ovdk xkvkyfqif,ifxm;aom pm;yJGrsm;
udkvnf;aumif; cif;usif;xm;avao;\/ tu,fwEÅK {nfhcef;odkU<uyg[k zdwfac:jcif;
rcH&bJ xdktcef;wGif;odkU0ifrdacsaomf a&S;a[mif;tdrfaxmify&dabm*ypönf; jycef;wpfckodkU
0ifa&mufaeonf[k xifrdayvdrfhrnf/
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jyifbuf0&efwmwGif &yfaeMuonf/ aMu;pnf&dkufolwdkUum; tdrfay:odkUyif rwufcJUMu/
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rwfrwf aqmif&Gufojzifh vlodrsm;aom yk*¾KdvfBuD;aywnf;/ uRefawmfwdkUonf
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toHESifh uRefawmf\ tonf;ESvkH;ckefoHrsm;udk Mum;ae&avonf/
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onf/ olUvufxJrSm qGr;fqefwpfjynfESifh aiGwpfusyf/ tu,fí olUvufxJrSm qGrf;qef
wpfjynfESifh aiGwpfusyfrygvQif uRefawmfonf olUtm; xdkNcH? xdktdrf? xdk{nfhcef;rS
rdef;rysKdav;jzpfonf[k b,fenf;ESifhrQ rSwf,lrnfr[kwfay/ yifapmufBuD;rsm;jzihf zkH;tkyf
aeaom xdktdrfBuD;ESifh xdk{nfhcef;a[mif;wdkUonf xdkrdef;rysKduav;\ vwfqwfysKdrspfjcif;
ESifh oabmrwl jcm;em;vSacsbd\wum;/
olk\tom;rSm pdkjynf0g0if;aeí yg;rdkU? vufz0g;ponfwkdUwGif aoG;pdkUum eDMuefUMuefU

jzpfaeayonf/ tdpufnufanmaom udk,fvkH;udk,fxnfESifh wnfMunfaom rsufESmwdkUrSm
- 31 -
MunfndKESpfvkdzG,f aumif;vSonf/ qHyifudk wpfywfvQKdbD;cHí aemufwGJxkH;xm;ay&m

tdrfae&if;obm0usus rcdkUw&dkUtvSudk wrifazmfxkwfjyae&m a&mufay\/
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jyKrday\/ 4if;jyif olr\ rsufvkH;rsm;onf uRefawmfhrsufESmay:odkU tm&kHpdkufxm;onf
r[kwfbJ uRefawmfhvufxJu tvSLcHzvm;qDodkUom tm&kHpdkufxm;onfudkvnf; owdjyKrd
ayao;\/ okdUuvdk uRefawmfhtay:wGif tm&kHrpdkufonfudk owdjyKrdaomaMumifh pdwfxJ
rSm aMuuGJ0rf;enf;ovdkvdk jzpfrdao;\/
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tcg OD;av;jrifhu vSrf;íar;vdkufavonf/
]]a':aX;MunfwdkUaum &Sd&JUvm;}}
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wGif vSnfhtBunfhvdkuf rD;a&mifxJrSm pdefudkvSnfhvkdufaomtcg zswfceJxGufvmaom
ta&mifESifhtwl olr\ tvSa&mifudkum; rcsD;usL;bJraeEdkifyg/
þonfum; 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;ESifh yxrqkH;tBudrf awGUjrifMuykHwnf;/
- 32 -
aemufwpfatmifhavmufMumaomtcg *kPfoa&&Sd trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfOD; xGufvmavonf/

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ayonf/ olru OD;av;jrifhbufodkU-
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a':aX;MunfESifh OD;av;jrihfwdkUonf 'geoDv bm0em taMumif;rsm;udk wpfa,muf

wpfayguf a&mufwwf&m&m ajymqdkaeMuavonf/ a':aX;Munfonfvnf; olUorD;uJU
odkUyif uRefawmfhbufodkU tm&kHusufpm;jcif; &Sd[efrwlyg/ uRefawmfum; olr\ udk,fcE¨m
wpfckvkH;udk odrf;usKH;MunfhNyD; tb,fhaMumifh þrQt&G,fwifygoenf;/ olUorD;udk olr
b,ft&G,fwkef;u arG;cJUygavoenf;/ olUorD;ESifholUtar b,fae&mwGif wlnDMuyg
oenf;/ olr\pdefMu,foD;onf tppfavmtwkavm/ olr\qHyifonf rnfrQ &Snfo
enf;/ tNidrf;pm;0efaxmufBuD; OD;azu olUtm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ cspfayvdrfhrnfenf;- ponf
jzihf trQifrjywf rtm;rvyf pOf;pm;vsuf&Sdav\/
,if;odkU bmodbmom pOf;pm;awG;awmaeqJ a':aX;Munfu qwfceJ uRefawmfhbuf

vSnfhí-
- 33 -
]]'Doli,fu b,folvJ? wpfcgrS rjrifzl;ao;yguvm;}}
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aemufrSNyKH;vkdufNyD; tajzay;&ef jyifqifaepOf OD;av;jrifhu 0ifajzvdkufavonf/
]]olUemrnfu armifwifxGef;wJU? uRefawmfwdkUt&yfxJrSmaeNyD; aumvdyfausmif; bDatrSm

wufaew,f}}
a':aX;Munf\rsufESm ododomomBuD;csKdoGm;NyD; uRefawmfhbuf vkH;vkH;vSnfhvdkufonf/
]]aMomf? rif;u aumvdyfausmif;om;udk;? om"kuG,fom"k? Munfhprf;- Munfhprf;? Aumvdyf

ausmif;om;qdkNyD; aoG;rBuD;bl;? qGrf;BuD;avmif;toif;rSm udk,fwdkifudk,fus 0ifNyD;
aqmif&Gufw,faemf? om"kuG,f om"k}}
,ckrS olwdkUonf uRefawmfhtm; todtrSwfjyKMuayawmhonf/ xdktcsdefxd uRefawmfhrSm

a':aX;MunfESifh olUorD;wkdU\ todtrSwfjyKjcif; rcH&bJ ESdrfxm;ovdk cHpm;ae&aom
aMumifh pdwftm;i,fum vlaeygusKHUaecJUygonf/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf &ifudkaumhEdkifNyD/
rsufESmudk armhEkdifNyD/
]][kwfuJU? bk&m;omoemawmftusKd;udk aqmif&Guf&mrSm vlcsrf;omyJ? qif;&Jom;yJ? rif;yJ?

eif;jym;yJ? ocifyJ? uRefyJ? aumvdyfausmif;om;yJ? vlUtEÿJ cJGjcm;zdkU rvdkygbl;cifAsm?
ydwfjzLpifMu,f0wfNyD; ukodkvfa&;vkyfw,fqdk&if tm;vkH;wef;wlcsnf;ygyJ/ ck- uRefawmf
wdkU txJrSmqdk&if bwfpfum;py,f,m? jrif;vSnf;orm;? aps;onf? ausmif;om; tpkH
ygMuwmygyJ/ ukodkvfa&; BudK;pm;MuwmrSm acR;xGufMuwm b,folUb,folrS rydkMu
ygbl;}}
a':aX;Munfu wNyKH;NyKH;ESifh em;axmifae&mu-
]]Munfhprf;Munfhprf;? tefwDwluav;u pum;ajymuvnf; wwfvdkuf vdr®mvdkufwmaemf}}
- 34 -
4if;aemuf uRefawmfharG;&yfXmeDESifh rdbrsm;taMumif; ar;avonf/ uRefawmfu vkH;aph

ywfaph jyefajzaomtcg-
]]tJ'D rif;wdkUe,fudk tefwDwdkUaumif;aumif;odwmaygh/ rifhtefu,fvf NrdKUtkyfvkyfwkef;u

a&mufzl;wmaygh}}
okdUjzihf a':aX;Munfonf uJGuGmaeaom &yfaqG&yfrsKd;udk awGUav[ef? a&S;a[mif;

aESmif;jzpf pum;rsm;ajymNyD; uRefawmfESifh &if;ESD;rI,lvdkufygonf/ uRefawmfuvnf;
rqGwfcifu nGwfcsifonfhyef;/
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vmcJUOD; armifwifxGef;a&? rif;tefu,fvfBuD;eJUvnf; rdwfqufay;&OD;r,f/ ckawmh
tefu,fvfBuD;u r&Sdbl;/ olUorD;ti,f&,f om;uav;&,fac:NyD; tefwDU&JUarmif
0wfvkHawmf& OD;jrbl;tdrf oGm;vnfMuw,f/ orD;tBuD;0ifeDawmh tdrfrSm&Sdw,f/ ckeifu
awGUvdkufw,f r[kwfvm;}}
a':aX;Munfu ar;vdkufykHrSm NyKH;pdpdrdkU &dk;&dk;ar;onfhtar;[k r,lqyg/ uvdqGonfh

tar;jzpf[ef &Sdygonf/
]]tJ'g 0ifeDwJUvm;? jrifawmh jrifvdkuf&yg&JU}}
]]aMomfaMomf? jrif&kHomjrifvdkuf&NyD; todrzJGUvdkuf&bl;aygh? [J[J todzJGUay;&rSmaygh/ 0ifeD

a& 0ifeD orD;a& vmygOD;uG,f}}
0ifeDrSm cyfa0;a0;rSm ae[efrwl/ uRefawmfwkdUESifh uyfaeaom twGif;cef;rSmom &Sd[ef

wl\/ ac:vdkufoHESifh xl;oHrSm qufaeygonf/ xl;oHMum;&NyD; bmrQrMumcif 0ifeDaz
(ac:) rodef;0if; a&mufvmavonf/
- 35 -
]]bmvJrmrD}} [k ar;NyD; tarhab;rSm uEGUJuvsvmí &yfaeavonf/ uRefawmfh rsufvkH;

tpkHum; 0ifheDrsufvkH;uav;ay:wGif vTJz,fír&atmif NidwG,faeMuavonf/
]]xdkifygOD; orD;&JU}}
uRefawmfhrsufvkH;rsm;onf ukvm;xkdifwpfvkH;ay:wGif ,Ofaus;oyf&yfpGm 0ifxdkifaom

0ifeDESifh wpfygwnf; vkdufoGm;Muavonf/
]]a[m'gu aumvdyfausmif; bDatrSmoifaewJU armifwifxGef;wJU? vufpowfawmh

rmrDwkdUeJU oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif; &yfaqG&yfrsKd;xJuudk;uG,f}}
0ifeDu uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;íMunfhvkdufonf/ olUtNyKH;uav;rSm uRefawmfh&ifudk at;ceJ

jzpfoGm;apygonf/
]]orD;&JU? armifwifxGef;[mav aoG;BuD;arG;BuD;rvkyfwwfbl;/ Munfhprf;? ukodkvfa&;rSm

b,favmuftm;xkwfovJ NyD;awmh pum;ajymvnf; tifrwefaumif;w,f}}
,if;uJUodkU csD;usL;pum;ajymaeavojzihf uRefawmfhrSm raewwfrxdkifwwfESifh rsufESm

cyftrf;trf; jzpfvmygonf/ 0ifeDrSmum; csD;usL;pum;rsm;udk NyKH;NyKH;uav; pl;pdkuf
em;axmifíom aeavonf/
]]armifwifxGef;? bDatatmifNyD; bmvkyfrvJa[h}}
uRefawmfhrSm tajz&kwfw&ufray;EdkifbJ cPawGaeavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfh

&nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm txl;axGjym;aecsdefjzpfavonf/
]]uRefawmfudk,fwdkifawmh cdkifckdifrmrm? rnfrnf&& bmrSrqkH;jzwf&ao;ygbl;? tazuawmh

tdkifpDtufpfatmifatmif BudK;pm;&r,fwJU}}
- 36 -
a':aX;Munfonf ckdifrmpGmjyXmef;tyfaom rsufESmjzifh-
]]'grSayghuJGU? tdkifpDtufpfatmifatmif BudK;pm;&r,f}}
0ifeDuNyKH;í acgif;udk rodromndwfum tarudkaxmufcHvdkufonf[k uRefawmfxif\/

OD;av;jrihfum; yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESifh uRefawmfwkdUudk wpfvSnfhpD Munfhaeavonf/
uRefawmfurl olwkdUtm;vnf; ruefUuGufcsif? tdkifpDtufpfavmif;tjzpfjzihf olwdkUu
uRefawmfhtm; arQmfvifhjcif;jzihf MunfhvdkuMunfhaeapcsif? udk,fhpdwfxJ &SdwmawGudkvnf;
zGifhrajymcsifao;&um; NyKH;pdpdESifhom vkyfaevkdufayonf/ xdktwGif; tay:u "edydk;pmvkH;
uav;rsm;onf ajymifacsmaomMurf;jyifay:okdU usvmav&m uRefawmfonf 4if;wkdUudk
Munfhaerdavonf/ xdktcg a[mif;jrif;,kd,Gif;aeaomtdrfESifh vwfqwfvSyaom 0ifeDwkdU
obm0rus yeHr&ykHonf uRefawmfhpdwfwGif ay:vmjyefav\/ a':aX;Munf\ pdwfrSm
vnf; "edydk;pmvkH;uav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí wpfpkHwpf&m ay:vm[efvu©Pm&Sdavonf/
]]tefwDwdkUvnf; a&SUESpfcgus&if 'DtdrfudkzsufNyD; wdkufwnf&OD;r,f/ 'Dtdrfuckvdk tNrJaezdkU

aqmufxm;wJUtdrfr[kwfbl;/ NcHxJtvnfvmawmh wnf;ckdzdkU 'Dtdfrfudkaqmufxm;wm?
wkdufaqmufzdkUav? [dkjrLeDpy,f&kH;BuD;udkaqmufwJU OD;wifudkawmif ykHpHtqJGcdkif;xm;NyD;NyD}}
þrQajymNyD; pum;&yfum a':aX;Munfonf uRefawmfhrsufESmudk aphaphMunfhae\/

uRefawmfu bmrQpum;raxmuf? pum;rjznfh/ 0ifeDuvnf; xdkUtwl? OD;av;jrihfuvnf;
xdkenf;/ okdUjzihf eH&Huem&DBuD;\ csdefoD;oHomvQif vTrf;rdk;aeavawmhonf/ OD;av;jrifhu
xvdkufNyD;-
]]udkif;? uRefawmfwdkU oGm;vdkufOD;r,f/ qGrf;qefcHp&m tdrfenf;enf;usefao;w,f}}
uRefawmfvnf; rwfwwfx&yfvdkufNyD;-
]]uRefawmfvnf; oGm;ygOD;r,f a':a':}}
- 37 -
]]at;at; oGm;OD;a&mh? aemufvmvnfaemf/ rif;tefu,fvfBuD;eJU awGU&atmif vmjzpf

atmif vmcJUaemf}}
a':aX;Munfu wzGzGvdkufrSmaeavonf/ uRefawmfu 0ifeDtm; NyKH;íEIwfqufcJUonf/
]]oGm;OD;r,faemf 0ifeD}}
0ifeDonf xdkif&mrSx&if;-
]][kwfuJU udkwifxGef;}}
þum; 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;ESifh uRefawmf pum;tjyeftvSef yxrqkH;tBudrf ajym&

jcif;wnf;/
- 38 -
ig;yd&nfBudKufoGm;aom tnmom;
naenae ausmif;qif;csdefrsm;wGif uRefawmfonf tdrfodkU wdkuf&dkufjyefavhr&Sd? Wuúodkvf

ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾toif;wdkuf pmMunfhcef;oGm;í pme,fZif;rsm; zwfavh&Sdonf/
wpfcgwpf&H EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;iSm;cJU\/ tdkif,mvef vGwfvyfa&;twGuf igwdkU\ pGefUpm;
csufrsm;? tdkif,mvefolykef AkH;tzJGUpaom tdkif,mvefvGwfvyfa&;ESifh ywfoufaom
pmtkyfrsm;? tdE´d,jynfvGwfvyfa&;ESifh tdE´d,trsKd;om;uGef*&ufwkdUESifh ywfoufí *E´D?
ae&l;? rpöufEdkif,D'l;? plbwfpfbdkUpf paom acgif;aqmifrsm;a&;onfh pmtkyfrsm;? &k&Sm;
awmfvSefa&;ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk awGU&ayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ pmMunfhcef;onf wuúodkvfyd#uwfwdkuf pmzwfcef;xuf ydk

aumif;\/ tcif;tusif;? pm;yJGukvm;xdkif? yefumwdkUjzifh wcrf;wem; xm;onfhtjyif
tvif;a&mifvnf; ydk&\/ naeapmif; tdkufvQif qif0ifbufxGufí Budrfukvm;xdkif
BuD;rsm; csum pmzwfEdkifonf/
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ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk awGUqkHum rdwfjzpf&wwfavonf/ þokdUtm;jzihf
uRefawmfonf udkxGef;&Sdef? udkatmifausmf? udkat;aiG polwdkUESifh todtuRrf;jzpf&ayonf/
olwkdUum; uRefawmfwdkUESifh &G,fwl&G,fwefrQ jzpfMuay\/ 4if;jyif udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf
tcsKd;tpm;rSmvnf; wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;vdkvdk rydefr0? rykr&Snfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
okdU&mwGif jcm;em;csufrsm;awmh &Sdayonf/ tom;ta&ta&miftqif; uGJMu\/
udkatmifausmfrSm rnf;onf/ udkxGef;&SdefrSm ndKndKESifh 0Jaygufaeonf/ udkat;aiGrSm
jzLonf/ uRefawmfwdkUtxJwGif udkatmifausmf\rsufESmrSm txl;jcm;qkH;jzpfayonf/ rm
awmufawmuf <uyfqwfqwfEdkifvSaom rsufESmESifh acgif;wkH;Akdvfauudk wpfcgjrifNyD;vQif
rarhEdkifay/ udkxGef;&Sdefum; BuD;rm;aom a&SUoGm;ESpfacsmif; xif;ceJay:atmif NyKH;aewwf
- 39 -
\/ olpum;ajymykHrSm tnmavraysmuf/ udkat;aiGrSm EIwfcrf;r[bJESifh NyKH;aeaom

rsufESm&Sd\/ olpum;ajymaomtcg wriftm;xkwf[ef vu©Pmr&SdbJESifh toHpmpmESifh
ajymavh&Sd\/ olwkdUonf uRefawmfhtm; EdkifiHa&;odkU ajcpkHypf0if&efqkH;jzwfzdkU rMumcP
wkdufwGef;Muolrsm; jzpfavonf/
wpfaeUoü uRefawmfonf pmMunfhcef;wGif pmxdkifrzwfawmhbJ pmtkyfiSm;NyD; jyefawmh

rnf[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh pmtkyfAD&dka&SUrSm &yfí pmtkyfa&G;vsuf&Sdavonf/ uRefawmfh
aemufem;u vlwpfa,mufvm&yfonfudk vSnfhrMunfhbJESifhodvdkuf\/ BudKufaompmtkyf
&SmrawGUojzifh vSnfhrMunfhtm;avmufatmif jzpfaeavonf/
4if;olu-
]]bmpmtkyf &SmaewmvJ}}
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ydefvSonfhtjyif NydKvJawmhrnfh udk,faersKd;&Sdavonf/ 0wfxm;aomtay:tuÐsrSm olydkifrS
[kwfygavvm;[k oHo,jzpfavmufatmif acsmifí wJGusaeavonf/ av,mOfysH
uGif;xdk;zdeyfudkvnf; tm;&Sdyg;&Sd pD;eif;rxm;? awh&kHom awhxm;[ef &Sday\/ udkausmfNidrf;
udk uRefawmf oduRrf;zl;onfr[kwfyg/ udkausmfNidrf;onf bDatatmifNyD; t*Fvdyfpmay
XmewGif enf;jyq&m (usLwm) vkyf&if; tdkifpDtufpfpmar;yJG 0ifaeoljzpfygonf/
xdkUaMumifh udkausmfNidrf;tm; uRefawmfu ta0;rSjrifNyD; udkausmfNidrf;[k odxm;ygonf/
uRefawmfu tHtm;oifh&mu NyKH;NyD;-
]][m.. q&mygvm;? bmpmtkyf&,fvdkUawmh rnfrnf&& &Smwmr[kwfygbl;q&m? zwf

aumif;r,fhpmtkyf &SmaewmygyJ}}
- 40 -
udkausmfNidrf;onf pmtkyfrsm;udk Munfhae&mrS uRefawmfhudk Munfhvdkufonf/ olUrsufESmrSm

cyfarmharmhxm;ojzifh rsufrSefrsm;u 0if;aeayonf/ 4if;aemuf taMumqJGaom [efrsKd;jzifh
acgif;wpfzufapmif;oGm;atmif ar;udkqwfceJxdk;vdkufNyD;-
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zwfvnf;aumif;w,f A[kokwvnf;rsm;w,f/ EdkifiHa&;olvQKdvkyfief;eJU ywfoufwJU
pmtkyfawG[m zwfvdkuf&if rNyD;rcsif; pmtkyfcsrxm;Edkifavmufatmif pdwf0ifpm;zkdU
aumif;w,f/ NyD;awmh rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfvnf; wkd;wufapw,f? pGefUpm;vdkwJU pdwf"mwf
vnf; &ifhoefapw,f/ rif;zwfcsif&if udk,f&Smay;r,f}}
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ao;aMumif;? olUtcef;odkU vmí,lrnhftaMumif; ajymí &ufcsdef;vdkuf&ayonf/
uRefawmf rtm;onfhtaMumif;rSm 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;wdkUtdrfodkU oGm;&ef&Sdojzifh jzpf

ayonf/ rodef;0if;\ vwfqwfaomtvSuav;udk aemufwpfBudrf xyfMunfEl;Edkif&ef
vnf;aumif;? OD;azESifh rdwfzJGU&efvnf;aumif; olwdkUxH tvnfoGm;&ef vGefpGm pdwfapm
aeavonf/
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OD;wGif tumryg 0&efwmwyfxm;aom tzDuav;wpfck&Sdavonf/ xdktzDwGif cef;vkH;
jynfhrQus,faom Budrfyufvufukvm;xdkifBuD;wpfvkH; &Sdav&m OD;azonf ajcypfvufypf
Zdrf&Sd&SdESifh xdkifaeavonf/ OD;az\touft&G,f &kyf&nf&lyumrSm tNidrf;pm; 0efaxmuf
BuD; yDo&kHru olaX;&kyfvnf; ay:aeavonf/ aiGa&mifqHyifESifh jynfhNzdK;0azmif;aom
udk,fcE¨mBuD;rSm OD;aztm; BuD;pGmaomusufoa& jzpfapay\/ olUrsufESmrSm 0efaxmuf
- 41 -
BuD;b0ü rmea&mif&Sdef xdefaumif;cJUayrnf/ ,ckrlum; csKdomvSay\/ uRefawmfonf

OD;aztm; jrifjrifcsif;cifrifoGm;ayonf/
a':aX;Munfu-
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armifwifxGef;a& a[m'gyJ rif;tefu,fvf}}
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]]xdkifa[h xdkifyg armifwifxGef; ckb,fu avQmufvmovJ}}
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udk cP0ifw,f/ NyD;awmh OD;ESifhawGU&atmifqdkNyD; 'Dudkwef;vmcJUwmyJ}}
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qdkwm vkyfjzpfrvm;}}
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- 42 -
þodkUvQif OD;azonf uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;or*¾ vkyfief;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&; a[majymyJG

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]]OD;apmu BudK;pm;w,fOD;&JU? ajym&Jqdk&J owÅdvnf;&Sdw,f}}
]]tif;? olvnf; vlawmfwpfa,mufyJaemf? Munfhprf; OD;bazu olUudk vufoyfarG;vm

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cJGaxmifw,f? vlawmfyJa[h}}
OD;azu olUtjrifjzifh a'gufwmbarmfESifh *VKefOD;apmwdkUtm; csD;usL;Edkifaomfvnf;

uRefawmfum; wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfatmif acgif;aqmifjcif;ESifh ywfoufíum; csD;usL;zG,f
r&Sd[k uRefawmfxifygonf/ xdkUtjyif xdktcsdefu uRefawmfonf Oya'jyKvTwfawmf
rif;wdkifyiftrwfqdkaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif BuD;rsm;udk rsm;pGmpufqkyfaeavonf/
]]uRefawmfuawmh 'DvlBuD;awGa&m? olwdkUaemufu rif;wdkifyiftrwfawGa&m[m tvum;

vlawGcsnf;yJxifw,f tefu,fvf/ wdkif;jynfa&mif;pm;NyD; udk,fusKd;&SmaeMuwJU vlawGyJ}}
OD;azonf uRefawmfhpum;jzihf txdwfwvefU jzpfoGm;onf[kxif\/ ezl;a&rsm; wGefUoGm;

atmif rsufvkH;jyL;oGm;NyD; cg;qefUíxdkifum-
]]qdkprf;ygOD; armif&}}
]]uRefawmf txl;ajymzdkU rvdkygbl;/ rMumao;cifu ckeef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmf&JU

nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jynfxJa&;0efBuD;csKyf OD;ay:xGef;ajymwmudk owif;pmxJrSm OD;zwfvdkufrd
- 43 -
rSmaygh/ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&zGJUcgeD; trwfaps;awG 2500d-3000d wufoGm;wmwdkU? axmufcHzdkU

trwfawGudk zmtdrfvdkufac:&wm wdkUav}}
OD;azu w[m;[m;&,fvdkufNyD;-
]]tif; tif; oluawmh ajymrSmyJ? yg;pyfu cyfvG,fvG,f&,f/ y&d,m,fvnf;r&Sdbl;/

tefu,fvfNrdKUtkyfjzpfpu olu e,fydkif0efaxmuf? olUvufatmufrSm cPvkyfvdkuf&
ao;w,f/ vlcsif;vnf;cifygw,f/ olajymykHawG vkH;aphywfaph ajymprf;ygOD; [m; [m;
[m;}}
xdktcdkuf 0ifeDonf NcHxJrSwufNyD; {nfhcef;xJrSjzwfum tdrfxJ0ifoGm;onfudk &dyfceJ jrif

vdkufayonf/ uRefawmfu tmomirf;irf;jzifh olrtm; vSrf;Munfhrdaomfvnf; olu
uRefawmfhtm; waphwapmif;rQ MunfhroGm;yg/ uRefawmfhpum;pOfonf tenf;i,fyif
qGUHoGm;ao;\/
]]oJukef;NrdKUe,f tif;r&GmrSm ajymwmOD;&JU/ Oya'jyKvTwfawmfac:wJU aumifpDrSm trwf

70ausmf axmufcHrS tpdk;&tzJGU zJGUEdkifw,fwJU/ OD;ay:xGef;&JU vIdifjrwfay:ygwDrSm
14a,muf? a'gufwmbarmfygwDrSm 16a,mufom&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmhonfhjyif trwf 40ausmf
&atmif qJG&w,f/ ukvm;trwfwkdUudk acsmharmhEkL;ESyf,l&w,f/ ig;yGifhqdkifygwDrSm&SdwJU
trwftcsKdUudk 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;ae&m ay;ygr,fqdkNyD; zJUxkwf&w,f/ a'gufwmodef;armif
udk ig;yGifhqdkifygwDu zJUxkwfNyD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl; ay;&w,f/
'gaMumifh a'gufwmodef;armifeJU trwfq,fa,muf[m nGefUaygif;buful;vmw,f/ 'geJU
rvkHavmufao;wmh wcsKdUtrwfawGudk aiGay;ac:&w,f/ ESpfzuf-tBudwfte,f qGJac:
aeavawmh trwfaps;[m 2500d-3000d txd wufw,fwJU/ 'geJUawmif pdwfrcs&ao;vdkU
trwfwcsKdUudk um;eJUwifac:NyD; rJay;csdefra&mufrcsif; 0Sufxm;&owJU/ tcsKdUtrwfawG
udk zmtdrfrSm vdkufac:&w,fwJU/ 'gawG[m OD;ay:xGef;udk,fwdkif xkwfajymwJU pum;awGyJ
tefu,fvf}}
OD;azum; w[m;[m; &,faejyefavonf/
- 44 -
]]'DavmufvkyfwmawmifrS nGefUaygif;tpdk;&[m olUESmacgif;eJUol touf&SLEdkifao;bl;OD;&JU/

nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk axmufcHwJU trwfOD;a&[m ig;yGifhqdkif? azbD,H? wdkUArmpwJU twdkuf
tcH trwfOD;a&xuf odyfomvSwm r[kwfbl;/ wpfrJ? ESpfrJyJ omw,f/ 'Dawmh Mum;ae
ygw,fqdkwJU t*FvdyfrJ-8rJudk nGefUaygif;tpdk;& wnfNrJa&;twGuf tm;udk;ae&ao;w,f/
'Dawmh nGefUaygif;tpdk;&[m bk&ifcHrMunfomwmudkawmh xm;ygOD;? t*Fvdyftrwf
8a,muf rMunfomwmudk bmrSrvkyf&Jbl;/ ig;yGifhqdkifu jyefwufcsif&ifvnf; t*FvdyfrJ
8rJudk oabmusatmif vkyfNyD;rS wuf&rSmyJ}}
]]at;av? 4000d-pm;? 5000d-pm; 0efBuD;csKyfawG? eef;&if;0efawG vkyfcsif&ifawmh 'DvdkyJ

vkyf&ayrSmaygh/ 'DwpfyJGrSmawmh a'gufwmbarmfwdkU? OD;ay:xGef;wdkUu OmPfomoGm; w,f
vdkU qdk&rSmaygh? [m; [m; [m;}}
]][kwfw,f? uvdrfOmPf omoGm;wmyJ}}
OD;azum; w[m;[m; &,fjyefonf/ OD;az&,fykHrSm tm;&yg;&&SdvSonf/ aemuf £ajEé

&kwfjcnf; qnfvdkufNyD;-
]]armifwifxGef; oabmu b,fvdkvkyf&if aumif;r,fxifovJ}}
]]uRefawmfawmh wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;u vIHUaqmfaeovdk trwftm;vkH; ygwDra&G; nDnGwf

NyD; &mxl;vufrcH? tpdk;&rzJGUbl;vdkU wpfoHwnf; jiif;y,f&r,f/ NyD;awmh jrefrmjynf
(1935) tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'udk zsufypf&r,f}}
]]armifwifxGef;u ocifvm;a[h}}
]]ocifawmh r[kwfygbl;? ocif0g'eJU ocifawGudkawmh BudKufw,f}}
- 45 -
uRefawmf OD;az\ aemufqifhar;cGef;wpfck vmvdrfhEdk;Edk;ESifh apmifh&if; NcHxJodkU ai;Munfh

aeonf/ OD;azum; bmrQrajymbJ pOf;pm;ae[ef&Sd\/ xdkUaMumifh a':aX;Munf uRefawmf
wkdUteD;odkU a&mufvmonfudk owdrxm;rdvdkufacs/
]]uJ tpfudkBuD;eJU armifwifxGef; vmMu? xrif;pm;Mu&atmif}}
]]uRefawmf rpm;awmhbl; tefwD}}
]]bkd b,fjzpfrvJ? jyifqifNyD;NyD? rif;u a':a':wdkUcifovdk rcifvdkU xrif;rpm;wmvm;}}
a':aX;Munfu uvdqGaomtNyKKH;jzihf uRefawmfhtm; ar;vdkufonf/
OD;azu xkdif&mrSx&if;-
]]tdkifaq; vm pm;&atmif? ayghwfvyfcf (uHaumif;&if [if;aumif;vdrfhr,f) ayghuG,f}}
uRefawmfhrSm rjiif;omNyD/
xrif;pm;cef;rSm aemufaz;rD;zdkacsmif taqmifi,fESifh tdrfrBuD;Mum;wGif&Sdí {nfhcef;rS wpf

qifh tdyfcef;rsm;Mum;rS jzwfoGm;&avonf/ þtcef;um; a':aX;MunfESifh OD;azwkdU\
tdyfcef; jzpfwef&m\/ þtcef;um; 0ifeDwdkUnDtpfr\ tdyfcef;jzpfayrnfavm/ þtcef;
rSm t0wfwefqmjyifqif&m tcef;jzpfaumif;jzpf&m\ ponfjzifh cefUrSef;&if; OD;azaemuf
u vdkufoGm;&ayonf/
xrif;pm;cef;rS tdrfaxmify&dabm*wdkUonfvnf; acwfrrD? a[mif;jrif;aom ykHoP²mef

ta&miftqif;wkdUudk aqmifaeMu\/ okdU&mwGif vif;xdefaeaom rD;onfvnf;aumif;?
w[l;[l;wdkufcwfaeaom pm;yGJwifyefumonfvnf;aumif;? tqDttdrfh tcsKdtcsOf tief
tpyf tom;toD;t&Guf pkHvifpGmESifh jyifqifwnfcif;xm;tyfaom xrif;pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;
onfvnf;aumif;? xdkUjyifwpf0 ESpfvdkzG,f&mysLiSmpGmjzifh BudKqdkaeaom 0ifeDonf vnf;
- 46 -
aumif;? uRefawmhftm; oHvdkuf"mwf qGJiifovdk qGJiifaeMuay&m a[mif;jrif;aom

y&dabm*wdkUudk aemufwpfBudrfxyfí trSwfyifrjyKrdawmhacs/
xrif;pm;yGJwGif OD;azESihf a':aX;MunfwdkUu rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifMuonf/
uRefawmfESifh 0ifeDwdkUuvnf; rsufESmcsif;qdkif/
OD;azu olUyef;uefxJ xrif;xnfhNyD; uRefawmfhxH xrif;tkyfudk urf;vdkuf&if;-
]]uJ tdkifaq; rsm;rsm;xnhfarmif? tMunfa& arpDaum rpm;ao;bl;vm;}}
a':aX;Munfu cyfoJUoJUNyKH;NyD;-
]]arpD rpm;ao;bl; tpfudkBuD;&JU? olUudk [if;vdkufzkdU wm0efay;xm;w,f/ aMomf-'gxuf

armifwifxGef;eJUarpD rdwfqufray;&ao;bl;aemf? arpDa& orD; arpDa&}}
]]vmNyDrmrD}} [laom toHESifhtwl arpDxGufvmavonf/ arpD\ t&yftarmif; tom;

ta& ponfwkdUrSm 0ifeDESifh wpfax&mwnf;vdkyifjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif arpD\ ESmwHrSm
ydkay:í ESmacgif;enf;enf;cRefonf/ rsufvkH;uvnf; ydkus,fNyD; rsufckH;ydkxlonf/ ukvm;
qifuav;[k qdkxdkufay\/ qHyifudk vdyfjymtawmifjzefUovdk ykHoP²mefjyKxm;aom
zJBudK;jzifh pnf;xm;avonf/
]]armifwifxGef;? a[m'g orD;ti,f arpDav}}
uRefawmfu NyKH;í EIwfqufvdkufonf/ ]]aeaumif;yg&JUvm;? awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,f}}
]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f? awGU&wm tifrwef 0rf;omaeygw,f}}
a':aX;Munfu Muufom;qDjyef[if;udk cyfí uRefawmfhyef;uefxJ xnfh&if;-
- 47 -
]]tefwDu 'DaeUn arpDUudk xrif;vdkufzdkU wm0efay;xm;w,f/ [J [J 'DaeUntzdkU

pm;yJGxdk; cefUxm;wmayghuG,f/ tefwDuav orD;awGudk tdrfrIa&;&m oifay;w,f? tapcH
awG&Sdr,fh olwdkUvnf; tcsuftjyKwf? tauR;tarG; {nfhcHwmawGrSm 0ifvkyfapw,f? 'grS
wwfrSmudk; armifwifxGef;&JU/ 0ifeDa& orD;bufu ig;csOfa&yef;uefudk armifwifxGef;
buf ay;yguG,f}}
]]aeygap tefwD uRefawmfrDygw,f/ [J [J aeygap 0ifeD udkwifxGef; rDygw,f/ ckvdk

odyf*&kpdkufMuawmh pm;&wmawmif tm;emwmwm jzpfvmw,f? [J [J xrif;xnfhygOD;
arpD}}
tm;vkH;u [J [J ESifh vdkuf&,fMuonf/
a':aX;Munfu-
]]armifwifxGef; ig;yd&nfBudKufNyDvm;}}
]]ig;yd&nfryg&if xrif;rpm;wwfoavmuf jzpfaeNyDtefwD}}
]]'gjzifh tnmom; tnmrjyefEdkifawmhbl;aygh [J [J [J}}
uRefawmfu [J [J [J ESifh a':aX;MunfESifhtwl vdkuf&,fonf/ usefvlrsm;u NyKH;&kHom

NyKH;Muonf/
odkUjzifh OD;az a':aX;MunfwkdU\ tdrfrSm uRefawmfhpm;tdrfaomuftdrfozG,f jzpfvmvsuf

OD;az\ tdrfrdom;pkESifh txJ0if tjyifxGuf &if;ESD;vmcJUayonf/ 0ifeDaz(ac:) rodef;0if;
ESihfrlum; &doJUoJU? csdwfwdwfwdwf? axhawhawh jyKMurdvsuf bmuvdkvkd? bkduvmwmwm
tjzpfodkU a&mufcJU&ayownf;/
- 48 -
t,ltqajymif;ykHrsm;
1938ckESpf twGif;wGif &ufawGul;ajymif; vawGanmif;vmavav (0g) 1936ckESpfonf

Ek&mrS&ifhNyD; OD;&mrS aESmif;vmavav? uRefawmf\ t,ltqrsm;onf ajymif;vJvmav
jzpfonfudk awGU&ay\/ oifMum;ae&aomynmESifh ywfoufaom t,ltqwdkUwGif Ek&mrS
&ifhí&ifhívmonf/ EdkifiHa&;t,ltqwkdUwGif aysmh&mrS jyif;ívmayonf/
zcifBuD;u uRefawmhfacgif;wGif; xnfhay;vdkufaom tdkifpDtufpf atmif&rnf[laom b0

&nfrSef;csufum; vkH;0aysmufuG,froGm;&kHwpfrnfom usefawmh\/ aemifawmhrS bmvkyf
vkyf? ausmif;ae&if ausmif;uay;wJU ynmudkawmh tpGrf;&SdorQ oif,l&rnf[laom
uRefawmhf udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcsufESifh ywfoufívnf; ajymif;vJrIrsm; ay:vmcJUavonf/
wdkUoifae&aom ynm[m b,fvkdynmrsKd;vJ[k a0zefrIjyKí vmavawmhonf/
t*Fvdyfpmayuxduq&mu 0ghwfpf0ghof\uAsmrsm;udk t&omcHjy\/ uAsmq&m oDukef;

jc,frIef;xm;aom obm0tvSuav;rsm;udk axmufjy\/ yef;yGifhuav;wpfyGifhrS oifcef;
pm xkwf,lxm;ykHudk csD;usK;jy\/ uRefawmfonf apmapmu xkdtoiftjyrsKd;udk
ESpfouf\/ uRefawmf\pdwfonf uxduq&m\ toHESifhtwl? vdyfuav;rsm;ESifhtwl?
rdk;apGiSufuav;rsm;ESifhtwl obm0tvSrsm;qDodkU a&mufoGm;NyD; obm0tvSxJrSm
epfjrKyfoGm;avh&Sday\/ 1938ckESpf jyu©'defudk vSefoGm;avav xkdtouftjyrsKd;udk rESpf
NrdKUvmavav jzpfay\/ vlUavmuESifh uif;a0;vSaom pmayrsm;ygwum;[k tjypfjrifrd
\/ vlUtoufwpfacsmif;xuf vdyfjymuav;wpfaumif\ toufudk ydkwefzdk;xm;aom
pmayrsKd;ygwum;[k pOf;pm;rd\/
oifay;aeaom &mZ0ifynmwGifvnf; tjypfawGjrifvmayonf/ eydkvD,H\ wpfOD;wnf;

ydkif pGrf;&nfrsm;oufoufaMumifh jyifopfEdkifiH wefckd;BuD;rm;vmovdkvdk? eydkvD,H tvdk
- 49 -
&r®ufBuD;vGef;í jyifopftifydkif,mBuD; NydKvJ&ovkdvdk a&;NyD; jyifopfta&;awmfykHu

jzefUay;vdkufaom vlxkpdwf"mwfESifh [yfrdvSonfh vGwfvyfa&;? wef;wla&;ESifh w&m;
rQwa&; oifcef;pmrsm;udk zkH;EdkiforQ zkH;ay;onfh &mZ0ifynm&yfrsKd;udk auseyfa&mifh&JpGm
vufrcHvdkawmhacs/
4if;jyif oifay;aeaom abm*aA'ü uRefawmfwkdU Armqif;&Jom;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom

urÇmhqif;&Jom; vltrsm;twGuf oufomacsmifcsda&;? csrf;omBuD;yGm;a&;ESifh Armjynf
acwfrDí b,fokdUvQif auseyfa&mifh&JEdkiftHUenf;/
tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf uRefawmfonf wuúodkvfuay;aeaom ynm&yfrsm;\ tajccHrsm;

udk tjrpfygvSefí okH;oyfqifjcifaeygNyD/ ,if;tajccHrsm;udk ,kHMunfrI avsmhyg;aeygNyD/
,if;tajccHrsm;udk ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfaeygNyD/ ,if;tajccHrsm;wGif ,kHMunfrIjyif;xefrS?
,if;tajccHrsm;wGif ,kHrSm;oHo,uif;ygrS ,if;odkUaom ynm&yfrsm;udk ydkifEdkifwwfajrmuf
ayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;ynmrsm;udk ydkifEdkifwwfajrmufrS tdkifpDtufpfpmar;yGJudk atmifEdkifayvdrfh
rnf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfonf tazu acgif;xJoGif;ay;vdkufaom b0&nfrSef;csufrS
ab;zJUum OmPfuGefUjrl;aeNyD[k qkd&ygawmhrnf/ tdk-aus;Zl;&Sif zcifBuD;? om;armifonf
zcifBuD;\MoZmudk awmfvSefz,f&Sm;aerdygNyD/ tkd-aus;Zl;&Sifq&mwkdU? wynfhausmfonf
q&mwkdU\ MoZmudk awmfvSefz,f&Sm;aerdygNyD/ uRefawmfhtm; jypfwifarmif;rJMutHUavm/
jypfwifarmif;rJjyKcsif jyKygawmh? uRefawmfum; rwwfEdkifNyD/
uRefawmfonf wuúodkvfyd#uwfwdkufodkU ta&mufenf;onfxuf enf;vm\/ wuúodkvf

yd#uwfwdkuf pmMunfhcef;onf uRefawmfhtzkdU touf&SLusyfovdkvdk? pGwfpdkxdkif;rIdif; ovdk
vkd? arSmifovdkvkd xifrdawmhonf/ uRefawmfonf ausmif;om;or*¾ pmMunfhwkdufodkUom
ta&mufrsm;onfxuf rsm;vmawmh\/ wuúodkvfor*¾pmMunfhcef;onf uRefawmfhtzdkU
touf&SLacsmifonf? ESvkH;arGUavsmfzG,f&Sdonf? tvif;a&mifxGef;onf/
uRefawmfonf us,fjyefUíom;em;aom pmoifcef;xuf usOf;usyfí EkHcsmaom EdkifiHa&;

aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;udk ydkvdkUjrwfEdk;aeayNyD/ enf;jyq&m\ oifwef;wGif pmpDpmukH;a&;&onf
- 50 -
xuf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;? '*kefr*¾Zif; wuúodkvfuPÖESifh owif;pmrsm;wGif aqmif;yg;a&;onf

udk ydkvdkU ESpfoufpdwf0ifpm;aeNyD/
xdkESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; ydkírsm;vm\/ wuúodkvfor*¾ cef;rBuD;xJwGif

vlpnfum;aom EdkifiHa&;w&m;yJGrsm;omru or*¾twGGif;a&;rSL;tcef;? OuúXtcef;? '&0rf
BuD; OD;uHodef;\tcef;? wdkvDrdkvDudkxGef;wif\ qHyifnSyfqdkiftcef;? ausmif;aqmifrsm;&Sd
ocifausmif;om;rsm;tcef; ponfwdkUwGifvnf; EkdfifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; &Sdwwfavonf/
xdkrQomruao;? ntcsdeftcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;\tcef;ESifh pmoifcef;rsm;Mum; arSmif&dyf
wGifvnf;aumif;? bJGUESif;obifcef;ESifh tif;vsm;uefMum;&Sd arSmif&dyfwGifvnf;aumif;
wdwfwdwfpka0;um EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfMuao;\/ arSmif&dyfaqG;aEG;yJG
wpfckwGif ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf *E´D0g'udk okH;oifhrokH;oifh? Armh&efolrsm;udk
acsmif;ajrmif;owfjzwf&rnfh Terrorist 0g'udk okH;oifhrokH;oifh? vufeufudkif ykefuef
jcif;udk vkyfoifhrvkyfoifh aqG;aEG;Muavonf/
tcef;wGif;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;ü ausmif;om;wdkufyGJrsm;taMumif;? wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;taMumif;?

v,form;tvkyform; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taMumif;? tdE´,jynf vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;
taMumif;? emZD*smreDESifh [pfwvm? zufqpftDwvDESifh rlqdkvdkeD? NAdwdoQESifh csdefbmvdef
wdkU\ taMumif;rsm;? w&kwf*syefppfyJGESifh w&kwfjynf\ ckcHa&;taMumif;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;
Muonf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfaom udkxGef;&Sdef? udkatmifausmf polwdkUu uRefawmfhtm; xdk
aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;odkU vmac:avh&Sdonf/
,cifurl uRefawmfonf EkdifiHa&;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;&kHomjzpf\/ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

wGifvnf; aemufuom axmufcHtm;ay;cJU\/ ,ckrl udkxGef;&SdefpolwdkU\ qJGaqmifcsuf
t& pmtkyfvdkufa&mif;jcif;? tvSLaiGaumufcHjcif;ESifh tkd;a0r*¾Zif;ü wpfae&m wm0ef,lí
aqmif&Gufavonf/
aEG&moDausmif;ydwftNyD; ausmif;zGifhcgp nwpfnü uRefawmfonf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾

twGif;a&;rSL;tcef;ü aqG;aEG;yJGwpfckudk wufaeavonf/ tcef;xJü udkxGef;&Sdef?
uRefawmfESifh tjcm;ausmif;om; 20cefUtjyif udkb[def;paom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
- 51 -
rsm;vnf; &Sdavonf/ xdkpOfu udkAaqG&Sdr&Sd uRefawmfrrSwfrdyg/ 4if;jyif uRefawmf rjrif

zl;ao;aom rsufESmpdrf;wpfa,mufvnf; a&mufvmygonf/ olum; q&mudkausmfNidrf;wdkU
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- 52 -
xdkUaemuf udkodef;azu qufajymavonf/ bDtdkpDukrÜPDonf t&if; pwmvifaygif

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ESifh t&if;auscJUNyDjzpfaMumif;? odkU&mwGif tvkyform;rsm;rSm vlESifhwlatmifyif rae&
aMumif;? ArmjynfrSm a&eHxGufí <u,f0onfqdkaomfvnf; ArmvlrsKd;rSm a&eHwGif;rsm;\
aumif;usKd;rcHpm;&bJ rJGjymusaeaMumif; ydkif;jcm;a0zefjyoGm;avonf/
4if;jyif oydwfarSmuftvkyform;wdkU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wpfcsufpD &Sif;jyavonf/

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tvHyJ/ tvHopfayr,fh tvkyform;tvHtppfjzpfawmh vlwdkif;oabmusw,f/ NyD;awmh
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vTifhjy&if; tvkyform;eJU v,form;aygif;NyD; ta&;awmfykHatmifatmif vkyf&r,fqdkwJU
edrdwf,lNyD; ay;vdkufwJU trSwftom;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jy&w,f/ y&dowfu oabmusNyD;
tvHudk MobmtBudrfBudrfay;Muw,f/ tqkH;owfrSm tvHajrSmufudkifNyD; &JabmfwkdU igwdkU
- 53 -
qdkwJh a<u;aMumfoHudk vdkufqdkMuygvdkU ajymw,f/ igu ta&;awmfykHatmifygapvdkU

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uwÅm;rSm uGefjrLepfawG acgif;aqmifwJu b*Fvm;jynfe,f ausmif;om;rsm;tzJGUcsKyf
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vufa&muf ay;MuwmyJ/ 'Dwpfacguf umvuwÅm;u jyefrvmcifuav;yJ *kefeDcsnfpuf&kH
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yGdKifhrS bDtkdpDtvkyform;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tvkyform;wkdU\ tajctae? vdkvm;csufESifh
vIyf&Sm;pnf;&kH;rIrsm;taMumif; ajymjyonf/ ocifacgif;aqmifrsm; BuH&G,faeonfrSm
a&eHajr tvkyform;rsm;udk axmufcHaomtm;jzihfvnf;aumif;? tvkyform;wdkufyGJcsif;
qufay;&efvnf;aumif;? &efukeftvkyform;wkdUuvnf; qlylvIyf&Sm;jcif;? oydwfarSmuf
jcif; jyKap&efjzpfavonf/ tvkyform;trwf OD;bvIdifu olMoZm&Sdaom rD;&xm;
tvkyform;tzJGUrsm;rSm a&eHajroydwf axmufcHa&;jzpfatmif vkyfrnf[kqdkaMumif;jzihf
udkb[def;u tpD&ifcHao;\/
- 54 -
udkodef;azESifh udkb[def;wdkUu tvkyform;rsm;taMumif;udk ajymMupOf uRefawmfonf

uRefawmfudk,fwdkif &if;ESD;pGmodaom urm&Gwf&Sd tvkyform;rsm;taMumif;udk ajy;jrifrd
avonf/ olwkdU\ qif;&Jaomb0udk uRefawmfh&Jabmf ausmif;om;rsm;a&SU0,f csjyvdk
onf/ olwdkU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ulnDMuyg[k yefMum;vdkonf/ olwkdU\ vIyf&Sm;rIESifh
a&eHajrtvkyform;wkdU\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk qufay;&ef wdkufwGef;vkdonf/ urm&GwfwGif
tBuD;qkH;puf&kHrSm wa,mpGyfus,fpuf&kHjzpfav\/ xdkpufwGifvkyfMuaom tvkyform;
rsm;pGmwdkUrSm uRefawmf\ tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;jzpfMu\/ urm&GwfwGif xD;puf? qyfjympuf
puf&kH tvkyform;rsm; &Sdavonf/
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ao;w,f}}
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cifarmifwkdUu cifAsm;taMumif; ajymjyvdkUodygw,f}}
udkodef;azu acgif;tBudrfBudrfndwfvsuf-
- 55 -
]][kwfvm;? urm&GwfocifawGtaMumif; aemufrSaqG;aEG;ao;wmaygh/ uJ tvkyform;awG

taMumif; a&SUqufajymp&m&Sdwmudkajymyg}}
uRefawmfonf urm&Gwftvkyform;rsm;\ tajctaeudk uRefawmfhrsufjrif udk,fawGUt

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uRefawmfonf ausmif;pmESifh ausmif;pmoifcef;udk vkH;0pGefUvTwfvdkufNyD; þuJUokdUaom

aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;udkom tcsdef&SdorQ ay;aeonf[kum; rqkdEdkifyg/ ausmif;om;[k qdkonfh
twkdif; ausmif;om;0wÅ&m;uvnf; &Sdjyef? rdcifzcifwkdU\ rsufESmudkvnf; axmufxm;&
jyefojzihf ausmif;pmudkvnf;aumif;? ausmif;pmoifcef;udkvnf;aumif;? rpGefUvTwfyg/
rypfy,fyg? okdU&mwGif ckeifuazmfjycJUaom aqG;aEG;yJGrsKd;wGif ydkípdwf0ifpm;rdonfrSm
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ausmif;om;avmuudkom jrif&avonf/ ,ckrl ausmif;om;avmuabmifudk ausmfvsuf
ausmif;om;avmuxuf eufeJí us,f0ef;aom tvkyform;avmu? awmifolv,form;
avmu ponfrsm;udk jrif&onf/ ,cifu rdbaqGrsKd;om;csif;ESifh rdwfaqGwpfpk avmuf
udkom cspf&rSef;odcJU\/ ,ckrl awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; cspf
wwfvmay\/ a&S;u udk,fh&yfudk,fha'ouav; uGufuGufuav;udkom t[kwfxif\/
,ckrl olrsm;&yf? olrsm;a'o olrsm;EdkifiHwdkUrSmvnf; t[kwfxifp&mawG wpfykHwpfacgif;
BuD; &Sdygonfwum;[k em;vnfvmayonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf þokdUaom aqG;aEG;yGJ
rsm;aMumifh uRefawmf\pdwfESifh OmPf? tonf;ESvkH;ESihf OD;aESmufwdkUonf <u,f0vmonf
[k qdkcsifygawmhonf/
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ppfuGif;ocifbaomfqdkolu acgif;aqifavonf/ cef;rBuD;rSm usif;yaomfvnf; w&m;yJG
ozG,f us,fjyefUpGmzdwfí aqG;aEG;jcif;r[kwfay/ pdwfyg0ifpm;í wuf<uaom ausmif;
om;rsm;udk a&G;zdwfaom aqG;aEG;yJGjzpf\/ uRefawmfhtm;vnf; zdwfojzifh wufa&mufyg
onf/ ocifbaomfum; ocifxJrSmvnf; xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;r[kwf? uRefawmf
- 56 -
wkdUvdk bDatawGbmawGvnf; r[kwf? &kyfuvnf; cyfukyfukyf NrKHpdpd jzpfavonf/

xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfonf olUtm; txifao;\/ ]]olu bmrsm; [efusyefus ajymwwf
rSmvJ}} [k txifao;pGmjzifh olajymonfhpum;udk apmifhaeavonf/ olajymaomtcgrSmrl
uRefawmf\ txifao;rIrsm;onf vGifhpOfí oGm;avonf/ olu awmifolv,form;wdkU
ajrrJU,mrJUjzpf&ykH? a<u;wifuRefjzpf&ykH? twdk;ESifhoD;pm;c 0efxkyf0efydk;atmufü ydaeykH
ponfwdkUudk ajymoGm;aomtcg i,fi,fu uRefawmfhtaz ajrwdkif;pma&;BuD;ESifhtwl
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ESpfxyfwkd;jzifh wufoGm;&m ig;ESpfMumaomtcg wpfaxmifwef ,mwpfyJG xkd;tyfvdkuf&
aom awmifolBuD;wpfOD;udk owd&rdonf/ ajr,mrS oD;pm;c? ajrc? acs;aiGrStwdk;? ukefzkd;
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u jrifojzihf ]]bmvkyfzkdUvJ}} [kar;&m ]]acG;auR;zdkU}} [kvSD;vTJajymNyD; uRefawmfhuG,f&mü
qefuGJjyKwfudk pm;&aom olUqif;&JrIudk zkH;zdvdkonfh tartkdonfvnf; uRefawmfhrsufpd
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tcsuftvufpkHvifpGmjzifh &Sif;jyavonf/ olonf v,f,mvkyfief;ü rsm;pGmuRrf;usif[ef
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ay;&ykH? oD;pm;cESihf twdk;wdkUu wpf{uvQif rnfrQusoifhykH ponfwdkUudk ususee ajymjy
Edkif&m uRefawmfhrSm þrQ vdwfywfvnfatmif wpfcgrQ ravhvmzl;onfhtwkdif; ocif
baomfudk pdwfxJu rsm;pGm csD;usL;rd\/ olwGufcsufjyojzifh v,form;rsm;rSm rnfrQ
&IH;aeykHudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; oabmaygufvmay\/ olajymjyaomtcg bDtkdbif;?
rpöwmAefeDA,fvf paom t*Fvdyft&m&Sd ajr,mjyóemyg&*lrsm;\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS
aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk udk;um;ajymqdkavonf/ uRefawmfonf ocifbaomftm; tpu
txifao;rdjcif;? igwdkUvdk aumvdyfausmif;om;awGudk olu bmrsm;ajymEdkifrSmvJ [laom
t,ltq &SdcJUjcif;wkdUtwGuf 0rf;enf;rdygonf/
- 57 -
4if;aemuf ocifbaomfu wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;\ rQwaomoD;pm;c (Fair Rent) owf

rSwfNyD; xdkrQwaom oD;pm;cudkomay;&ef &kH;rsm;odkU v,form;tpkta0;ESifh avQmufvTm
oGif;aeMuykHudk tpD&ifcHavonf/ v,form;rsm;onf rnfrQ Edk;Mum;vmoenf; qdkaomf
NrdKUe,fESifh ta&;ydkif&kH;rsm;wGif xkdavQmufvTmrsm;onf axmifaomif;csDí a&mufaeaMumif;?
om,m0wDta&;ydkif &kH;rsm;rSmqdkvQif avQmufvTmESpfaomif; a&mufaeaMumif; ajymjy
av\/
uRefawmfwkdUonf v,form;wkdU\ Edk;Mum;rIaMumifh 0rf;omMuonf/ v,form;wdkU\

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orm;wdkU\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;taMumif; Mum;&NyD; vlxky&dowf\ tiftm;xkxnfudk cHpm;
aerdonf/ /
- 58 -
oli,fcsif;vnf;ru orD;&nf;pm;vnf;rus
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oDqdkavhyif&Sdonf/ okdU&mwGif MumvQif onfhjyiftydk'fawG arhaumif;arhayvdrfhrnf/
atmufygtydk'fudkum; wpfoufvkH; arhEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/
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vnf;ru? orD;&nf;pm;vnf;rus jzpfonftxd &if;ESD;oGm;aomaMumifhwnf;/
rjrifhOD;taMumif; azmfjy&aomf rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfhxuf wpfESpfomomBuD;aMumif;

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tysKdBuD;*dkuf zrf;ae\/ aeykHxdkifykH qufqHykHrSm ausmif;olESifhrwl? q&mrESifhomwlae\/
tusÐ0wfvQif &SHom; 0dkifom;yg;yg;rsm; r0wf? r'kr®mxlxlBuD;udk 0wfonf/ vkHcsnf
- 59 -
ta&mifEkEk? tqifqef;qef;udk r0wfwwf? ta&mif&ifh&ifh tqif&dk;&dk;udkom 0wfavh

&Sdonf/ av'Dcif ckHjrihfzdeyfudk rpD;? ckHedrfhnSyfzdeyf&dk;&dk;udkom pD;onf/
rjrifhOD;rSm tom;ndKaomfvnf; ndKacsmxJujzpfonf[k qdkEdkif\/ ESmwHray:? ESmacgif;

jym;onf[k qdk&aomfvnf; 0dkif;pufaom rsufvkH;rsm;? aumhysHaeaom rsufawmifrsm;
nDnmjzLpifaom oGm;rsm;jzihf cspfp&maumif;aom yg;csKdifhrsm;onf 4if;wdkU\ tvSjzihf
wpfrsufESmvkH; vTrf;oGm;ayonf/ rjrifhOD;\ udk,fvkH;ESifh t&yftarmif;rSm pdkjynf0NzdK;
aomfvnf; cyfEJGUEJGUaESmif;aESmif;yifaeonf/ vrf;oGm;aomtcg qifr\oGm;jcif;rsKd;jzifh
oGm;\/
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aeykHxdkifykHuvnf; jrefrmyDoonf/ Adkif;aumif;ausmufzdjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]Armpmonf
wkdUpm}} [laom wkdUArmaqmifyk'f yJUwifcwfaeonfh xdkumv0,f uRefawmfwkdUtm;vkH;u
rjrifhOD;tm; txifBuD;Mu\/ rjrifhOD;tm; rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdaom ausmif;olrsm;pm&if;wGif
oGwfoGif;xm;Mu\/
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ywfoufí cifrif&if;ESD;cJUonf/ wuúodkvf"r®m&HkBuD; NyD;ajrmufatmif vkH;yef;Mu&mü
uRefawmfwkdUonf yl;aygif;yg0ifcJUMuonf/ wpfa,mufjyKcJUonfhukodkvf wpfa,mufu
om"kac:í MunfEl;aprI tjyeftvSefjyKMuonf/ wpfa,mufxHwpfa,muf rMumcP
pma&;Muonf/ a&;p&m taMumif;awGuvnf; rsm;vSygbd/ uRefawmfu Armpmzwf&if;
pmvkH;cufcufuav; wpfvkH;awGUvQif q&mawG? a,mufsm;oli,fcsif;awG wpfykHwpfacgif;
BuD;udk ausmfí rjrifhOD;xH ]]rjrifhOD;uawmh jrefrmpm*kPfxl; ,laeolqdkawmh pum;uav;
t"dyÜm,f &Sif;jyEdkifygvdrfhr,f}} [k pma&;í ar;vkdufonf/ rjrifhOD;uvnf; vdyfywfvnf
atmif ajzonf/ rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfhtm; q&mrvkyfwrf;upm;jy&í auseyfykH ay:ae
avonf/ rjrifhOD;url pme,fZif;wpfpkHwpf&mudk zwfae&mrS uRefawmfhxH pmwpfapmif
aumufa&;onf/ ]]udkwifxGef;uawmh EdkifiHa&;0goemtkd;BuD;rdkU 'Dpmydk'f&JU EdkifiHa&;
t"dyÜm,fudk vG,fvG,fESifh &Sif;jyEdkifr,fxifw,f}}/ uRefawmfu rjrifhOD;tm; EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmif vkyfwrf;upm;jy&ojzifh auseyftm;&vSayonf/ wu,fyif EdkifiHa&;vkyf
- 60 -
wrf; upm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rlum; ,ckxd uRefawmfonf EdkifiHa&;xJ xdxd

a&mufa&muf 0ifvkyf&ef r&nf&G,fao;aomaMumifhwnf;/
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uRefawmfhtm; rjrihfOD;u rawGUjrif&vQif ]]bmjzpfvdkU rwufovJ? udkwifxGef;rSm NcHBuD;
xJu pHy,fyef;uav;awGeJU tvkyfrsm;aevdkU 'Dvdkta&;BuD;wJJU a[majymyGJudk ra&mufbJ
aewmvm;}} [k ceJUpma&;avonf/ uRefawmf\ ajymjycsuft& uRefawmfonf 0ifeD(ac:)
rodef;0if;wdkUNcHokdU rMumcPa&mufavh&SdaMumif; rjrihfOD;u odaeojzifh ceJUvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf/
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a&mufvmaomtcsdef Mum;umvtwGif;ü wpfBudrfwpf&HrQ olUtm; rawGU&onfvnf;
rSef\/ odkU&mwGif zdkrqufqHa&;wGif olay;cJaom Mo0g'wdkUonf uRefawmfhOD;aESmufwGif
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- 61 -
olUtm; ]yg&rDjznfhbuf rjrihfOD;} [k ac:vdkufí uRefawmfhudk,fudk,f ]udkxGef;} [k azmfjy

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- 62 -
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&I[m tvum;tzwfwifaewmyJ/
- 63 -
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cH&onfh taMumif;rsm;udkom ajymaeMuavonf/
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- 64 -
10
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- 65 -
vSnfhMunfhvdkufaomtcg NyKH;aeaom0ifeDudk jrif&avonf/ 0ifeD\ eDjref;aomEIwfcrf;?

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- 66 -
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vSnfh&onf/ xGufjyefaomtcg zifydkif;rS rD;cdk;waxmif;axmif; xGufwwfonf/ "mwfqD
wdkifuDydkufudk EdkUqDbl;cGHESifh ydwfxm;&m rMumcP jyKwfusavh&Sdojzifh '&dkifbmonf
EdkUqDbl;cGHtydkuav;rsm; aqmifxm;\/ xdkum;\ tqkd;qkH;aomOmOfwpfckum; ykvdyf
vufjywdkifa&SU um;awGpDwef;&yfaecsdefwGif puf&yfoGm;wwfjcif;jzpf\/ xdktcgrsKd;ü
'&dkifbmonf ysmavmifcwfaeonf/ 0ifeDpaom rdef;rom;rsm;rSm-
]]igwdkUudk vlv,faumift&SufcJGwJU aomufum;yJ}} [k jiLplum acgif;ikHUí aewwfav

onf/ OD;azum;tajcrysuf? cyfcHUcHUyif tcHUom;xdkifaeonf/ awGUorQ vefcsm;ukvm;
awG ac:NyD; twGef;cdkif;um wpfusyfp? ESpfusyfp qkaumif;aumif;csavh&Sdonf/
uRefawmfhpdwfxiftm;jzifh 0ifeD(ac:) rodef;0if;onf þum;ay:xdkifvdkufwkdif; rsufESmtdk

oGm;onf/ tylxdaomyef; nId;usoGm;ovdk 0ifeD\ vwfqwfaomtvSrSm ndK;oGm;onf
[k xif&\/ rdcifvkyfolvnf; xdkUtwlyif/ um;ay:wGif xdkifonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf um;udk
olrurpD;? olrudkom um;upD;ae[efwlonf/ um;onf a[mif;vSygonfwum;[laom
todonf zdpD;csufaumif;vSygonfwum;/ okUd&mwGif rdcifvkyfolonf orD;awGxuf
pdwfudk ajzwwfonf/
- 67 -
]]armifwifxGef;&JU tefwDwdkU um;opfxkwfawmhr,f/ a[m'Dum;udk a&mif;vdkU aps;rwnfh

ao;wmeJU MuefUMumaewm? ckawmh &aps;eJUyJ a&mif;vdkufr,fatmufarhw,f}} [k jynfvrf;
tauGUwGif uRefawmfhtm; vSrf;ajymvdkufavonf/
uRefawmfonf olwdkUpdwfudk awmfawmfodaeavNyD/ yifpifESifh &Sdypönf;rsm;udk xdkifpm;

aeMuaom txnfBuD;ysufrsm;jzpfonf/ tvkyfopftudkifopf rvkyfEdkifovdk? tdrfopf
raqmufEdkif/ um;opfr0,fEdkif/ okdU&mwGif tvkyfopfudkpdwful;ovdk tdrfopf? um;opfudk
pdwful;aumif;aeMuavonf/ txnfBuD;ysufrsm; "r®wmtwkdif; tzmtax; rnfrQyif
xnfh&apawmh? txnfBuD;udk rpGefUEdkif/ zm&ax;&ykHudk vljrifwdkif; topfaqmufrnf
topf0,frnfajymí zkH;zday\/ okdUuvdk "mwfodjzpfvmjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfonf
olwdkUtm; rrkef;? rpufqkyf? oem;íomaerdonf/ xdkUjyif olwdkU\ txnfa[mif;
aemufuG,frS wu,fhapwemESifh pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;wdkUudk uRefawmfMunfndKonf/
olwdkUrSm ]r&'óucsKdif} qdkaom avmbrsKd;r&SdonfhtwGuf csD;usL;vkdonf/ olwdkUu
tzmtax;udk zkH;&efBudK;pm;onfudk awGUwdkif; uRefawmfyga&mí zkH;ay;wwfaeavNyD/
]]a':a':&,f? um;opfawGbmawG 0,fraeygeJUawmh/ tydkukefwmbJ/ vlpD;bwfpfum;

wdkUvdk? ukefwifavmvDwdkUvdktwGuf ukefwmudkawmh ukefoifhw,fqdk&r,f/ udk,fydkifum;
qdkwmuawmh ZdrfcHypönf;oabmrsKd;rdkU 0,fwmudk uRefawmfjzifh tm;ray;csifbl;/ wpfaeU
u owif;pmrSm pm&if;wpfckawGUw,f/ 1938ck arv 31&ufaeUtxd? ukefcJUwJU wpfESpf
twGif;rSm ArmjynfxJudk um;tpD; 200 0ifvmNyD; EdkifiHjcm;odkU um;wefzdk;aiG 6 oef;
ausmfausmf ydkUay;&w,fwJU}} odkUuvdk uRefawmfu *CeP wdusaompum;wdkUjzifh olwdkU
rvkyfEdkifrnfhtvkyfudk rvkyf&ef zsufvkdufaomtcg a':a':\rsufESmonf 0if;oGm;\/
pdwfoufom&m tawmf&oGm;[efwl\/ odkUaomf uRefawmfhtBuHay;csufudk rauseyf[ef
jyKvdkufNyD;-
]]r[kwfao;bl; armifwifxGef;&JU? um;qdkwm ZdrfcHypönf;r[kwfbl;? 0,frSjzpfr,f}} [k

qdkvdkufavonf/
- 68 -
uRefawmfpum;rjyefawmhacs/ tefu,fvfBuD;OD;azu 0ifNyD; ]]tdkifaq; EdkifiHjcm;udk aiGawG

ra&mufatmif vkyfwm tifrwefaumif;w,f/ tefu,fvfawmif tck yifeD0wfawmhr,f
atmufarhw,f armif&}}
]]aumif;wmaygh OD;&,f? wpftdrfvkH; yifeD0wf&ifawmif aumif;OD;r,f}}
]]a':a':u uRefawmfhtm; rsufapmif;xdk;MunfhvdkufNyD;-
]]armifwdkU wl0&D;om 0wfMuarmif? tefwDwdkUawmh r0wfyg&apeJU? tefu,fvfvnf;

armifwifxGef;eJUaygif;rS ocifjzpfcgeD;aeNyD [J [J}}
tefu,fvfOD;azu w[m;[m;&,fvkdufonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; &,fvdkufonf/ aemuf

a':a':u-
]]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufvwJhuaemf}}
okdUjzihf tdrfa&mufMuav\/ a':a':ESifh 0ifeDwkdUonf olwdkUtcef;rsm;odkU 0ifoGm;Mu

avonf/ uRefawmfESifhOD;azonf tdrfa&SU0&efwmwGifxdkifí pum;ajymaeMuav\/
OD;azum; Budrfyufvufukvm;xdkifBuD;ay:rSm vSJvsuf? AdkufylBuD;ay:wGif vufESpfzufudk

ywÅmqufovdk qufumwifxm;vsuf? uRefawmfum; xdkifukvm;xkdifay:rSm xdkifvsuf
ajcESpfzufudk um;xm;vsuf-
OD;azrSm ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv} pum; t&Sdefrukefao;/
]]tdkifaq; armifwifxGef;? ocif0g'qdkwm bmvJ? OD;udk aoaocsmcsm ajymjyOD;/ wdkUArm

0g'eJU b,fvdkjcm;em;ovJ}}
]]ocif0g'eJU wdkUArm0g' twlwlayghOD;&JU}}
- 69 -
]]at; at; &Sif;jyprf;ygOD;/ OD;wdkUzwf&wJU owif;pmawGxJrSmvnf; 'D[mawGryg? ocif

w&m;yGJvnf; OD;wdkU wpfcgrS ra&mufzl;bl;}}
uRefawmfonf odMuNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; ocifacgif;aqmif wpfOD;r[kwf? ociftppfyif

r[kwfao;/ ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv} pcef;odkUyif ra&mufwwfayao;/ odkU&mwGif
ocifudkMunfndK\/ ocifhtaMumif; tawmftwefavhvm\/ Mum;zl;em;0&Sd\/ ocifh
taMumif;udkvnf; t&yfrSm ajymjyvdk\/ rjrihfOD;u pmuav;a&;í EdkifiHa&;jyóemrsm;
ar;aomtcg EdkifiHa&;orm;vkyfwrf; upm;jy&mü ESpfNcdKufaysmfydkufovdk OD;azu ocifh
taMumif; ar;ojzihf ocifvkyfwrf; upm;jy&mü aysmfydkufayonf/ ocifhtaMumif;
vufoD;vuf&kH;wef;í ajymaeavawmhonf/
]]OD; wkdUArmoDcsif; em;axmifzl;ovm;}}
]]em;raxmifzl;bl;? qdkjyprf;ygOD;}}
]]qdkjyzdkUr[kwfbl;? wdkUArmoDcsif;[m wkdUArm0g'udk aumif;aumif;azmfjyEdkifwJU oDcsif;

jzpfw,f/ 1292ckESpfxJrSm a&;cJUwm/ uRefawmf &dk;&dk;toHeJUqdkjyr,f? OD;em;rvnfbl;
xifwJU ae&mrSm t"dyÜm,f&Sif;jyr,f}}
]]aumif;om;yJ}}
(waumif; tbd&mZm? wdkUArm omuDrsKd;[mrdkU? rnId;*kPfawZm?

,dk;',m;eJUukvm;udkyg? wdkufcdkufum atmifcJUwm? wdkUArm....)
]]'Dtydk'fuawmh wkdUArmawG[m rsKd;&dk;pOfvmtm;jzifh rnHUwJUtaMumif;? omuD0ifrif;rsKd;u

qif;oufaMumif;? Armh&mZ0iftp waumif;ujzpfaMumif;? ArmawG[m ,kd;',m;eJU
ukvm;awGudkawmif EdkifcJUzl;aMumif;? ArmwdkU&JU BuD;us,fcJUwJU twdwfudk jyefazmfvdkuf
wmudk; OD;&JU}}
- 70 -
]][kwfwmaygh tdkifaq;? xrif;vnf;a0;ao;w,f/ umzDaomufygOD;vm;/ a[h- 0ifeDa&

'uf'DwdkUtwGuf umzDESpfcGuf ,lcJUyguG,f}}
(pdefrSefuif;ppf? tjzpfBuD;jzpf&JU? xif;wpfvSnfhBuKH&xkH;ESifh raoG?

avmu"r®mwmay? igwkdUuHac? jzpf&jyefoav? okdUaomf t&if;udk
ppfvQif Armjynf igwdkU igwdkUjynf)
]]rSefuif;wpfvSnfh? xif;wpfvSnfhqdkwJU pum;&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ pdefzl;rSefuif; jzpf&mu

aeNyD; xif;vnf;jzpfwwfwmyJ/ 'g[m"r®wm? tJ'D"r®wmtwdkif; wdkUArmawG[m uHZmwm
nId;rSdefvdkU uRefjzpfae&w,f/ Armjynf[m uRefwdkif;jynfjzpfae&w,f/ okdUayr,fh t&if;
ppf Munfhvdkuf&if Armjynf[m wkdUArmawG&JUjynfyJ? ocifwdkif;jynfyJ/ rSefuif;wpfvSnfh
xif;wpfvSnfh jzpfovdkyJ? ocifjzpfcJU&mu uRefjzpfvm&w,f/ avmu"r®wmrkdU tm;i,f
p&mr&Sdbl;/ t&if;ppfvkduf&if wdkU[m ocifjyefjzpf&OD;r,f vdkUqkdNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk,f
tm;wif;vdkufwJU oDcsif;ydk'fjzpfw,f}}
]]'gaMumifh ocifac:wmudk;}}
]][kwfw,f}}
(aemifO'gef; b,frausp&m? &mZ0ifwifxm;? rsKd;&dk;EG,fvm urÇm

wpfcGifrSmjzifh Arm txift&Sm;? wkdUacwfwGifrS nHUMuawmhrSmvm;?
wkdUArm r[kwfavovm;? wdkUArm igwdkUArm? wdkUArm igwkdUArm? 'g
igwdkUArm? 'g igwkdUArm)
]]urÇmrSmArm&,fvkdU &mZ0ifwGifxif&Sm;cJUw,f? wkdUacwfusrS nHUMuawmhrSmvm;/ wdkU[m

Armr[kwfbl;vm;/ ArmrS Armtppf? wkdUArm? igwkdUArm? 'g igwdkUArmjzpfw,f/ ZmwdaoG;
ZmwdrmefawG azmfjyvdkufwm? vufcarmif;cwfvkdufwmbJ}}
- 71 -
(tm;vkH;nDnD? a,musmf;bom;? wdkUArm? aemifvmaemufom;

aumif;pm;zdkU&m? wkdUudk,f usKd; vkH;vkH;ryg? &J&J ArmyDyD? Armjynf
wkdUArmzdkUyg? ocifusifhudk usifhMuyg? ocifrsKd;a[h wkdUArm?
rdk;atmufajrjyifrSm? txufwef;pdwfeJU pmr&DaoG; wkdUArm)
]]wkdUArmawGtm;vkH;[m nDMu? a,musmf;bom;yDMu? wdkUudk,fusKd; vkH;vkH;rzufbJESifh

aemifvmaemifom;awG aumif;pm;zdkUvkyfMu? Armjynfudk wdkUArmawGydkif&atmif ArmyDyD
BudK;pm;Mu? wdkUArmawG[m ocifrsKd;awG/ 'gaMumifh ocifusifhusifh&r,f? txufwef;pdwf
arG;jrLMu&r,f? wdkUArmawG[m pmr&DiSufvdk r[kwfrcH ckcHpdwf&SdMu&r,f? tJ'Dvkd
wuf<uvmatmif vIHUaqmfwJU oDcsif;ydk'fjzpfw,f? aemuftydk'fusawmh oHNydKifqdk&wm
OD;Mum;apcsifw,f? oHNydKifqdkwJUtcgrSm MuufoD;arG;nSif;awGawmif xvmw,f}}
xdktwGif; 0ifeDonf aumfzDESpfcGufudk vifyef;uav;ay:rSmwifí ,lvmavonf/
tNiD;ajy0g;zkdU ajryJqm;avSmfwpfyef;uef ygvmao;onf/ 0ifeDum; bmrQrajymbJ vif

yef;udk uRefawmfwkdUa&SUrSm csxm;ygonf/ olUudkMunfhaeaom uRefawmhftm; rsufvTmyifhí
Munfhvdkufonf/ yg;pyfaphí NyKH;jyoGm;onf/ xdktNyKH;um; oa&mfawmfawmftNyKH;jzpf\/
{uEÅ uRefawmfa[maeaom wkdUArmw&m;udk oa&mfNyKH;NyKH;wmjzpfrnf[k uRefawmf ,lq
vdkufonf/ okdUaomf uRefawmfolUtm; rrkef;yg/ em;rvnfvdkUom oa&mfjcif;jzpf&rnf[k
uRefawmfu olUtm;em;vnfNyD; oem;vdkufrdygonf/
OD;azonf aumfzDwpfcGufudk ,laomufaeavNyD/ uRefawmfu oHNydKiftyk'fudk &Gwfjy

aeavonf/
(urÇmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwkdUjynf? 'gwdkUajr? 'gigwdkUjynf? urÇmraMu?

ArmawG? 'gwdkUjynf? 'gwdkUajr? 'gigwkdUjynf? 'gwdkUjynf? 'gwkdUajr?
'gigwdkUjynf? wdkUArm wdkUArmjynfudk wdkif;&if;om;tukeftpif?
wdkUjynfvdkUrSwfxif? wdkU0wÅ&m;yif wkdUArmocif/)
- 72 -
]]'Dtyk'fuawmh txl;t"dyÜm,f&Sif;zkdU rvdkygbl;OD;&,f? wdkUjynf? wkdUajr jzpfw,fqdkwm

BuKH;0g;NyD;jywm/ wkdUjynfrSef;odNyD; wkdUjynfudkcspfMuygvdkU wdkufwGef;wmjzpfw,f}}
]]tdkifaq; armifwifxGef;? umzDaomufvdkufOD;av}} [k OD;azonf olUaumfzDyef;uefudk

csxm;NyD; ajymvdkufonf/ OD;azonf ajryJaphrsm;udk aumufpm;aejyef\/
(trsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg/ wkdUArma[h wdkUArm? aMomf-

trsKd;om;a&; BudK;yrf;Muyg? wdkUArma[h wkdUArm? ta&SUu ae0ef;
xGufonfhyrm? wkdUacwfudkawmh a&muf&rnfrSmrvJGyg? wkdUArma[h
wkdUArm? Armjynft0Srf;tukef? wkdUtdrfrSwfyg? wkdU&mrSwfyg? tJ'g
wkdUArm/)
]]tJ'Dtydk'fNyD;awmh oHNydKifxyfaumufwmyJ/ wkdUArmociftaygif;[m trsKd;om;a&; BudK;

yrf;MuzdkU? wkdUArmawG[m ightdrfrS ightdrf? igh&GmrS igh&Gm? igNrdKUrS ighNrdKU? ighe,frS ighe,fvdkU
usOf;ajrmif;pGm owfrSwfNyD; a'opdwfrxm;MuygeJU/ wpfjynfvkH;udk wkdUtdrfrSwfyg/ wkdUtdrf
wkdUcspfovdk? wkdUtdrfwkdU umuG,fapmifha&Smufovdk? wkdUwpfjynfvkH;udkvnf; cspfyg/ apmifh
a&Smuf umuG,fyg/ wdkif;pdwfjynfpdwf arG;Muprf;ygvdkU wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfoHjzpfw,f/
NyD;awmh ta&SUuae0ef;BuD;xGufwm[m "r®mwmjzpfovdk? rvTJra&Smifomovkd? wkdUacwf
ocifacwf a&muf&rnfrSm "r®wmyJ/ rvTJra&Smifombl;qdkNyD; tm;wufp&m oDqdk
xm;w,f/ raumif;bl;vm;OD;? 'DoDcsif; raumif;bl;vm;}}
OD;azonf xdkcPü tenf;i,fpdwfavaeonf[k xif&\/ taMumif;rlum;
]]tif; tif;? aumif;w,f? 'DajryJawmfawmfaumif;w,f? tdkifaq; umzDaomufvdkufav}}
uRefawmfonf w&m;a[m&í armvSonfhtxJ OD;azpdwfavonfudk awGU&aomtcg

tvkH;qdkUrwwf jzpfoGm;avonf/ aumfzDudk,laomufNyD; tarmajzaevdkufonf/ twef
MumvQif OD;azu 0ifeDudk vSrf;ac:vdkufjyefavonf/ 0ifeDa&mufvmaomtcg olUacgif;
wGif eHeufuyefvmaom ESif;qDeD&J&JBuD;udk rawGU&awmhacs/ EIwfcrf;uav; eD&J&Judkom
- 73 -
awGU&\/ ESif;qDeD&J&JBuD;udk b,folUjzKwfay;vdkufoenf;/ aemufaz;u acsmif;0ifwJU

&nf;pm;udkrsm; jzKwfay;vdkufw,fqdk&if tdrfa&SUrSm wkdUArmw&m;a[maewJU ighrSmaum
rusef&pfaybl;vm;? ponfjzihf wpfcPtwGif; a&mufwwf&m&m pOf;pm;ypfvdkufonf/
0ifeDu aumfzDvifyef;udk odrf;,laepOf olUacgif;udk aoaocsmcsmMunfhvkduf&m eHeufu

qHxkH;udk zsufí bD;ysHpdkuf av,mOfysHqHxkH; xkH;xm;onfudk awGU&av\/
aMomf-acgif;avQmfr,fvdkU xifyg&JU? 'gaMumifh ESif;qDeD&J&JBuD; jzKwfcsxm;cJUwm jzpfrSmbJ/
uRefawmhfpdwfrSm oufom&m&oGm;ayonf/
]]0ifeD xrif;pm;zdkU tqifoifhrjzpfao;bl;vm;}}
]]rjzpfao;bl;'uf'D? bJaygif;xm;wm rEl;ao;bl;/ 0ufom;ESyfuvnf; rEl;wwfao;bl;}}
]]at; at;? tqifoifhjzpfawmh ac:vdkufaemf}}
0ifeDxGufoGm;onf/ OD;azonf uRefawmfhbufvSnfhNyD;-
]]b,fhES,f- wdkUArmw&m;u NyD;NyDvm;/ vkyfygOD; qufygOD; armifwifxGef;&JU}}
]]NyD;awmh rNyD;ao;ygbl; OD;&JU}} [k uRefawmfu tm;rvkdtm;r&avjzifh ajzvdkuf&m OD;azu

tm;wufvm[efjzifh-
]]rNyD;ao;&if vkyfygOD;uJGU}}
]]ckeifuajymjycJUwJU wkdUArm0g'u wnfaxmifcgp rlv0g'twkdif;jzpfw,f/ ck 1300jynfh

a&mufvdkU &SpfESpfMumwJUtcgrSm t"dyÜm,f wdk;wufvmw,f/ rlv0g'udk ypfy,fwmawmh
r[kwfbl;/ wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;[m wdkUArmtvkyform;? v,form;? aps;a&mif;acgif;
&Guf? vkyfpm;udkifpm; qif;&Jom;trsm;qkH;yg0ifwJU tpnf;t&kH;BuD;jzpfwJUtwkdif; urÇm
- 74 -
avmuBuD; twGif;&SdwJU 'ku©dwtrsm;? qif;&Jom;ydkufqHrJU vkyfpm;udkifpm; awmifol v,f

orm;wkdU&JU ta&;udpö[lorQudk a&SUaqmifr,f/ ypönf;Opöm&Sdol t&if;tESD;&Sdol? "e&Sif
olaX;ol<u,fwkdU&JU tusKd;udk t"duxm;NyD; rw&m;tkyfpdk;csKyfcs,fwJU t&if;tESD;pepfBuD;
wnfaewJUtwGuf ypönf;Opöm&SdoleJU ypönf;OpömrJUol? ydkufqH&SdoleJU ydkufqHrJUol? olaX;eJU
qif;&Jom;? txufwef;pm;eJU atmufwef;pm; tqifhtwef;rrQwjcif; &Sdae&w,f/ "e&Sif
udk,fusKd;&Smorm;awGu t&if;tESD;tm;jzifh tjrwf,lNyD; olwkdUvufxJrSm ypönf;Opöm ydkrdk
wkd;yGm;avav? qif;&Jom;ypönf;rJUawG ydkrkdusyfwnf;qif;&Javav jzpfw,f/ ]zGwfrdacsmif;
jzpf? jrpfrcsrf;om} qdkwmvdkyJ ]wpfa,mufcsrf;om udk,fzdkU&Smrl? owÅ0gtaygif;? ysufpD;
aMumif;wnf;} qkdwmvdkjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'D"e&Sifpepfudk y,fzsufypf&r,f/ vlenf;pk
"e&SifolaX;wdkU&JU udk,fpm;vS,ftpdk;& uif;rJUa&;? "e&SiftmPm&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&; yaysmuf
a&;...}}
uRefawmf pdwfygvufygajymaepOf OD;azu Mum;0ifí..
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tpdk;&vnf; rvkdcsifbl; [kwfvm;}}
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csifbl;/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif; Armwdkif;Armwkdif; tcGifhta&;tm;vkH;udk nDwlnDrQ ydkifqdkifMuwJU
pepfopf? jynfopf? Armopfwnfaxmif&r,fvdkU wdkUArm0g'u qdkw,f/ ArmjynfeJUwuG
vufatmufcHEdkifiHwdkU&JU vGwfvyfa&;udk wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;u vkdvm;w,f/ urÇmrSm
a&m? ArmrSma&m BuD;yGm;csrf;omcsif&if vlrsm;pkjzpfwJU atmufwef;pm;qif;&Jom; awmifol
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- 75 -
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jynfhcHpm;a&;[m wkdUArm0g'yJjzpfw,f/ wdkUArmawG ckvdk qif;&J'ku©a&muf&wm[m EdkifiH
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enf;xkH;Oya'o rlvtajccHawG csrSwfxm;w,f/ tJ'gawGu-
Armjynfonf wkdUjynf/
- 76 -
ArmvlrsKd;onf wkdUvlrsKd;/
Armpmonf wkdUpm/
Armpum;onf wkdUpum;/
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ponfjzihfawG;rd\/ aemufNyD; igurSm;wmyg? OD;azvdkvlpm;rsKd;u 'D0g'awG em;0ifEdkif
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vTrf;NcKHxm;ayonf/
- 77 -
11
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- 78 -
udkwifBuD;onf tenf;i,frQ uoduatmuf jzpfoGm;ykH&avonf/ okdU&mwGif rsufESmydk;

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ta&;BuD;w,f}}
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- 79 -
]]ti;f taMumif;awGuawmh vQKdU0SuftyfwJUtaMumif;awGjzpfw,f? trsKd;bmom omoem

tusKd; aqmifzdkUudpöESifh ywfoufwJU udpöawGaygh}}
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aumufvkyfEdkifonfhwdkif aiGr&SdvQif bmrQ wGifus,fpGmvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwf/ vufeufr&SdvQif
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xdktcufudk ajz&Sif;vdkufavNyD/ udkwifBuD;onf uRefawmfwkdUtm;u,fwifrnfh udk,fa&mif
udk,f0g awmufypGmESifh ewfa'0gjzpfaeavNyD/
- 80 -
rdk;onf;vmonfESifh vufzuf&nfqdkif 0ifxdkifMuavonf/ uRefawmfwdkUonf vufzuf

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udkwifBuD;onf uRefawmfhpdwfwGif jzpfysufaewmawGudk &dyfrd[ef&Sdavonf/
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- 81 -
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&if;EDSD;avonf/ qdk;wkdifyif aumif;wdkifyif jzpfavonf/
- 82 -
olonf uRefawmfwdkUaemufodkU cyfokwfokwfvdkufvm&m touf&SLyif rSm;aeonf[k

xifonf/ olUrsufESmrSmvnf; usD;uef;vlrdjzpfaeonf/ uRefawmfum; olUtrlt&mudk
jrifNyD; xdwfoGm;ay\/
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- 83 -
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csif&if wkdUaumifruav;awGu rGwfpvifbmomudk 0if&r,fwJU/ b,favmufpD;ydkifovJ?
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- 84 -
udk<u,fu atmufygtwdkif; axmufcHjznfhpGufjyef\/
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rSmvnf; ukvm;? A,maMumfqdkifrSmvnf; ukvm;? zdeyfqdkifrSmvnf; ukvm;? txnfqdkif
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ukvm;? *sr'gvnf; ukvm;? axmifrSL;vnf; ukvm;? ae&mwum ukvm;csnf; vTrf;ae
wmyJ...}}
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- 85 -
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jzpfavownf;/
- 86 -
13
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aumif;? tcsKdUrSm "m;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? udkifaqmifvmMuonf/ ausmif;om;wyfBuD;
onf or*¾wHcg;0ü &yfvsufaeavonf/
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avonf/ uRefawmfonf ukvm;-Arm t"du&kPf; pvQifpcsif; olwdkUudkvdkuf&Sm\/
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ausmif;om;rsm;udk rxdef;Edkifojzihf a&SmifaecJUMuoavm[kyif awG;xifrdavonf/
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- 87 -
]]ausmif;om;awG ckvdkwyfcsDNyD; NrdKUxJuukvm;awGudk oGm;&dkufrSm t"du&kPf;xJyg0ifMurSm

uRefawmfrBudKufbl;}}
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]]NrdKUxJxGufNyD; ukvm;awGudkcsrvdkU}}
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bmjyKvdkU 'Dvdk tzdk;wefwJUtoufudk ckvdkta&;rSm qkH;&IH;&rSmvJ}}
- 88 -
ausmif;om;wkdUudk ajrSmufyifhNyD; acsmharmhvdkufonf/
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ajymyg ajymyg vdkcsifwmudk ajymyg}}
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qufí-
- 89 -
]]tck Arm&yfuGufrSm&SdwJU ukvm;awGu,fzdkU&m ukvm;vlBuD;awGuom vkyfaew,f?

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tck wuúodkvfausmif;om;awGu vkyfr,fqdkwm usKyftrsm;BuD;0rf;omw,f}}
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twGuf csD;usL;zG,fyifjzpfavonf/ xdkArmrsm;onf tdrfatmufqif;zdkUrvdk/ tvkyf xGuf
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ukvm;rsm;uyif 0,fay;onf/ ukvm;vlqdk;rsm;onf Armtdrfrsm;udk &SmazGNyD; arTavh&Sd&m
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- 90 -
taMumif; uRefawmfwdkUtm; ajymjyavonf/ xdkrdom;pkuvnf; ajymif;zdkUrvdkaMumif;?

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- 91 -
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- 92 -
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Mum&if at;oGm;rSmyJ/ 'Dawmh jyefvmcJU}}
okdUjzihf rjrrSDtm; ,m,Dtdrfajymif;ay;&ef pDpOf&avonf/ rjrrSDonf olUtokH;taqmif

t0wftpm;rsm; xnfhxm;aom aowÅmwpfvkH;udk,lí uRefawmfwdkUESifh vdkufvmcJUav\/
um;twufwGif rjrrSD\aowÅmudk uRefawmfu,lay;NyD; rjrrSDab;wGif xdkifvdkufavonf/
olonf uRefawmfhxuf toufrsm;pGmBuD;\/ umrydkif vif&Sdrdef;rvnf;jzpf\/ odkUaomf
rjrrSD\ ysKdrspfrIESifh txl;ESpfvkdpdwfnGwfzG,faom &lyg&kHaMumifh olUtem;xdkif&&m0,f
uRefawmfonf &Id;wkd;&SefUwefU? &dk;wkd;&Gw jzpfrdao;onf/ rjrrSDtm;MunfhNyD; udk&ifBuD;
OD;boef;\ rSwfausmufjzihf [wÅeDavm? pdwÅ&eDavm? ocFeDavm? y'kr®eDavm tuJjzwf
&ef BudK;pm;aerdavonf/
- 93 -
rjrrSDu olUudktuJcwfaeaom uRefawmfhtm; pdkufMunfhwJUNyD; emrnfESifh toufudk

ar;vdkufavonf/ ,if;odkU emrnfESifhtoufomar;NyD; uRefawmf b,ftwef; pmoif
aeovJ b,fausmif;aqmifrSmaeovJ paom ausmif;om;ESifhywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk
qufrar;onfhtwGuf okdUavmokdUavm awG;awmaerd\/
uRefawmfwkdUonf rjrrSDoGm;vdkaom jynfvrf; odef;odef;tdrfodkU vdkufydkUMu&avonf/

jynfvrf;ay:odkU a&mufaomtcg rjrrSDu uRefawmfhtm; ckoloGm;aernfh odef;odef;tdrfodkU
vnf;aumif;? t"du&kPf;at;vQif olUukrÜPD wnf&mXmeodkUvnf;aumif;? olUaetdrfodkU
vnf;aumif;? vmvnfyg[k twefwef zdwfMum;avonf/ aemifolu ulnDEdkifaom t&m
rsm;&Sdu olUtm;ajymyg? wwfEdkifaombufu ulygrnf[kvnf; uwday;aeavonf/
- 94 -
14
ocifpdk;ESifhawG Ujcif;
&efukefNrdKUü Mo*kwfvxJwGif ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;onf awmfawmfyif at;oGm;avonf/

aps;qdkifuem;rsm; jyefzGifhMu\/ rGwfpvifukvm;ESifh jrefrmAk'¨bmomwdkU\ qufoG,fa&;
rSm wif;rmcufwa&mfaeao;aomfvnf; wpfzufESifhwpfzuf &efrl&eftm;rxkwfMu/ [dE´L
ukvm;rsm;um; jrefrmAk'¨bmomwdkUESifh tvGef;oifhap&efrsm;twGuf [dE´L-Ak'¨bmomqdkif
[laomqdkif;bkwf qGJwifjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? bkef;BuD;rsm;tm; qGrf;uGrf;vSL'gef;jcif;udk
vnf;aumif;? awGUEdkifavonf/ ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; ArmArmcsif;
&kdif;yif;a&;? Armaps;qdkifrsm;wnfaxmifí Armrsm;umuG,fa&; paom 0HomEkvkyfief;rsm;
wdk;wufvmavonf/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ü ArmwdkUonf ukvm;rsm;xuf &yfuGuf
wumrSmvdkvdkyif or0g,rtoif;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvmcJUayonf/ tvkH? Munfhjrifwdkif
a&ausmf paom &yfuGufrsm;omru paumhaps;xJrSmyif Armqdkifrsm;ESifh or0g,rtoif;
qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvmcJUayonf/ þtawmtwGif; wuúodkvf or0g,rtoif; onf
vnf; xdk;xGufBuD;yGm;vmcJUavonf/
e,frsm;rSmum; t"du&kPf;rsm; jzpfay:aeqJjzpf\/ e,frsm;rSm t"du&kPf;udk ppfykvdyf

wdkU\ aoewfjzifh ESdrfeif;ypfonfom rsm;avonf/
Mo*kwfv 26&ufaeUu Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tm; t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqdk

oGif;&m eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfu ]]t"du&kPf; Nidrf0yfydjym;atmif oifhavsmfrnf xif
ovdk pDrH&ef uREkfyftmPmay;onf}} [k e,ft&m&Sdrsm;tm; trdefUxkwfxm;aMumif; zGifh[
ajymavonf/
,if;odkUaom ypfcwfrIrsm;aMumifh vl 55a,muf aoí 108a,muf 'Pf&m&&Sdavonf/

aool 55a,mufteuf Arm 52a,mufESifh ukvm; 3a,muf jzpfavonf/
- 95 -
t,kHtMunfr&SdtqdkwGif a'gufwmbarmf\ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf 66rJ&&Sdí twdkuftcH

rSm 61rJ&avonf/ tpdk;&udk axmufcHolwdkUteuf ukvm; 12rJESifh t*Fvdyf 9rJ ygav
onf/ t"du&kPf;udk rjzpfrDu rwm;qD;cJUbJ jzpfvmaomtcgrS t&rf;ypfcwfESdrfeif;aom
nGefUaygif;tpkd;&\ ay:vpDudk t*FvdyfESifh ukvm;"e&SifBuD;rsm;u axmufcHaMumif;
xif&Sm;ay\/
Mo*kwfvxJwGif tcsdef&vQif&csif; rjrihfOD;xHodkUoGm;awGUum t"du&kPf;wkef;u udk,fawGU

tjzpftysufrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? Mum;jrifcJUonfrsm;udk vnf;aumif; ajymjyavonf/
rjrifhOD;rSmum; t"du&kPf;wpfcsdefvkH; tjyifrxGuf? ausmif;aqmiftjyifodkU vrf;avQmuf
&efyif rxGuf/ t"du&kPf;qdkwm Mum;omae&onf? owif;pmrSmom zwfae&onf?
t"du&kPf;\ 'Pf&m'Pfcsufqdkí t"du&kPf;jzpfpu olUoli,fcsif; aeUausmif;ol
rcifaqGonf &efukefNrdKUwGif;&SdtdrfodkU rjyefEdkifojzifh olUckwifay:rSm nodyfvdkuf&onf
om &SdcJUavonf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfu udk,fawGUrsm;udk ajymjyaomtcg txl; pdwf0if
pm;pGm em;axmifvsufaeayonf/ uRefawmfu rjrrSDtp&Sdaom ukvm;Mum;rS Armrsm;udk
u,fq,f&ykH ajymjyaomtcg 0dkif;pufaom olUrsufvkH;rsm;wGif uRefawmfhtm; tHUMo
MunfndKaom ta&mifrsm; orf;aeonf[k uRefawmfxifay;onf/
]]rjrrSDqdkwm odyfacsmovm;}}
]][kwfw,f odyfacsmw,f}}
]]t&G,fuvnf; wifovm;}}
]][kwfw,f wifw,f/ 'Dvdk emwm&Snfa&m*gonf vifeJUae&wm olUcrsm 0#fqdkufae

wmyJ}} [k uRefawmfu oem;u&kPmpum;rsm; ajymvdkufaomtcg rjrihfOD;um;
NyKH;vkdufNyD;-
]]oluawmh 'DvdkxifcsifrSxifrSmaygh/ aomw¬daoeudk orÇLvjyKpkovdk jyKpkae&vdkU yg&rD

jznfhae&w,fvdkU xifcsifxifrSmaygh [J [J}}
- 96 -
uRefawmfvnf; vkduf&,favonf/ pdwfxJu rjrihfOD;\ oabmxm;udk csD;usL;aerd

avonf/
]]tm;&if rjrrSDqD oGm;vnf&atmif? olu tvnfvmygvdkU zdwfxm;w,f}}
]]wpfaeUoGm;wmaygh? aemuf uRefrcsdef;r,fav}}
xdktawmtwGif; uRefawmfonf OD;azwdkUNcHodkU oGm;&efvnf; 0wÅ&m;rysufyg/

a':aX;Munfu qD;í avmuGwfaumif;vdkufonf/
]]tr,fav; tefwDwdkUjzifh pdwfylvdkfuf&wm? tefwDHwluav; ukvm;awG&JU&efeJU vGwfrS

vGwfyghrvm;vdkU/ tdrfudk vlvTwfar;r,f vkyfjyefawmh oGm;&Jvm&JwJU vluvnf;r&Sd?
'&dkifbmuvnf; rtm;bl;}}
OD;azu-
]]tdkifaq; aumvdyfausmif;om;awG wyfxGufNyD; &efukefxJ ukvm;awGcszdkU oGm;wkef;u

armif ygao;ovm;}}
xkdtcg uRefawmfonf t"du&kPf;twGif;u udk,fawGUtjzpftysufrsm;? Mum;&jrif&orQ

rsm;udk ajymjy&jyefavonf/ OD;azwdkU ZeD;armifESH? 0ifeDwdkUnDtpfr omru tjcm; tdrfol
tdrfom;rsm;yg pka0;vma&mufí emaxmifMuavukefonf/ uRefawmf ajymtNyD;wGif
OD;azu-
]]tdkifaq; udk,fawmh ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf;twGif;rSm onfhjyif[m bmrS0rf;renf;bl;/

r*dkvrf;oGm;NyD; y&mwmeJUcbwf rpm;EdkifwmbJ 0rf;enf;w,f/ aomufusKd;enf; qdwfom;
rSmawmh rGwfpvifukvm;awGudk b,folrSrrDbl;a[h}}
a':aX;Munfu NyKH;vkdufavonf/
- 97 -
]]rif;tefu,fvfuawmh tpm;yJawG;aewmuG,f/ tefwDwkdUrSmjzihf ylp&mtrsKd;rsKd; udk,fhtdrf

ol tdrfom;awGwGufomrubl;? udk,fhwlawG? aqGrsKd;awG rdwfaqGawGtwGufvnf; yl&
wmyJ/ b,frSm tpm;wGufylaeEdkifyghrvJ}}
atmf-OD;azESifh a':aX;Munf zufyJzufrdao;wm/ OD;azu tpm;? a':aX;Munfu pum;/

uRefawmfonf olwdkUESpfOD;tm; wpfvSnfhpDMunfhum Nidrfaevdkufavonf/
pufwifbmv 12&ufaeUupNyD; &efukefNrdKUü ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf; topfwpfzef

jzpfyGm;vmjyefavonf/ uRefawmfwkdU Armrsm;bufrS Mum;&onfum; ukvm;rsm; tvGef
csnf;omwnf;/ ukvm;rsm;u armfawmfbwfpfum;rsm;udk cJESifh qD;aygufonf[k vnf;
aumif;? 24vrf;xdyfwGif usLv,mukvm;rsm;u Armwpfa,mufudk vSHESifhxkd;owfvdkuf
onf [kvnf;aumif; Mum;&avonf/
okdUaomf þtBudrfwGif t"du&kPf;onf rsm;pGm BuD;xGm;jyefUyGm;jcif; rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/

taMumif;rlum; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; acgif;aqmifrIjzihf rsKd;cspfvli,ftaygif;onf
t"du&kPf;udk pepfwus qefUusifvmMuaomaMumifhwnf;/
pufwifbmvqef;p wpfaeUaomf uRefawmfonf paumhaps;&Sd jrefrmydkif qef;uaz;wGif

rdwfaqGudkat;aiGESifhwuG vufzuf&nfaomufvsuf aeavonf/ uRefawmfwdkU xdkifMu
aom pm;yGJrSm tcef;av;rsm;\tjyifbufwGif jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdUpm;yJGESifh ab;wkduf
pm;yJGwpfckwGif tom;ta&cyfjynfhjynfh? Avaumif;aumif;ESifh vlwpfa,mufonf xdkifí
pm;yJGay:rSm pmtkyfBuD;wpftkyfzGifhcsum pmzwfaeonf/ olUAdkvfaurSm cyfwdkwdkjzpf\/
rsufESmrSm eDpyfpyfjzpf\/ olonf wpfpkHwpf&mpm;&ef rSmxm;[ef&Sd\/ pm;yJGxdk;ukvm;u
olUa&SUodkU MuufoGefESifhocGm;oD; yef;uefwpfck vmcsavonf/ olonf yef;uefxJodkU
iHjym&nf avmif;xnfhNyD;aemuf c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfudk avmif;xnfh\/ c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpf
rSm enf;aeojzihf topfykvif;,lcJU&ef awmif;avonf/ xdktcg pm;yJGxkd;u tifwifwif
vkyfae&m qdkif&SifOD;xGef;&ifudk,fwdkif aqhmpfykvif;opfudk ,lvmNyD; ay;avonf/ odkUuvdk
OD;xGef;&if udk,fwdkifu ta&;w,l aqmhpfykvif; vmay;aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkUonf
xdkolUtm; ydkí*&kpdkufum Munfhaerdavonf/
- 98 -
xkdolonf yef;uefxJodkU c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfrsm;udk cyfrsm;rsm; avmif;xnfhNyD;aemuf

MuufoGef? ocGm;oD;rsm;udk cuf&if;ESifharTNyD; onftwdkif;pm;aeavonf/ pm;&if;
pmtkyfudk oJoJrJrJ zwfaeavonf/
olUudkMunfh&if; ol[mb,folrsm;jzpfygvdrfh[k awG;aerdavonf/ MuufoGefwpfyef;uef

ukefoGm;aomtcg wufbkef;BuD; udkodef;az a&mufvmNyD; olUqDudk wef;oGm;avonf/
udkodef;azonf olESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkifí xdkifvdkufav&m uRefawmfwdkUudk jrifoGm;avonf/
]][vdk udkwifxGef;wdkUygvm;? 'Dudkvmyg&Jabmf? pum;ajym&atmif}}
uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufonf olwkdUpm;yJGodkU ul;oGm;Muavonf/ xdktcg udkodef;azu-
]]'gu ocifpdk;av awGUzl;NyDvm;? ocifpdk; a[m'g aumvdyfausmif;om; udkwifxGef;wJU?

b,folwJU &Jabmfemrnf? aqm&D;Asm arhaevdkU}}
]]at;aiG}}
uRefawmfwdkUrSm ocifpdk;\taMumif;udk Mum;zl;aeavNyD/ ol\pmtcsKdUudkyif zwfzl;aeav

NyD/ xdkUaMumifh ]rSmxm; tvm;oifh} qdkovdk awGU&ojzifh 0rf;omMuayonf/
pm;yJGxkd;u qdwfom;acsmhyf vmcsonf/ ocifpdk;u MuufoGef xyfawmif;NyD;aemuf

uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU-
]]cifAsm;wdkU aumvdyfausmif;om;awG wyfzJGUNyD; NrdKUxJukvm;awGudk xGufcszdkU vkyfaewkef;

u cifAsm;wdkUygao;ovm;}} [k aumufar;vdkufonf/
]][kwfuJU? xGufcszdkU vdkufr,fvdkUawmh r&nf&G,fygbl;/ wyfpkwJUae&mudkawmh a&mufoGm;

ygao;w,f}}
- 99 -
]]at;Asm aumvdyfausmif;om;awG acG;Zmwfrcif;rdwm awmfao;wmaygh/ 'DrSm vlrsKd;a&;

t"du&kPf;wkdU? bmoma&; t"du&kPf;wdkUqdkwm EdkfifiHcsJU"e&SifBuD;awGU&JU tqdyfajzaq;
yJAs/ wpfenf;ajym&&if bGdKifvmBuD; raygufuGJ&atmifxm;&wJU aqhzfwD;AJvfwfyJAs}}
uRefawmfwdkUu bmrQjyefrajymbJ olUtajymudkom em;pGifhaeMuonf/ olonf qdwfom;

udk udkufzJUpm;NyD;aemuf qufjyefavonf/
]]a&eHajr ypönf;rJUtvkyform;awGu t*Fvdyf"e&SifBuD;awGudk oydwfarSmufNyD; wdkufaeMu

w,f/ awmifolv,form;awGu oD;pm;c? twkd;? ajrcGefawmf wdkufyGJawG qifaeMuw,f/
wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;u 'DwdkufyGJawG acgif;aqmifNyD; e,fcsJUpepfvufatmufu vGwf
atmif wdkufaeMuw,f/ 'Dvdk t*Fvdyf"e&SifBuD;awGudk 0dkif;wdkufaeMuwJUtcgrSm "e&SifBuD;
awG[m usKyfwdkU&JUtm&kHawG vrf;ajymif;oGm;atmif ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf;udk zefwD;ay;
wmyJ/ ukvm;vnf; t*FvdyfuRef? Armvnf; t*FvdyfuRefyJ/ uRef-uRefcsif; cGufapmif;
ckwfaerS t*Fvdyf[m qufNyD; tkyfpdk;oGm;EdkifrSmudk;As/ [kwfw,fr[kwfvm; udkoef;az}}
olonf udkodef;aztm; odkUuvdkar;vdkufjcif;rSm olUudkaxmufcH&ef vl&Smjcif; jzpfonfom

ru udkodef;azyg 0ifpum;ajymatmif zdwfvdkufjcif;jzpf[efwlonf/ udkodef;aztm; 0if
ajymapNyD; olum; qdwfom;rsm;udk udkufzJUpm;aomufaeavonf/
udkodef;azu t*FvdyfwdkUonf ukvm;awGudk oGif;vmykHESifh t*Fvdyfvkyfxm;aom vl0if

vlxGuf Oya'taMumif;udk ajymaeavonf/ ocifpdk;\ qdwfom;yef;uef ukefavNyD/
qdwfom;ukefawmhrS olrSmxm;aom MuufoGefyef;uef a&mufvmavonf/ olonf
MuufoGefyef;uefxJodkU ,cifenf;wl iHjym&nfESifh c&rf;csOfoD;aqmhpfwdkUudk avmif;xnfhNyD;
onftwdkif; pm;aejyefavonf/ olpm;pOf udkodef;azu pum;qufajymaeay\/
]]ukvm;-Arm t"du&kPf;jzpfvmawmh b,fhavmuf ypönf;awG ysufpD;qkH;&IH;ovJMunfh/

b,fhavmuf vlawGaoovJMunfh/ ckxdt"du&kPf;rSm vl 165a,muf aoNyD; 'Pf&m&ol
818a,muf jzpfw,f/ 'g[m pm&if;aumuf&oavmufjzpfw,f/ tpdk;&u b,folU emem
- 100 -
ESdyfpufovJ MunfhOD;/ t"du&kPf; taMumif;jyKNyD; ocifawGtrsm;BuD;udk zrf;w,f/

bkduav;u wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; twGif;a&;rSL; ocif&Sdef tzrf;cH&wm Munfhygvm;}}
udkodef;azu vufzuf&nfaomufaeonf/ ocifpdk;u ajymjyefavonf/
]]tcsKyfrSmawmh "e&Sifpepf&Sdae&if vlrsKd;a&;t"du&kPf;wdkU bmoma&;t"du&kPf;wdkUqdkwm

&SdrSmyJ/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmh "e&Sifpepf qefUusifwdkufzsufMuwJU ypönf;rJUrsm;? tvkyf
orm;rsm;? qif;&Jom;rsm;udk vrf;vJGa&mufatmif wrifzefwD;ay;&w,f/ aoG;cJGay;&w,f/
'Dawmh usKyfwdkUu aoG;cJGrcHzdkU ta&;BuD;w,f/ vrf;vJGra&mufzdkU ta&;BuD;w,f/
OD;vnfrokef "e&Sifpepfudk tjrpfygjzKwfypfzdkUomvdkw,f/ 'grS vlrsKd;a&;t"du&kPf;awG
bmawG csKyfNidrf;yaysmufoGm;rSmyJ}}
xdktwGif; oli,fwpfa,muf0ifvmNyD; ocifpdk;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUtm; udkEku tac:vTwf

onf[k ajymavonf/
olwdkUonf cyfjrefjrefpm;aomufMuonf/ ocifpdk;u olUpmtkyfxJwGif nSyfxm;aom

wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS xkwfjyefaMunmonfh ukvm;ArmwkdUonf t"du&kPf;udka&Smif&Sm;í
oifhjrwfpGmaeMu&efESifh e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk nDnGwfpGm wdkufxkwf&ef pmwrf;tcsKdUudk
uRefawmfwdkUtm; ay;avonf/ udkodef;azurl e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; aMumfjimpm&Gufrsm;ESifh
toif;0ifykHpHrsm;udk ay;avonf/ xdkUaemufolwdkUonf qef;uaz;teD;wGif wnf&Sdaom
e*g;eD pmtkyftoif;wdkufxJodkU 0ifoGm;Muavonf/ udkEkum; ]e*g;eD} pmtkyftoif;udk
wnfaxmifNyD; udk,fwdkif OD;pD;vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdav\/
uRefawmfonf udkodef;azay;cJUaom e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; aMumfjimpmudk zwfaeavonf/
e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;
ArmjynfwGif qif;&Jjcif;? a&m*gxljcif;? ynmrJUjcif;rsm; xllajymaeav&m

xdk raumif;qdk;&Gm;okH;yg;udk y,fazsmufEdkifaomynmESifh y,fazsmufNyD;vQif
- 101 -
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;\ vGwfvyfa&;? wkd;wufa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tajccHum

acwfopfwpfck wnfaxmifEdkifrnfh ynmrsm;udk e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;u
ay;vsuf&SdNyD/
oifonf toif;om;tjzpfjzihf 0ifí xdktoif;\ wm0efrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;

ulnD aqmif&Gufygavmh/
uRefawmfonf wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;u xkwfa0aom t"du&kPf;qefUusifa&; pmwrf;udk

urm&Gwfocifrsm;ESifh &yfrd&yfzwdkU\ tultnDjzifh xyfrH&dkufESdyfNyD; wpfqifha0iSavonf/
aumvdyfausmif;rSm vnf;aumif;? urm&GwfrSmvnf;aumif;? e*g;eD pmtkyfoif; aMumfjim
rsm;a0NyD; toif;om;pkavonf/ tvkyftudkifr&Sdaom udk<u,f? ykHESdyfwdkuf 'kwd,zdkrif
OD;av;jrifh? yifpifpm;0efaxmufBuD; OD;az? jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef; rjrifhOD;paom rdwfaqGrsm;
udkyif pwifí e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;0iftjzpfodkU oGwfoGif;&ayonf/
rMumrD e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;rS udkodef;aza&;aom ukvm;-ArmwdkufyGJ pmtkyfuav; xGuf

ay:vmavonf/ udkxGef;at;? udkxGef;a&T? udkxGef;tkH? ocifwifarmif? udkatmifqef;?
udkb[def;? ocifxdef0if;? udkEkESifh udkAaqGwdkUu xdkpmtkyfi,fudk axmufcHí wm0efyl;wGJ
,laMumif;udk awGU&onf/ urm&Gwfü jrefrmydkif ukefpkHqdkifzGifhyJGwpfck&Sd&m uRefawmf\
aqmfMocsuft& qdkif&Sifu xdkpmtkyfuav;rsm;udk0,fí <uvmaom y&dowftm; a0iS
avonf/
uRefawmfum; tawmfwdk;wufvmNyD[k qdkEdkifygonf/ aMumufaMumuf&GHU&GHUjzihf ocif

vdkvm;oljzpfcJUonf/ qkwfuefqkwfuefESifh ocifaemufvdkufvkyfcJUonf/ 0g;vkH;acgif;
vomonfhyrm wpfa,mufcsif; ESpfa,mufcsif; ocifw&m;a[mcJUonf/ ,ckrSmrl
wuf<uaom ocif0g'jzefUorm;? pnf;&kH;a&;orm; jzpfvmavNyD/ tpu ukvm;-Arm
t"du&kPf;udk rBudKufaomfvnf; bmrQrvkyfwwfbJ vufydkufMunfhaecJU&onf/ aemuf
wpfqifh ukvm;rsm;tMum;wGif taeusyfaeaom Armrsm;udk 0ifu,fcJUonf/ ,ckawmh
ukkvm;-Arm t"du&kPf;udk pepfwus qefUusifNzdKzsufaeavNyD/
- 102 -
uRefawmfum; tawmfwdk;wufvmNyD[k rqdkEdkifygoavm/ /
- 103 -
15
uRefawmfhwGif ajymif;vJcsufrsm;
pufwifbmvqef;pwGif ukvm;Armt"du&kPf; xyfrHjzpfyGm;vmonfqdkvQifyif aumvdyf

ausmif;udk ydwfypfvdkufavonf/ tcgwdkif; oDwif;uRwfausmif;ydwf&ufrSm wpfvwmrQ
&Snfaomfvnf; ,ckESpfwGif ESpfvausmfMumavonf/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif uRefawmfonf
tdrfrjyefay/ trSefpifppf tdrfjyefzdkUxdkufvS\/ t"du&kPf;awG jzpfyGm;aeojzifh &efukefrSm
aeaom uRefawmfhtwGuf rdbrsm; &wufrat; pdwfav;MurnfrSm rkcsjzpf\/ om;jzpf
oludk olwkdUtem; &SdapcsifrnfrSm rkcsjzpf\/ uRefawmfonf rdbrsm;xHodkU uRefawmfhrSm
ab;roD&efrc at;jrvsuf&SdygaMumif;? uRefawmfhtwGuf pdk;&drfzG,f wpfa&G;om;rQ r&Sd
aMumif;? vmrnfhbDatpmar;yGJwGif bmomwdkif;ü trSwfrsm;rsm;ESifh atmifjrif&ef BudK;pm;
ae&aomaMumifh tdrfjyef tcsdefrjzKef;vdkawmhaMumif;? odkUrS zcifBuD;&nfrSef;xm;onfh
twdkif; tdkifpDtufpf jzpfEdkifrnfhtaMumif;rsm;udk pma&;om;ay;ydkUvdkufavonf/
uRefawmfum; rsm;pGmajymif;vJcJUavNyD/ 1963 oydwftwGif;u olrsm; oydwfarSmufaepOf

uRefawmfonf tdrfokdUjyefí pmusufaecJU\/ ,ck 1938ck ukkvm;Arm t"du&kPf; twGif;
wGif trsm;aomausmif;om;wdkU tdrfjyefMupOf uRefawmfum; wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾? wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;ESifh e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; e,fedrdwftwGif;rSm aysmfarGUum &efukef
rSmyif qufaeavawmh\/
onfhjyif ajymif;vJcsufrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ Oyrm awmfovif;? oDwif;uRwfvrsm;odkU

wdkif a&mufvmav&m rdk;yg;pjyKvm\/ rdk;tkHUndKrIdif;aom aumif;uiftpm; ta&mif
trsKd;rsKd;ESifh ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;udk aqmifaeaom wdrfawmifwdrfwdkufrsm;udk awGUjrif&p
jyK\/ cgwdkif;qdkvQif uRefawmfonf ,if;wdfrfawmifwdkU\ qef;jym;rIESifh crf;em;rIrsm;wGif
tvSudkxkwf,lí cHpm;arGUaysmfaewwfayonf/ wdrfrsKd;pkHta&mif[yfojzihf wpfrsKd;vSae
- 104 -
aom obm0ywf0ef;usifudk a&mifrsKd;pkHyGifhaeaom yef;rsm;ESifh ,SOfMunfhaewwfayonf/

wdrfrsm;ESifhtwl uRefawmfhpdwfonf vGifhysHaewwfayonf/
wdrfndKrdv’m? wdrfplumESifh
wdrfjyma&m,Suf? r&ef;zufí
wdrfoufwHa&mif? t0gaygif0,f
arSmifcJUwpfcg? jymcJUwcsKdU
ndKcJUwpfvD? &DcJUwpfzkH
rIefcJUwpfcsuf/
.....
,k*efxufu
av;bufvkH;NcKH? wdrf*VKefvnf;
e*g;&kHa<uU? &efcsif;awGUaomf
cdk;aiGUvTwfNydKif? *kPfcsif;qdkifcJU
paomuAsmrsKd;wGif arGUavsmfMunfEl;aewwfayonf/ arGUavsmfMunfEl;&mrS i,fpOfu

0guRwfyGJ tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk vGrf;aewwfayonf/
]]v0guRwfonf? qef;vwfcg
vlU&GmyJGobif? qDrD;wefaqmif
yef;axmif xD;BuD;ysifí
oifykef;wif wef;jAufcuf
tVoDESifh yOöoDudk? tnDapmifhokH;rSwfí
- 105 -
'ge0wf pGefUBuHvSL
rif;yGJobif? NrdKUjyifwcsKdUvlu
oDZm[l aomuf>yef;>yef;
aumif;rIvufaqmif? xrif;axmifudk0efí
tHUazGrItoHcsKd? vufckyfwajzmufajzmuf
jcif;aumuf oHNydKifqdkí
tvdkvdkaomaom&k? 0guRwfobif
aysmfrIqifonf? vl&SiftpkpkESifh
,pf0rItdtHum? wcsKdUuvnf; wcsKdUqJonf
wcsKdU&kdUu &efcdkuf&Smí? wcsKdUom ypfwifukef
ydefaygifc&m? pnf'kyÜgESifh? ywfomNrdKUvkH;NcHrQ
rNcDrlywÅvm;? apmif;nSif;NyDaom wl&d,monf
vlU&Gmobifrsm;ESifh? waomaom xrif;axmif
vIdifulxGufxm;? bk&m;yg;a&mufatmifwnf;
BuD;aqmifonf tpkpk? om"kBuHBuH? aeUrnHonfh
toHw&k&kESifh &TifaysmfrI toG,foG,f}}
(&cdkifpmqdkawmf OD;umAsef)
þodkUaompmayrsm;udk zwf&INyD; awm&Gm\ om,maysmf&TifzG,faumif;ykHudk OmPfikHqifjcifrd

NyD; awmolawmifom;onf avmuvlUbkHwGif tauseyfta&mifh&JqkH;? taysmfqkH;oljzpfonf
[laom tqdkudk axmufcHaecJUayonf/
- 106 -
,ckrl ,if;odkUaom arGUavsmfMunfEl;rI? vGrf;rIESifh auseyfrIrsm; uRefawmfhpdwf0,f

cef;ajcmufoGm;ovm; atmufarh&ayonf/ tu,fíom rjrifhOD;wnf;[laom jrefrmpmay
b@mpdk;BuD;ESifh r&if;ESD;ygvQif xdkpmayrsKd;udk wl;wl;cg;cg; ypfy,frdaumif; ypfy,frd
ayvdrfhrnf/ ,cktcg uRefawmfonf wdrf&J&Jawmufonfxuf wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;\
vuf&kH;wyfrsm; &J&Jawmufonfudkom MunfEl;vdkonf/ csD;usL;vdkonf/ vuf&kH;wyf
&J&Jawmufonfudk zJGUEGJUaom oDcsif;oHrsm;om wu,fhem;0ifyD,HtoH? wu,fhuAsm t&
omudk ay;Edkifonf[k xifavonf/ em;axmif/
]]&J&Jawmuf wdkUArmajr
owdÅcJawG
&mZ0ifxdk;avmufatmif pGefUay?
Armhvuf&kH; wyfawmfom;ay/
tmZmenfaoG;awG?
t&dk;aMuaMu?
wkdUajy? wdkUajr/
acwfaqG;udkajymif;jyef?
wufacwfudkpDrH?
wdk;wufatmif pdwfoef/
nDapaemf
ppf&Jarmf/
csDwufMupdkU wlaysmfaysmf?
b,fnm b,fnm/
Armajy? igwdkUajy?
- 107 -
Armajr igwdkUajr?
cifcifrifrif? trsKd;udkapmifhMu?
b,fnm b,fnm
(onfcsdefcg) Armajy
ZmwdaoG; ta&mifwifap/
Armqdk *dkPf;*Ppdwf aysmufzdkUawmfNyDav}}
(wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;rS xkwfaom Armhvuf&kH;wyf ppfcsDoDcsif;)
,cktcg uRefawmhftm; awmvufaus;&Gm\ pdrf;vef;om,maom &Icif;xuf awmol

awmifom;wdkU\ ausmrJGjcif;u vTrf;rdk;aeavonf/ om,mnif;aysmif;aom yavGoHxuf
b0tajctaeudk rauseyf nnf;nLqlyloHu vTrf;aeavonf/
xdkUaMumifh-
]]v,form;vkyf&? r[kwfpGckcg?
rEkóvlU&GmrSm? rIromEdkifbJ/
uRJ-EGm;aps;wif&mrSm? cGmvQmemoif;uweJ/
rsKd;pyg;wdk;wuf&mrSm? NyKH;&uf&SmEdkifbJ?
eef;AGuf&mtdkZmrjzihf? ,dkifvJzdkUBuKHvm?
tdrfaxmifpkHbufypönf;[muvnf;? EIef;opfenf;av;qwufyg?
a&S;uESifh pufygvQif? oGufoGufcgjrihfwdk;vdkU?
]trdk;} ESi fh]tzm;} udkac:? ,rf;a,mifvdkUatmf?
v,fcif;u pyg;tay:rSm? odMum;aemf r aumif;&JUav;}}
- 108 -
(a&;oltrnfrod? 1921ckESpf ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif awGU&onf/)
[laom aw;xyfrsKd;onfom uRefawmfh&ifwGif yJUwifcwfEdkifayonf/
]]wdkUArmwdkif;jynf? v,form;rSeforQ? vlwdkif;toufocif/

ezl;ay:vufwif awG;Munfhawmh aus;Zl;&Sif/
oem;nSmyg v,fawG"e&Sif?
tpdk;&"e&Sif? csKyfcs,fykHrqifjcif?
epfematmif OmPfeDxGif?
ouúm,qdkwmvnf; rjrif?
v,fawG uRJawG EGm;awGyif?
udk,fydkifjzpfzdkU enf;udkxGif?
rdrdudk,fomtm;udk;rS vGwfvyfzdkUjrif?
vQmwpfacsmif;ESifh vla&mif;wJUacgif;awGawGU&if?
ESpfxyfqvHwif?
nDnm&if jynfom,m?
wdkUv,form; e,fwdkif;wGif?
tpnf;ta0;wGif?
rdk;ukefawmh pmzwfzdkUjyif okdUrSjrif?
0dkiftrfbD ocifwif?
nDnmatmif pDpOf?
EId;aqmfwJU owday;uAsm,Of}}?
- 109 -
(0dkiftrfbD ocifwifa&;aom awmifolv,form;oDcsif;)
þoDcsif;rsKd;udkMum;&vQif em;pdkufaerd&kHru EIwfuvnf; wdk;wdk;uav; vdkufaerdav

onf/
pme,fZif;rsm;wGif rif;qdk;rif;npfwkdUtm; oa&mfuavmfxm;aom uAsmrsm;awGUvQif rSwfpk

rSm xnfhxm;wwfavonf/
Oyrm- wuúodkvfEG,fpdk;a&;í b*srf;umwGef;jzifh o&kyfazmftyfaom trwfvctaMumif;

uAsmuav;-
]]tiwfoif;ygbd? rwfrif; udk,fpm;vS,fwkdU? tcsKdqG,f vdkzG,f pum;awG

ESifh? pm;Muaygh wdkif;jynfaiG/
ZGwfr&SufEdkifbl;? vTwfwufum pm;rmefzDMu? [efuNyD vpmaMu;&,fvdkU?

Munfat;pGm tom,laygh? csLjymjzL usKyfwdkUrGJayr,fh? qif;&Jolya'omu?
acRumav olwdkUpm;r,fwJU? tm;&ygay/
rwfr[kwf&ifv? AsyfpkwfrSm xrif;&nfESifh? tmomajy avG;r,fhrsKd; awGu?

*kPfNzdK;um udk,fpm;vS,frdkU? [dkw,frSm aysmfaysmfjrL;EdkifzkdU? pdwful;jzihf
,Of&Smav? wdkUaiGuJGU rwfrif;/
wm;rNyDbl;? pm;0vQif NrdeftDvdkU? ZdrftqD&pfum tdyfygvdrfh? rGwfodyfol

jynfrSmqlawmh ukvm;jzLrif;xHBudKUEdkifzdkU? qdkU[JUtyif;/ /
(1938ckESpf r*¾Zif;wpfckrSm awGU&onf)
armifxifa&; bkH&kHuAsmudk atmufygtwdkif; awGUEdkif\/
- 110 -
1/ q,ftdrfacgif; acRt&H?
ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfxrf;ygvdkU? awmvrf;ujyef?
vufpGJwJU Oya'vSef? [efyefESifhav;?
aus;&Gmtuf trIayGw,f?
12-axG oHpkHwD;ygvdkU?
olBuD;wJUav;/ /
2/ vlcGefawmftvGwfxm;vdkU?
q,ftdrfpm; ydkiftajc?
Muuf0dkif;qdk vufudkwdkUygAsmh?
rl;vdkU&,fae?
uGrf;zdk;aiG a0pkuJGU &atmifawmif;?
Oya' igrwwfaomfvnf;?
rIayGatmif &GmudkywfEdkifiJU?
b,fZmwf b,fvdkcif;vdkufr,f?
rif;tdrfq,facgif;/ /
3/ owÅdqdk bmr&Sdaomfvnf;?
rdkufygbd ighudk,f?
acG;rSefvQif vlrrSwfygbl;?
&dkufwwfolAdkvf?
rl;w,fa[h &J&ifqdk ]rat} udkaumfqJ?
vufxdyfudk tazmfxm;wJU?
- 111 -
awmom;wJUbJ/ /
(1938ckESpf? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;)
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udk txl;pGJvrf;ESpfoufonfudkum; txll;ajymzdkUyif

vkdrnfrxifyg/
AsL&dkua&pdDtpdk;&udk wefckd;r&SzdkU oydwfarSmufykH av;csKd;BuD;-
ZrÁLxdkajrr[DrSm wefckd;&Sí vif;cJUwJU? ]AsL&dkua&pD} tpdk;& oeif;udkjzihf?

olcdk; "jrudk nSOf;ovdky e&if;aemufzJU aMumufwJUp&m? tdkuG,f trsKd;rsKd;
jrefrmhtoif;awGu? *dk;*dk;*G*G ykvif;awGeJU? twif; arSmufr[JUvdkU
aygufyuJGUwpfcg? aMomf-]yOöoDv} &JU tjyif? tpOf MunfjrapzdkU?
tV*ÐrQwJUtjyif? tMuif þurÇmhte,fe,f ][krf;&l;} qdkwJU acwfudkjzifh?
Munf&TifpGmarwÅmESifh okH;r,fhjyif? ____ [dwf[efaumif;pGm orÇm
armufcsifawmh? odyÜHausmif;rSm ,Mwmtavsmufayxifh? oydwfoH aumif;
pGm wpfcgwpfcg arSmufcsdefrdkU? ____&kH;cef;rSm? bkef;wef;tmPm ESifh?
a&TorÇmawZmNzdK;aeMu? pdk;&ol ]AsL&dkua&pD} ujzihf? vlawGnDnD rquf
rqHjcif;&,fESifh wdkif;&if;oljA[®pdk&fydkuf&ifjzihf? ]udk,fBudKuftkyfcsKyfenf;}
awGESifh acwfBuD;om,mpnfyifvdkUrdkU? urÇmyx0D0if ta&SUbufwpfjcrf;
rSmjzifh? jrefrmjynfwpfcGif wpfaeUxuf wpfaeUvQrf;ygvdrfh? udef;cef;wm&m
]Munf} ay:NyDavrdkU? ]'Darmfua&pD} r[mor,wGifjzihf? rMum rMumqGum
xumxum awmif;Muayawmh? tr,frif; a'gif;ZrÁLtar jrefrmh wpft*Fg
rEGrf;cJUayordkU? aMomf- wpfaomif;,lZemwGifjzihf? taMumif;rlv t&Snf
or,qDu? awZtMuif orÇmtpGrf;awGESifh? tdkuG,f taumif;[lorQ
aZ,r*Fvmyef;/
(1921ckESpf? ol&d,r*¾Zif;)
- 112 -
xdkav;csKd;BuD;udk rpöwmarmifrIdif;b0 1921ckESpfu a&;cJUNyD;? xdkacwfu EdkfifiHa&;

tajctae o&kyfazmfcJUonf/ xdkacwfu awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk wifjycJUonf/ ,ck
uRefawmfwdkUacwf 1938wGifum; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;tjzpfjzifh wuúodkvfor*¾toif;ESifh
a'gif;tdk;a0r*¾Zif;BuD; bGJUtvFum r*Fvmav;csKd;BuD;udk oDqdkum uRefawmfwdkU\ tajc
taersm;udk wifjyjyefavNyD/
aMomf- txufe*dk&fu ysufNydKvdkUuscJUwJU? ueufy[dk&fyv’if vufp

t<uif;ayxifh? wuúodkvfobif or*¾toif;qDu? tquforw toif;
awGeJU? Mwif;e0if; aumif;rsKd;taxGaxG tdkuG,f? xufruG twif;a[hvdkU?
tuGufusus eif;eif;NyD;? cuforQ&Sif;ayrnfh owif;]a'gif;tdk;a0}/ /
____aMomf tkyfcsKyfa&;awGuvJ? &Iyf&IyfaxG;axG; tjynfjynf BuKH;NyD;
awmh? yx0DESpfvkH;u tpftDqkH;qdkwJU tqDwkH;t&om 0pGmpm;csdefrdkU? t&kyf
uav;awG jynfzkH;csumxm; aomfvJU? nDwkef;or,tcgrsm;u? urÇmh
urÇm<um;cJUwJU ArmhArmom;awG&JU wkdUArmajr/ wdkUArmtarGrdkU tEdkifr,l
aypaumif; ]tdkuG,fh} wkdUArmjynfrSmjzifh wkdUomaer,fvdkU rqdkifolawG
armif;// ____awmifpOfppfudkif;wGifjzihf acsmifjrifwdkif;rSm armif&if
rIdif;BuD; Adkvf0ifcHvdkUrdkU? [dkt&if,ref rufrdonf orxwpfrsKd;ayy?
zkdyv’ifysHrSm t*¾d& &uf&SdorQxdk;&mu? trsKd;bmom omoemiHUaywnfh?
wyJUocif ]av;armif} ]Apdef} uav;wdkUESifh? jrefrmhtcsdefa&G;um atmifajr
eif;ra[hvdkU? awmifajctqif;rSm aerapmif;rDy a&Ta'gif; ]tdk;a0} r*¾Zif;
qDu? tqufruif;wJU oHo&mrSm? wyJUt&if;&JU pHyrm &G,f&nf&Sm
t,f'Dwm ]armifndKjr} &JUjyif? aMomf ArmhtwGuf r&orQ yGufruGqdkwJU?
or*¾OuúX ]armifb*srf;} wkdUudk? "Z*¾okwft& aMomifwzGzGref;&mu?
atmifZ,yef; anmifoajyEkcsdefrawmh? aemifjrefrmhpmwrf; ]armifa&TEk}
&,fvdkU? atmifaZw,k >rufrqkH;Edkifr,fhjyif? wufbkef;BuD;q&m ]odef;az}
uav;wdkUudkjzifh ,drf;raoG udef;aoa&G;vdkufuJU? ta&;&SdvQif t&may:
Mua&mh? q&mtausmftarmf a,m*Du0d&,fu? urÇmrSmaomf ta[mnD\
rnD\ awmqDuMunfhvdkufawmh? jrefrmraemf aumvDrdcsdefrdkU? aZm0Dxd
wuGufrrSdef arSmifrndKUrlí? avmuD\jyu©'defrSm ajymifordkUomy? tkd-
- 113 -
azarmifwif&JU atmifrQKdUtvSJU txuf[dk,cifuuJUodkU? ueufy[dk&f

ajymif;&rSmu? aemifodkUwuJU atmifzdkUwyJUawGeJU aMomf.... armifwdkU&JU
wuúodkvfocifausmif;/ /
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf oludk,fwdkif ocifjzpfvmcJUovdk uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;

tm;vnf; ocifjzpfvmap&ef ac:vsuf&Sdayonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf aumvdyf
ausmif;om; rD;yGm;uav;rsm;udk ocifrD;awmufuav;rsm; jzpfapvdkonf/ q&mBuD;onf
aumvdyfrD;yGm;uav;rsm;ESifh txl;a&pufqkHonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ 1920-yxrausmif;om;
oydwf? 4if;aemuf trsKd;om;aumvdyfwdkUESifh q&mBuD;onf qufaeovdk ,ckausmif;om;
or*¾acwf? tdk;a0acwf? aq;ausmif;om;acwfESifhvnf; wpfqufwnf;wpfom;wnf;
jzpfaejyefavonf/ xdkUaMumifh q&mBuD;\ pmayonf ausmif;okH;jyVmef;csuf r[kwfaomf
vnf; uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm; tESpfoufqkH; tpJGvrf;qkH;pmayjzpfaeayonf/
odkUuvdk uRefawmf\ pmayarGUykH? pmayt&om&SmykHXme ajymif;vJjcif;\ t"dyÜm,fudk

uRefawmfhzcifodygvQif oabmwlEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ taMumif;rlum; þodkUaom ajymif;vJ
jcif;onf uRefawmfhtwGuf olrSef;xm;aom b0yef;wdkifodkU rydkUaqmifEdkif&kHru vrf;vTJ
ay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfygownf;/
tcgwdkif;ausmif;ydwfvQif uRefawmfonf tdrfjyefvsuf tdrf&dyfwGif rdcif\tjyKtpk t,k

t,udkcH,lum uav;vkyfaewwfayonf/ ,ckrlum; aeylusJusJwGifxGufvsuf ykvdyfESifh
vlBuD;EdkifiHa&;orm; pm;zm;BuD;rsm;\ tjiLtpl taightaxhcH,lum wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;
\ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk a0aeavNyD/ rdcif\ txl;csufjyKwfauR;arG;tyfaom tpm;
taomuf tpm;? ocifacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ aemufvdkufvkyfí wpfcgpm; q,fjym;wef
xrif;ESifh wif;wdrfae&avNyD/
tcgwdkif; ausmif;ydwfvQif &Gmjyefí wpfaeUvkH; tdrfjyifrxGuf? pmzwfvdkuf? tdyfvdkuf

vkyfNyD; naeapmif;aomf a&rdk;csKd;? pwdkifvkyfNyD; vrf;avQmufxGufonf/ &Gmol&Gmom;
awGu aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;a[hqdkNyD; txifBuD;wpfcJGom;ESifh 0dkif;MunfhMuonf/ EIwf
qufMuonf/ a&uefay:wGif tdk;&Gufum a&cyfvmMuaom &Gmol tysKdacsmrsm;u
- 114 -
]0efaxmufavmif;}? ]ta&;ydkifavmif;} BuD;tjzpfjzihf rsufvTmyifhí r0HUw0HUMunfhMuonf/

uRefawmfu NyKH;MunfhvQifvnf;aumif;? NyKH;í EIwfqufvQifvnf;aumif; olwdkUcrsm
ajymírNyD;Mu/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf vkHcsnfwdkwkdESifh yifeDwdkufykH0wfí 0g;zwfOD;xkyf
aqmif;um &efukefNrdKUvlpnfum;&mrSm avQmufaeav&m ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv}
tjzpfjzifh 0dkif;MunfhaeMuavNyD/
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r&? 0rf;renf;/ udk,fhudk,fudk,f csD;usL;rdonf/ igvdkvl ZrÁL&Sdao;ovm;[k BuKH;0g;
rdonf/ aysmfvnf; aysmfrdavonf/
okdUuvdk ocifaygufptjzpfjzihf aysmfaewkef; jAKef;qdk urÇmajrBuD;aygufuJGNyD; ay:xGuf

vmovdk uRefawmfhzcifBuD; ay:vmavonf/
trSefrSmawmh zcifBuD;qdkufa&mufvmjcif;onf uRefawmfhbufu MunfhvQifom tHUMozG,f

jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;bufu MunfhvQifum; pdk;pOf;rQ tHUMozG,fr&Sdyg/ wpfjynfvkH; tkef;tkef;
uRwfuRwf? qlqlylyljzpfaeaom þukvm;Arm t"du&kPf;tcsdef raeomojzihf ausmif;yg
ydwfay;vdkuf&aomtcsdefü rdbrsm;onf rdrdom;udk olwdkUtem;rSmom aeapvdkayvdrfhrnf/
rsufuG,frSmqdkvQif b,fenf;ESifhrQ pdwfrcsEdkif? trsKd;rsKd;awG;í pdk;&drfylyefrnfrSm "r®wm
omwnf;/ uRefawmfu olwkdUpdwfat;atmif a&;vkdufaompmonf yJavSmfzdk rD;awmuf
rD;vQHxJusonfh a&wpfpufrQom &Sdayvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmfonf uRefawmfhtazukd jrifvQifjrifjcif; xdwfceJjzpfoGm;ayonf/ tazh"mwfudk

odxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh uRefawmfhudk aumvdyfausmif;om;jzpfaeNyDrdkU r&dkufrESufonfhwdkif
atmif qlawmhylawmhrnf? rJawmhrmefawmhrnf[k wef;xifvdkufayonf/ odkUaomf taz
um; rqlryl? rBudrf;rarmif;bJ ndKrnf;nId;EGrf;aom rsufESmjzihfom Munfhaeavonf/
xdktrlt&monf uRefawmfhpdwftm; rsm;pGmxdckdufapygonf/ tazhudkacsmh&ef pum;p&Sm&
awmhonf/
- 115 -
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vdkufawmhrnfh trlt&may:aeonf/ uRefawmfh ocif*dkufudk rowDaeoavm/ tawmfMum
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf pum;rajymbJ MunfhaeMuonf/
uRefawmfu t&JpGefUum pum;pvdkufjyef\/
]]uRefawmfay;vdkufwJUpm &w,fr[kwfvm;taz? uRefawmfhtwGuf bmrS rylaeygeJU qdkae

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rsufESmay:odkU axG;yufvkdufjcif; r[kwfí awmfygao;\/
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qdk&if rif;twGuf tdyfvdkUawmifraysmfbl; od&JUvm;}}
uRefawmfonf rsm;pGmyif 0rf;enf;oGm;ygonf/ tdrfrjyefrdwm rSm;avjcif; [kyif aemifw

&vmygonf/
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ajzaeavonf/ tjcm;pum;odkU rul;Muawmhay/ odkU pum;rul;ojzihfvnf; uRefawmf
txl; pdwfoufom&m&ayonf/ taMumif;rlum; uRefawmfonf tdkifpDtufpfavmif; vrf;
aMumif;rS aoGznfNyD; ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv} b0okdU a&mufaeaomtaMumif;odkU
pum;pyfrdrSm txl;pdk;&drfaomaMumifhwnf;/
- 116 -
uRefawmfonf zcifBuD;pdwfajy&ef 0wfBuD;0wfi,frsm;jyK\/ ajcqkyfvufe,fjyK\/

tauR;tarG; vdkavao;r&Sdatmif {nfhcH\/ 4if;wdkUxuf ESpfodrfhauseyfzG,f&mum;
aemufaeUeHeufwGif a&Twd*kHbk&m;odkUydkU&ef pDrHvdkufjcif;aywnf;/
aemufaeUeHeuf bk&m;oGm;Muaomtcg uRefawmfonf yifeDwdkufykHtusÐudkyif 0wfvm

onf/ tazu ydk;tusÐbmvdkU r0wfovJ[k ar;&m-
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tusÐ wdkif;&if;jzpfawG odyf0wfaeMuw,f/ NyD;awmh &efukefNrdKUrSm ArmqdkifawG trsm;BuD;
ay:vmw,f/ NrdKUxJus&if tazjrifygvdrfhr,fAsm}}
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onf/
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]]tJ'Dum;BuD;awGu wdkif;&if;om;ydkifr[kwfbl;/ Armydkifbwfpfum;udk pD;&atmif taz/

tm&ftD;wD um;BuD;awGavmufawmh Zdrfr&Sdbl;/ odkUayr,fh udk,fhwdkif;&if;om; tm;ay;wJU
taeeeJU tqif;&JcHwmaygh taz&m}}
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a,muf vmaeNyD? vdkufrvm;axmifuJ}} ponfjzifh atmf[pfum vlac:aeavonf/
- 117 -
tawmftoifh vljynfhavNyD/ tm&ftD;wDum; ESpfpD;yif xGufoGm;avNyD/ uRefawmfwdkU

bwfpfum;um; rxGufao;/ wpfa,mufu ]]rxGufao;bl;vm;}} [k ar;&m '&dkifbmonf
um;udk a&SUwdk;aemufiif vkyfaeavonf/ py,f,mu ]][dk; [dk; rxGufeJUOD;? [dk
tpfrav;u vdkufr,fwJU}} [k jzef;oef;í atmfaeavonf/ olajymaom tpfrav;udk
uRefawmfwkdUrjrif&/ um;udkum; a&SUwkd;aemufiif vkyfaejcif;aMumifh zifxdkifckHESifhzif
Budwfe,faeí zifem&kHru rxGufEdkifí pdwftaESmifht,Suf rsm;pGm jzpf&avonf/
uRefawmfhtazu ]]rif;wdkif;&if;om; tm;ay;&wm redyfygbl;uGm}} [kyif nnf;pjyKavNyD/
twefMumrS py,f,mu ]]ckd;vdk;}} [k trdefUay;vdkufaomaMumifh um;xGufavonf/
]]aemufuum;rvmao;bl; vSdrfhq&mvSdrfh}} [k py,f,mu trdefUay;xm;ojzihf um;onf

jznf;jznf;uav; vSdrfhaeavonf/
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onf cyfjrefjrefarmif;jyefavonf/ aemuf tm&ftD;wDudk ausmfwufEdkif&ef twif; tjref
armif;jyef&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm toufudk zufESifhxkyfxm;Mu&avawmh\/
twif;armif;aepOf py,f,mu-
]]a[h a&SUem;rSm Zdk; Zdk;}} [k owday;vkduf&m '&dkifbmonf jAKef;ceJ b&dwftkyfvkdufav\/

c&D;onftm;vkH; ,drf;xdk;NyD; ckHay:rS pOfusroGm;atmif renf;xdef;xm;Mu&avonf/
odkUuvdk udk,fpdwfESpfyg; rsm;pGmqif;&JNyD;aemufrS odrfBuD;aps;odkU a&mufMuavonf/

bwfpfum;ay:rS qif;Muaomtcg tazu-
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- 118 -
odrfBuD;aps; axmifhwpfaxmifhwGif 0ufNcHcwfxm;aom xDqdkifuav;rsm;udk awGUaomtcg

tazonf tHUMopGmESifh Munfhaeavonf/
]]bmvJuG}}
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&w,f}}
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0rf;vnf; omrdavonf/
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tazu xDxdk;vdkaomaMumifh xD0ifxkd;Muonf/ tazonf twdwfwGif ]]om;tm; bdvyf

ydkU ynmoif&ef}} [k a&;vkdufavonf/ uRefawmfhzcif\ &nfrSef;csufum; wpfqifhxuf
wpfqifh wdk;ae\/ tpwkef;u q,fwef;atmif&kHom? aemuf bDatatmif&kHom? 4if;
aemuf tdkifpDtufpfatmif&ef? ,ckaemufqkH; bdvyfydkUynmoif&ef/
xDqdkifrSxGufí bk&m;oGm;bwfpfum;qdyfodkU avQmufvmpOf owif;pma&mif;orm;rsm;

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]]ocifESpfjcrf;uJGtwGuf ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; EIwfxGufawmhrnf qdkjcif;}}
- 119 -
þatmf[pfoHonf uRefawmfem;wGif;odkU oH&nfyl avmif;xnfhvdkufouJUodkU jzpfayonf/

atmf[pfaeMuaom owif;pma&mif;orm;rsm;udk aMumifíMunfhaeavonf/ 0,fzwf&ef
yif owdr&/
bk&m;oGm; bwfpfum;ay:odkU wufrdMuaomtcg tazu-
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rxGuf/
bwfpum;onf bk&m;ajc&if;odkU a&mufonfhwdkifatmif uRefawmfpum;rajymEdkif/ tazu

wpfcGef;wav ajymonfudkvnf; axmufcHjcif;? uefUuGufjcif;? pGufzufjcif; wpfpkHwpf&m
rjyK/ wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; ESpfjcrf;uGJjcif;ESifh ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; EkwfxGufjcif;wGifom
uRefawmfhtm&kH[lorQ a&mufaeayonf/
apmif;wef;ay:odkU zcifBuD;tm; a&SUaqmifumac:oGm;onf/ yef;onfrsm;u qD;ac:Mu

onf/ zdeyfrsm;xm;cJUMuyg? uGrf;pm;Muyg? bk&m;yef;uyfzdkU tvGefvef;qwfwJU yef;awG
&Sdygw,f? qDrD;ylaZmfMuyg ponfjzihf azmfa&GpGmajymaeMuonf/ odkUMum;&aomfvnf;
uRefawmfonf olwkdUtm; pum;jzihfomru tNyKH;uav;jzifhyif rwkHUjyefrdacs/
- 120 -
apmif;we;fqkH;cgeD; &ifjyifawmft0odkU a&mufaomtcg-
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ezl;rSacR;rsm; pdkUaeonfudkyifjrif&\/ touf&Ivnf; rSm;ae&Smonf/
nmbufu yef;qdkifwGif0ifí zdeyfrsm;csxm;NyD; yef;0,fMuonf/ zcifBuD;vnf; tarmajz

ao;\/
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trsKd;orD; 200cefU vmNyD; bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; yGJrMunfh&ef arwÅm&yfcHoGm;aMumif;
owif;udk a0zefaqG;aEG;aeMuavonf/
onfbufqdkifu yef;onf r[dk'if;u [dkbufqdkifu yef;onf rt0Smtm;-
]]'guawmh umv0dygwf aemufydk;wuf qkdwmvdkayghuG,f/ udk,fwdkU trsKd;orD;awG

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bkef;BuD;vnf; MunfhcsifMunfhayap? udk,fwkdU rwm;csifbl;}}
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taz &efukefa&mufuwnf;u onfwpfcg yxrqkH; NyKH;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf[k xifygonf/
tazonf za,mif;wdkifrsm;udkvnf; 0,f,lao;onf/
- 121 -
tazonf bk&m;&kyfxkawmfa&SUwGif us,favmifpGm bk&m;&Sdckd;\/ olUtavhtxrSm us,f

avmifpGm bk&m;&Sdckd;&kHru us,favmifpGmyif qkawmif;avh&Sdonf/ vlwum;Mum;em
aumif;aom qkudkom bk&m;tm; awmif;&rnf[k olt,ltq &Sdavonf/ uRefawmfonf
0ifeDazwdkUESifh bk&m;zl;pOfu taMumif;rsm;udk owd&rdavonf/ 0ifeDazwdkUonf
wefaqmif;xJrSm bk&m;zl;Muonf/ uRefawmfu 0goemtavsmuf apwDBuD;\ &ifjyif
awmf vGifwD;acgifrSm bk&m;zll;onf/ ckawmh zcifBuD;tm; usKd;EGH&kdaoaom om;jzpfaMumif;
jyvdk&um; olus,favmifpGm &Sdcdk;aeaom wefaqmif;xJüyif xdkifí 0yfwGm;ylaZmfav\/
uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; ESpfjcrf;uGJjcif;udkum; azsmufzsufír&acs/ rsufpd
rSdwfí bk&m;tm&kHjyKvdkufaomtcg olvkyfcsif&m ZGwfw&Gwfvkyfwwfaom a'gBuD;armBuD;
ocifApdefESifh a'gqdkí wpfa&G;om;rQr&Sd&Smaom toHjymjymanmifemem ocifodef;armifwkdU
axG;vkH;&pfywf eyef;owfaeMuykHonf OmPfrsufpdrSm xifjrifvmav\/
uRefawmfonf bk&m;a&SUrSm EdkifiHa&;udk BudK;pm;íarhypf\/ bmoma&;udk BudK;pm;í

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awmfBuD;rsm;u 0dkif;í yumoed,uHjyKcJUonfh taMumif;rsm;udk owd&aejyefavonf/
,if;odkUvQif bk&m;qif;wkawmfa&SU aus;Zl;&SifzcifaemufrS vluysyf0yf&dkao vuftkyfrkd;í
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us,favmifpGm &Gwfzwfaeaom qkawmif;onf uRefawmfhtm&kHudk zrf;pm;vdkufjyef\/
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vdk\bk&m;? edAÁmefodkUra&mufrDpyfMum; vm;av&mb0üvnf; tBuHtpnf[lorQ atmif&
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om;onf ynmBuD;jcif;? tBuHtpnfatmifjcif;? &mxl;XmeEÅ&BuD;pGm&jcif;? xdkom;twGuf
,aeUxdk;aom odef;xDaygufjcif;? bdvyfrSm ynmoifMum;Edkifjcif;? <u,f0csrf;omaom
&kyftqif;vSaom rdef;r&wem &jcif;rsm; jzpfygapownf; bk&m;}}
- 122 -
uRefawmfhrSm zcifBuD;\ qkawmif;aMumifh z&PyDwd *Grf;qDxdrjzpfrdbJ MuufoD;arG;nif;

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ab;bDwGif b,folawGMum;ukefygvdrfh[laom pdk;&drfjcif;jzifh bk&m;zl;oly&dowfudk tuJ
cwf &SmMunfhrdavonf/ txl;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkU&G,fwl ysKdjzL,rif;uav;awG Mum;oGm;
rSm pdk;&drfrdvSygbd/
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qdkívnf; wpfa,mufrQrawGU&/ tHUMozG,faumif;vSonfrSm uRefawmfESifhab;wdkuf
rvSrf;rurf;ü rjrrSDonf 'l;wkyfumxdkifí uRefawmfhtm; NyKH;Munfhaeavonf/
rjrrSD/ udk,fwpfydkif;aoaeaom OD;xGef;0if;\ZeD;acsm 'ku©onfrjrrSD/ ukvm;Arm t"d

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- 127 -
uRefawmfu rjrrSDESifh OD;xGef;0if;wdkUtaMumif;udk OD;xGef;0if; udk,fwpfydkif;aoaeykHupí

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- 128 -
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ajzmifhBuD; qefUusifaejcif;udk ajymrjzpfíomwnf;/
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rnfr[kwf/
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- 129 -
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- 130 -
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0ifpGufavonf/
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- 131 -
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awGU&rnfhedrdwfayavm/ /
- 132 -
16
tazhMoZm rwnfa omae&m
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- 133 -
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- 134 -
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ocifjr\ a,mufzjzpfaMumif;? ocifjrrSm Oya'jyKvTwfawmftrwfjzpfNyD; jynfnDvmcHü
ocifApdef wifoGif;aom rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm; vcr,la&;tqdkudk taMumif;jyKí ocif
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ocifodef;armifwdkU bufurl jynfnDvmcHocifApdefonf olUwynfh ocifxGef;tkyfudk

OuúXwif&ef BudK;pm;&m ratmifjrifojzifh *dkPf;cGJa&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaejcif;jzpfaMumif;
- 135 -
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ocifApdef rSm;onf[k qdkcsifonf/
- 136 -
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- 137 -
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- 138 -
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0ifeDtm;ay;&ef qdkif;xm;vdkufjyefavonf/ odkU&mwGif 0ifeD\tvSESifh 0ifeDESifh yGwfoD;
- 139 -
yGwfoyf ae&aomtawGUwkdUonf uRefawmf ckcHjcif;iSm cufaomtm;rsm; jzpfaeonfudk

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- 140 -
EdkifiHa&;wGif ajcpkHypf0ifMupOf uRefawmfu vSrf;NyD;cJUaom ajcwpfvSrf;udk &kyfodrf;&rnfrSm

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Arm vrf;rBuD;ay: usLukyf-ref&SDMum;wGif aeUpOf ppfavmf&D tpD; 200rQ ul;vl;oGm;vm
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,if;odkU t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;\ ]]wdkUrD; &IdUrD;vkyfrI}} ? ]]rD;pwpfzuf a&rIwfwpfzufvkyfrI}}
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uRefawmfwdkU ArmjynfwGif;odkUvnf; toGiftrsKd;rsKd;jzihf 0ifvsuf&Sdavonf/ *syef
oGm;pdkufq&m? *syef"mwfykHq&m? *syefukefonfrsm; rIdvdkaygufvm\/ *syefjrefrm qufqH
a&;toif;rsm; ay:vm\/ *syefjynfodkU Armausmif;om;rsm; ynmoifvmyg[k zdfwfMum;
vsuf &Sd\/ *syefjynfwGif tESpf20ausmfaeojzifh ArmawGuyif arhaeNyDjzpfaom OD;pHnGefU
onfyif ArmjynfokdUjyefvmum *syefjrefrmqufqHa&;0g' jzefUvsuf&Sday\/ rpöwm
rl&mumrd acgif;aqmifaom *syefukefonfBuD;rsm;onf topfaqmufNyD;pjzpfaom &efukef
NrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;wGif *syefukefpnfjyyJGBuD;wpfck usif;yavonf/ e,fcsJUorm;trsKd;rsKd;\
ajcukyf,l&mjzpfaom ,dk;',m;uyifvQif ]vGrfADcspf} qdkaom t&m&SdBuD;wpfa,mufudk Arm
- 141 -
jynfodkU vTwfavonf/ olonf ESrawmfol qdkovdkvdk? c,frawmfol qkdovdkvdk

rdef;racsmuav; rpöy&bdkiftm; ac:NyD; q&mjzpfoifaumvdyfausmif;wGif ]ynmoif&ef}
tyfESHcJUavonf/ owif;pmrsm;u þudpöudk ,dk;',m;jrefrmqufqHa&; aumif;zdkU[k
a&;Muonf/ uRefawmfwdkU wuúodkvfausmif;om; trsm;tjym;um; rdef;racsmuav;
rpöy&bdkiftm; oGm;MunfhMuonf/ ol\tvSudk MunfndKMuonf/ olUvkd[mruav;u
Armjynf pmvmoifojzifh *kPf,lMuonf/ uRefawmfwdkU EdkifiHa&;ausmif;om;rsm;omvQif
rpöy&bdkif\ tjzpfrSefudk &dyfrdMuavonf/ ]vGrfADcspf} ESifh y&bdkifwdkUonf *syef udk,fpm;
vS,frsm; jzpfonf[k Mum;&avonf/ pm;usufvkppfyJGBuD;\ ,rf;awmifhwpfawmifh
omvQif jzpfayownf;/
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awGudk vkdufEdkiftHUenf;/
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awmfrsm; vTwf&onfhtwGuf aiG 55000-okH;NyD;? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm pufrIvufrI zGGHNzdK;a&;
twGufum; aiG 50000- omvQif okH;avonf/ ppfwyf? axmif? ykvdyf ponfwdkUtwGuf
,cif,cifrsm;uxuf aiGydkokH;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkppfwyf? axmifESifhykvdyfwkdUrSm ESpfpOf
aiGaygif; 6uka#rS 10uka#txd tjrwf,laeaom a&eHajr"e&Sifrsm;xHrSm tcaMu;aiG
tjzpf ESpfpOfaiG 7oef;rS 10oef; txdom &aeaom tvkyform;wkdU\ vIyf&Sm;qlyl
qefUusifrIrsm;udk zdESdyf&efom jzpfaeayonf/ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf opfawmwif'gudk
aiGtenf;qkH;ay;aom opfawma&;a&m0efBuD;csKyf OD;yk\ rdwfaqG csyfoif;OD;bwiftm;
ay;cJUavonf/ &mxl;ESifhrQm;í ig;yGifhqdkifudk zUJxkwf&aom nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf
rEÅav;rS OD;bOD;tm; tcGefawmf0efBuD;tjzpf cefUvdkufonf/ cefUNyD;rQrMumcif 0efBuD;csKyf
OD;bOD;onf t&ufrl;rl;jzihf ae&Sife,fuvyf taygufapmifh Armuav;tm; vufoD;ESifh
- 142 -
xdk;í 0efBuD;pGrf;jyvdkufavonf/ ajrvwfrS rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfa,mufonf tysufr

uav;wpfa,mufESifh aysmfwNyKH;NyKH; armfrqkH;&SdaeqJ trwfrif; ajcmufvkH;jyL;udk upm;rd
ojzifh aygifudkxdrSefcJUavonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fESifh e,fjcm;a'o Oya't& trsKd;om;a&;
vkyfief;? qif;&Jom; vlxkvkyfief;rsm; ArmjynfrS ,if;a'orsm;odkU rul;pufap&ef
OD;uGmydE´m"dywdtm; jrpfBuD;em;rSvnf;aumif;? ocifwifvIdiftm; awmifBuD;rS vnf;
aumif;? udkOmPftm; er®wlrSvnf;aumif; ESifxkwfcJUavonf/
þonfwkdUum; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUESifh 4if;\ Armjynf&kyfao;tpdk;&\ tajctaewnf;/

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oifEdkiftHUenf;/
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ajcusKd;rSmudkawmif aMumufrdao;w,f/
- 143 -
17
atmifausmfESifh vGwf vyfa&;orx bm0em
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tcef;atmif;í tpm;rpm;? pum;rajymbJ ]vGwfvyfa&;} orxbm0em pD;jzef;í aeav
onf/
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a,musmf;uav; twGJvdkuftwGJvdkuf xdkifí pm;onfh"avhudk rBudKufaomaMumifh xdk
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q&m? q&mrawG yGwfobif abmfvf'efUpf usif;yonfudk rauseyfojzifh cJESifh aygufcJU

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acgif;aqmifESifh toufcsif;vJí vGwfvyfa&;,ljcif;wGifvnf; ,kHMunfrI&Sdavonf/ vlxk
ESifhcsDí qlyljcif;xuf ,if;odkUvkyfjcif;u ydkíxda&mufrnf[k ,lqwwfavonf/ okdUaomf
udkatmifausmf\ t,ltqrsm;udk udkb[def;paom acgif;aqmifrsm;u aomfvnf;aumif;?
- 144 -
uRefawmfwdkU oli,fcsif;rsm;uaomfvnf;aumif; a0zefcJUojzifh ,if;odkU,lq&mwGif rjyif;

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bmyJjzpfjzpf ygawmfrlaeUu udkatmifausmf ]vGwfvyfa&;} orxbm0em jyKvkdufykHum;

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ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ESifh ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ay:cJUonfhaemufrsm;
wGif ausmif;om;aygif;pkH tiftm;jyyJG jzpfvmcJUavonf/ xkdtwGif; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;
vnf; ae&Sife,fa';? usif;ya&;wGif wpfpwpfp0ifcJU\/ ,ckESpfrSmrl trsKd;om;aeUonf
ausmif;om;rsm; tiftm;jyyJGrQom ruawmhbJ ]]trsKd;om;a&;} pdwf"mwf wuf<uvmaom
wpfrsKd;om;vkH;\ vGwfvyfa&;qE´jyyJGBuD; jzpfvmawmh\/ qdkufum;orm;? aps;onfrsm;
vnf; ygvm\/ tvkyform;rsm;vnf; ygvm\/ pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; ygvm\/ trsKd;
orD; trsm;tjym;vnf; ygvm\/ rjrifOD; tp&Sdaom ausmif;olrsm;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;
eD;yg; wuf<upGm yg0ifvmMuav\/
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xGef;uav;
- 145 -
reufjzeffreuf trsKd;om;aeUtiftm;jyyJGNyD;&if xGef;uav;&,f jrifhBuD;

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aqG;aEG;csifw,f/ xGef;uav;uawmh BudKufwJUpm zwfaeaygh/ tm;
w,f r[kwfvm;/ tiftm;jyyJG tNyD;rSm vmac:aemf....
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uRefawmfhtmacgifwGif jyLwpfjyLwpfvkyfaeaom pum;rSm ]]vluawmh vkHcsnfxuf ydkvS

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cRwfcRwf &SmazGa&;MuwmyJ/ rdef;rrsm;&JU obm0"avhaumif;awG razmfMubl;/ 'Dawmh
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bkef;BuD;rsm;[m rdef;reJUywfouf&if txif&ifvnf;ao;vGef;&r,f/ £w¬d0*FH qdkwmrsKd;

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rjrifhOD;onf onfawmhrS [if;csKdaomufawmhonf/
- 149 -
pum;rajymbJ pm;aeMuNyD; twefMumaomf-
]]udkwifxGef;aum zsifyifeDjyóem? tusÐyg;jyóemawG b,fvdkoabmxm;ovJ}}
]]zsifyifeD0wfwmuawmh udk,fhwdkif;jzpftm;ay;w,f? 0HomEkw,fqdkwJU txdrf;trSwfygyJ/

zsifyifeD0wfwmeJU vGwfvyfa&;&r,fvdkUawmh rxifygbl;/ zsifyifeD&ufuef;pif jyefUoGm;&
wm[mvnf; acwfaemufjyefa&;yJ? wdk;wufa&;r[kwfbl;/ udk,fhjynfrSm pufrIvufrI
xGef;um;zdkUom ta&;BuD;w,fvkdUxifw,f}}
]]uRefr tJ'goabmusw,f/ 0HomEk&atmifqkdNyD; ,Gef;a'gif;vef;eJU xrif;pm;wmudk

oabmrusbl;}}
pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg bm;e'fyd#uwfwdkufodkU oGm;Muavonf/ &efukef[dkufpul;

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taqmufttkHum; ydkvdkUyifa[mif;ykHay:aeonf/ ykHyef;oP²mefrSmvnf; t&kyfqdk;vS ay
onf/
twGif;rSm wdwfqdwfNidrfoufvSay\/ e*dku pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; rjrifhOD;um; aya[mif;

pmrlrsm;udk zwfwefzwf? ul;weful; aeavonf/ uRefawmfum; r*¾Zif;*sme,frsm;udk
qGJzwf aeavonf/
vufaxmufyd#uwfwdkufpdk; a':ESif;onf tjyifcPxGufoGm;ojzifh rjrifhOD;ESifh rawGU&

ao;/ rjrifhOD;onf a':ESif;tm; awGUatmifapmifhOD;rnfjzpf\/ uRefawmfonf pmzwf&if;
e*g;eDwkdufodkU cPoGm;&ef pdwful;aygufvmonfESifh-
]]rjrifhOD;a& 'Dem;cPoGm;vdkufOD;r,f? vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfae&pfaygh}}
]]oGm;p&m&SdoGm;av? jyefrvmbJom raeeJUaemf}}
- 150 -
]]tdk jyefvmrSmaygh? jrifhBuD;uvnf;}}
rjrifhOD;u yk&ydkufpmawGudkudkif&if; uRefawmfhudkarmhí aphaphMunfhum NyKH;aeonf/

jywif;rSefjzLrS wapmif;xdk;0ifaeaom jyifbuftvif;a&mifaMumifh yg;csKdifhuav;ESifh
rsufawmifaumhwdkUrSm txl;cspfp&maumif;ae\/ xdkodkU vufceJxGufvmaom cspfp&m
tuGufuav;onf uRefawmfhtm; ajcvSrf;wkHUoGm;ap\/ okdUaomf &kef;xGuf&ef wpfzuf
vSnfhvdkufpOf rjrifhOD;u-
]]udkxGef;}} [k nifomaysmhaysmif;pGm ac:vdkufavonf/ onfvdk rac:pzl; ac:vdkufojzifh

uRefawmftenf;i,f tHUtm;oifhoGm;\/ ,cif uRefawmfu olUxHpma&;pOf udk,fhudk,f
udk,f ]udkxGef;} [k ac:vkdufawmh olu pdwfqdk;onfr[kwfygavm/ olUtm; o&dk;o&D
vkyfonf[k pGyfpGJcJUonf r[kwfygavm/
rjrifhOD;onf ola&muRefawmfyg tajcenf;enf;ysufoGm;onfudk csufcsif;&dyfrd[efwlonf/

csufcsif;yif oGifjyifvu©PmawGajymif;NyD; uyfaeaomtoHudk t[rf;ceJxkwfvsuf-
]]udkwifxGef;a& Munfhprf;ygOD;? yk&ydkufawGxJrSm a&S;a[mif;yef;csD&kyfykHawG awGUae&w,f}}
]]tdk [kwfvm;? jyprf; jyprf;}}
rjrifhOD;u yk&ydkufudk rydwfruG,fbJxm;aomfvnf; rjy/
]]uJav? tjyefrSMunfhygawmh}}
uRefawmfonf rjrifhOD;awmh ]xl;} wmyJ[k atmufarhNyD; xGufvmcJUavonf/
e*g;eDtoif;wdkufwGif udkb[def;? udkxGef;&SdefESifh tjcm;olrsm;udk awGU&avonf/ odkU&m

wGif e*g;eDtoif;\ tusKd;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom udkEk? udkoef;xGef;ESifh udkpdk;wkdUtm; rawGU&/
olwkdUonf ,cktcg ocifEk? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifpdk;wkdU jzpfaeMuavNyD/ e*g;eD pmtkyf
- 151 -
toif; tvkyfESifhomru wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; tvkyfrsm;jzihfvnf; rtm;rvyf&SdaeMu\/

,ckwavm udkb[def;ESifh udkAaqGwkdUonf e*g;eDtoif; pmapmifuav;wGif aqmif;yg;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&;aeMu\/
Oyrm NyD;cJUaomtywfu udkb[def;onf qdkAD,uf&k&Sm; uGefjrLepfygwD taMumif;?

]bkdvf&SDApf} ]rif&SDApf} taMumif;rsm;a&;í udkAaqGu qdkAD,uf&k&Sm; uGefjrLepf acgif;
aqmifBuD; pwmviftaMumif;udk a&;cJUavonf/
udkb[def;ESifh pum;pjrnfajymMu&if; odcJU&onfrSmum; a&eHajrrS oydwfarSmuf tvkyf

orm;rsm;onf [dkrSmomaeí awmif;qdkcsufr&edkifjzpfojzifh wpfenf;enf;ESifh &efukefokdU
vmMu&ef pDpOfaeaMumif;jzpfavonf/ udkb[def;u ]a&eHajroydwf ppfulp&dwf&efykHaiG}
twGuf okH;a&mufjc,f wlwHpOftvHudkxrf;vsuf rD;wkwfudkifxm;aom wdkUArm a,musmf;
&kyf &ifxdk;"mwfykHtpdwfa&mif;&ef uRefawmfhtm;ay;vkdufavonf/
rjrifhOD;onf a':ESif;ESifh aqG;aEG;aeavNyD/ pmzwfpm;yJGay:wGif rjrifhOD;csxm;cJUaom

yk&ydkufrsm;udk,lí ]]jyefvmrSMunfhyg}} [k oluqdkaom a&S;yef;csD&kyfykHrsm;udk Munfhvdkuf
onf/ &kyfykHrsm;rSm pkHaeonf/ a&S;jrefrm rif;crf;rif;em; tokH;taqmifrsm;? bDvl;?
jcaoFhykHrsm; ponfwkdUtjyif udEé&D-udEé&marmifESHykH? [oFmzdk-[oFmrykHrsm;udkvnf; awGU&
avonf/ rjrihfOD;u ]]udkxGef;}} [k rac:pzl; ,k,nKwmoHESifh ac:umjyrnfvkyfcJUaom
&kyfykHrsm;rSm þudEé&D-udEé&m? odkUr[kwf [oFmzdk-rykHrsm; jzpfavoavm[k awG;xifrdav
onf/ uRefawmfonf xdkykHwdkUudkMunfhaepOf rjrifhOD;onf pmzwfpm;yGJodkU jyefvmavonf/
bmrQrajymbJ t"dyÜm,f&SdaomNyKH;jcif;jzihf wpfcsufNyKH;vkdufNyD; olU[molikHUí pmzwfae
avonf/
twefMumvQif uRefawmfwdkUjyefMu\/ vrf;wGif uRefawmfu ]a&eHajroydwf ppful&efykHaiG}

twGuf &ifxkd;"mwfykHuav;udk rjrifhOD;tm;0,fzkdUajym&m rjrifhOD;onf ykHudk aocsmaphpyfpGm
MunfhNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhtm;jyefay;\/
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- 152 -
uRefawmfhrSm rsm;pGmtHUtm;oifhoGm;avonf/
]][if bmjzpfvdkUvJ}}
]]&ifxdk;zdkU "mwfykHqdkwm xdk;csifpzG,fjzpfatmif vkyf&w,f&Sifh/ ckawmh Munfhprf;ygOD;?

cg;awmif;usKdufeJU a,musmf;BuD;uvnf; Murf;wrf;&kyfqkd;vdkufwm/ udkifxm;wmu
rD;wkwfwpfzuf? okH;a&mifjc,feJU wlwHpOftvHwpfzuf/ &Iyf,SufcwfaewmyJ? bmt"dyÜm,f
qdkwmvnf; uRefrem;rvnfbl;}}
uRefawmfonf rjrifhOD;tm; txiftjrifao;jcif;jzihf MunfhNyD; pdwfysufaomtoHjzihf-
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axmufcHw,f/ vdkvm;w,fqdkwJU qE´jywJUtaeeJU &ifbwfrSmxdk;zdkUygyJ/ cg;awmif;usKduf
eJU a,musmf;BuD;uawmh usm;usm;vsm;vsm;eJU Armppfw,fqdkwmudk azmfjyw,f/ rD;wkwf
uawmh e,fcsJUpepfudk rD;&IdUzsufqD;r,fqdkwJU oabm? wlwHpOfuawmh qdk&S,fvpf0g'?
okH;a&mifjc,fu wdkUArmtvH}}
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ta&;vnf; uRefrodyfodwmr[kwfygbl;? oydwform;awGudk oem;vdkUom axmufcHwm
yg? qdk&S,fvpf0g'udkvnf; uRefrem;rvnfygbl;}}
]]jzpfrSjzpf&av rjrifhOD;&,f? e*g;eDowif;pmapmifeJU ocifpdk;a&;wJU qkd&S,fvpf0g'

taMumif;udk rzwfbl;vm;}}
]]e*g;eDowif;pmapmifuav;awGawmh vSefMunfhrdyg&JU? aqmif;yg;awGu rsm;aomtm;jzifh

pdwf0ifpm;p&m odyfrygbl;/ qdk&S,fvpf0g' pmtkyfudkawmh enf;enf;pzwfMunfhvdkufw,f/
em;rvnfwmeJU csxm;vdkuf&wmyJ}}
- 153 -
uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;odkUjyefvmMucsdefrSm ausmif;om;trsm; NrdKUxJodkUoGm;csdefjzpfNyD; jyefvm

olenf;ay&m bwfpfum;ay:ü vlenf;avonf/ ygvmolrsm;rSmvnf; ausmif;om;
r[kwfolrsm;om jzpf[ef&Sd\/ olwdkUrSm uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,muf tjyeftvSef ajymqkdaeMu
onfudk pdwf0ifpm;Mu[efrwlacs/
]]tJ'Dpmtkyfu cufawmhcufwmyJ rjrifhOD;&JU? EdkUaywJU em;rvnfvnfatmif tacgufacguf

zwf&wmrsKd;yJ}}
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*kPfxl;,lxm;w,fqkdawmh olUqdkif&mudk zwfEdkifrSudk; udkwifxGef;&JU/ &Sifaum tJ'D
pmtkyfudk em;vnf&JUvm;}}
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&wmyJ}}
]]t,ltqawGudkaum tukefvkH;vufcHovm;}}
]]tm;vkH;awmh vufrcHEdkifao;bl;/ rsm;aomtm;jzihfawmh oabmusw,f}}
uRefawmfwkdUonf tif;vsm;vrf;rSm qif;Muonf/ rjrihfOD;tm; tif;vsm;vrf;ESifh ppfudkif;

vrf;axmifh? tif;vsm;aqmifaxmifhodkU a&mufatmif vdkufydkUvdkufavonf/
,aeUtzkdU uRefawmfonf yk*¾dKvfa&;t&ajym&aomf rjrifhOD;bufodkU tawmfyif wdrf;nGwf

oGm;avonf/ rjrifhOD;\ &doJUoJU tac:tajymrsm;ESifh rcdkUw&dkUcspfzdkUaumif;pGm uRefawmfh
tm; qufqHjcif;rsm;onf uRefawmfh&ifwGif;0,f yJUwifrcwfbJ raeEdkifyg/ odkU&mwGif
EdkifiHa&;? 0g'a&;rsm;t& ajym&ygrl olESifhuRefawmfwkdUonf uGmvSrf;aeonfudkawGU&\/
olu EdkifiHa&;? 0g'rsm;ESifha0;vmNyD; olUpmay? olUtwef;ynmoufoufodkUom ydkrdka&GU&Sm;
aeay\/ uRefawmfu uRefawmfhtwef;ynmrS a0;vmNyD; EdkifiHa&;0g'a&;rsm;bufodkU ydkrdk
a&GU&Sm;aeay\/ uRefawmfonf tusÐyg;udpöüvnf;aumif;? &ifxkd;"mwfykH udpöüvnf;
- 154 -
aumif; rjrifhOD;\qifajcrsm;udk acsyEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg/ olUt,ltqrsm;udk axmufcHEdkifonf

om &Sdyg\/ odkU&mwGif rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfvdkoavmuf trsKd;om;pdwfrjyif;xef?
uRefawmfvdkoabmuf tvkyform;ta&;udk raxmufcH? uRefawmfvdkoavmuf EdkifiHa&;
0g'oabmw&m;udk ravhvmjcif;wkdUaMumifh rausreyfjzpfaeygonf/ txifvnf;
]tenf;i,f} ao;rdayownf;/ /
- 155 -
18
a&eHajrrS wyfBuD;
1300jynfhESpf? ewfawmfvqef; 8&uf/
4if;aeUwGif Armowif;pmrsm;ü atmufygowif;udk zwf&IMu&avonf/
a&eHajroydwf arSmuf tvkyf orm; 1000
&efukefodkU ajcvsifvmMuawmhrnf
a&eHajrwGif ukrÜPDuwif; tpdk;&uyif;ojzifh twd'ku©a&mufí aeMu

aom a&eHacsmif;? acsmuf? rlvm? vrf;&Gmtp&Sdonfh a&eHajrwpf0dkufrS
oydwfarSmuftvkyform; 1000 ausmfwkdUonf Edk0ifbmv 30 &uf
Ak'¨[l;aeUwGif acsmufNrdKUrS &efukefodkU ajcvsifcsDwufvmMurnfjzpf&m
acsmufNrdKU ocifbdk;vSBuD;u acgif;aqmifvmrnf qkdaMumif;/
aemufwpfaeU (ewfawmfvqef; 9&ufaeU) xkwfwGifum; acsmuf owif;axmufxHrS ydkU

onfh atmufygowif;udk zwfMu&avonf/
a&eHajrrS oyd wfwyfB uD; oydwf1000ausmfygí
Ak'¨[l;aeUpwifxGufMuNyD
a&eHusyf? vrf;&Gm? acsmuf? a&eHacsmif;ponfh 4-XmewkdUrS 2000ausmfrQ

&Sdao;aom oydwfarSmuftvkyform; pma&;pmcsDwkdUonf rdrdwdkU\
oydwfarSmuf ta&;awmfykHudpöBuD; tNyD;tjywfaqmif&Guf qkH;cef;wdkif
- 156 -
a&mufMu&eftvdkUiSm? &efukefodkU tm;vkH;wpfa,mufrusef ajcvsifcsD

wuf oGm;a&mufaqmif&Guf awmif;qdkMu&ef trsm;oabmwl pdwftm;
xufoefpGm pnf;a0;qkH;jzwfMuaom tvkyform;aygif;pkH tpnf;ta0;
BuD;udk y&dowf 2000ausmf wufa&mufaMumif;/
tpnf;ta0;em,utjzpf oydwfarSmuftvkyform;? wGifckHpuf vuf

orm;q&mBuD; ocifoufu aqmif&Gufí tusKd;taqmiftjzpf oydwf
arSmufpma&; ocifvGifuaqmif&GufNyD;vQif bDtdkpDarmfawmfum; qdkif&m
oydwfarSmufpma&;BuD; ocifbkd;vSBuD;ESifh ocifbwifwdkUu atmufyg
qkH;jzwfcsuf 2&yfwdkUudk tus,fw0ifh a[majymaxmufcHMuaMumif;/
oydwfudpötjrefay; aphpyf&ef tqdktrSwf(1)
a&eHajr tvkyform;wkdUonf rdrdwkdU\ epfemcsuft&yf&yfwdkUudk

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udk NyD;jywfat;Nidrf;&ef aqmif&GufaphpyfcJUjcif;r&Sdonfhjyif oydwfarSmuf
tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh oydwfwm;trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tjypf
'Pfay;jcif; tvkyfwdkUudkom awGUBuKHcJU&ayonf/ xdkuJUodkU jyKrlcsuf
wdkUudk Munfh&Ijcif;tm;jzifh Armjynftpdk;&wdkUonf "e&SifwdkU\ tvdkus
wpfzufowf jyKrlaqmif&Guf o,fydk;vmcJUaMumif; xif&Sm;vSojzihf
(u) a&eHajr tvkyform;wdkUtay:wGif ESpfaygif; 50cefUu aumufcH
vmcJUaom tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk jyefay;&ef? (c) a&eHajroydwfarSmuf
udpöBuD;udk tjrefqkH;NyD;jywfatmif aphpyfaqmif&Gufay;&ef þ tpnf;
ta0;BuD;u Armjynftpdk;&odkU av;eufpGm wdkufwGef;awmif;qdk xm;
aMumif;/
&efukefodkUcsDwuf&ef tqdktrSwf(2)
- 157 -
(u) tqkdygqkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf-1udk Armjynftpdk;&xHodkU oydwf

arSmufpm&if;0if tvkyform;pma&;rsm;yg nDnmjzjzpk&kH;í &efukefodkU
ajcvsifcsDwuf wifoGif;awmif;qdkMu&ef? (c) xkduJUodkU csDwuf
oGm;a&muf awmif;qdkMu&mwGif yg0ifaomoydwfarSmuf tvkyform;
wdkUonf 1290ck jymodkvqef; 8&ufaeUupí ,aeUxd w&m;ojzihf
at;csrf;NidrfoufpGm aqmif&GufvmMuouJUodkU a&mufav&m Xme
wdkif;ESifh oydwfudpöNyD;onhfwdkifatmif w&m;Oya't& at;csrf;om,m
pGm &GufaqmifoGm;Mu&ef þoydwftvkyform;aygif;pkH tpnf;ta0;
BuD;u av;eufpGm wdkufwGef;aMumif;/
tqdkygqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk twnfjyKNyD;aemuf a&eHusyfESifh vrf;&GmrS

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acsmufNrdKUodkU ta&mufpkefqif;vmMuí 30&ufaeU eHeuf6em&D tcsdefu
pí acsmufoydwf-500ausmfwdkUESifh pkaygif;pwifxGufNyD;aemuf vrf;c
&D;&Sd a*G;csKdwGif eHeufpmpm;MuNyD; a&eHacsmif;odkU 4if;aeUn ta&muf
oGm;um a&eHacsmif;rS vdkufygvmrnfh oydwfrsm;ESifhtwl rauG;?
awmifwGif;BuD; jynfvrf;twkdif; &efukefodkUoGm;Murnfh tpDtpOfwdkUudk
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vdkufygrnfholwdkif; ,laqmif&rnfh ypönf;wkdUrSm vG,ftdwf? t0wf

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rsm;twGuf a&muf&mNrdKUwdkif;wGif tvSLcHw&m;a[m csufjyKwf
pm;aomufoGm;Murnf jzpfaMumif;/ /
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onfESifh wlay\/ wpfjynfvkH;wGif ta&;awmfykHaoG;? awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf rD;yGifhrsm;
- 158 -
vif;xdefoGm;apayonf/ om,m0wDc&dkif zm;a&Tausmf&GmwGif q&mpHwkdUvlpk ypfazmuf

vkdufaom aoewfoHxufyif ydkí e,fcsJUorm;wdkUtm; acsmufcsm;oGm;apav\/
uRefawmfwdkUonf xkdowif;udk rsufawmifrcwf t,m;razsmufbJ pdkufí em;axmif

Mu\/ csDwufvmaom tvkyform; oydwfwyfBuD;udk OmPfrsufpdjzifh ajy;BudKMunhfMu
av\/ urm&Gwftvkyform;Mum;rSm vnf;aumif;? vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm vnf;aumif;?
wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ toif;wdkufrSmaomfvnf;aumif;? pmoifcef;rSm vnf;
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ajymqdkaeMuay\/
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(acsmufNrdKU uREkfyfwdkUowif;axmufxHrS)
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BudwfBudwfwdk; aeawmhaMumif;}}
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]]csDwufMuaom oydwftvkyform;rsm;tm; jrif&aom y&dowfvlxk

BuD;rSm oem;jcif;jyif;jyvSojzifh rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;? trsKd;orD;rsm;?
wufvli,fwpfpkwdkUrSm onf;xefpGmidka<u;vsuf bDtdkpD"e&Sif
ukrÜPDudkvnf;aumif;? nGefUaygif;tpdk;&wdkUudkvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;
tjypfwifpum; ajymqdkMuonfudk awGU&aMumif;/ NrdKUopfta&muf
- 159 -
vkdufydkUMuaom vlxkBuD;rSm 4000-ausmfausmfcefU&SdaMumif;/ ____

wpfaeUvQif trsm;qkH;15rdkif vrf;avQmuf&ef pDpOfxm;aMumif;/ tqdkyg
ajcvsiftzGJUBuD;rSm usef;rma&;tzGJU? csufjyKwfa&;tzGJU? axmufyHUa&;
tzGJU? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU[k toD;oD;yg&SdaMumif;/ usef;rma&;tzJGUrSm
jrefrmaq;? t*Fvdyfaq;aowÅmrsm; xrf;vsuf vdkufygaMumif;?
csufjyKufa&;tzJGUrSm pm;aomuf&ef tqifoifhjzpfap&ef qefqD aiGaMu;
rSpí pkaqmif;&efjzpfaMumif; tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGUJrSm tvHeD tvHpdrf;uav;
rsm;ESifh c&mwpfckpD,laqmifvsuf oGm;&ef? &yf&eftcsufay;í apmifh
a&Smufvsuf vdkufygaMumif;/ ____ c&d;pOfrsm;rSm um;vrf;twdkif;
jzpfí acsmufrS a&eHacsmif;? 4if;rS rauG;NrdKU? 4if;rS awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKU?
4if;rSatmifvHNrdKU? 4if;rSjynfNrdKU? 4if;rS &efukefNrdKUodkU a&mufoGm;&ef
pDpOfaMumif;/
]]bDtdkpDukrÜPD av;bm;AdkvfESifh a&eH0efwdkUrSm ta&;wBuD; oGm;vm

aeonfudk jrif&aMumif; ykvdyftzJGU pkHaxmufbufrS 17rdkif a*G;csKdokdU
ta&mufvkdufygí a*G;csKdokdU a&eHacsmif;ykvdyftzJGUrS vma&mufvdrfhrnf
[k Mum;od&aMumif;/ axmifxGufoydwfwm; trsKd;orD;rsm;vnf;
oajyyef;udk,fpDudkifvsuf vdkufydkUMuao;aMumif;/ wdkUArm tvkyform;
tpnf;t&kH;BuD;rSm ajcmufuyfuyfjzpfaeawmhaMumif;/ tpnf;t&kH;BuD;ü
twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh tvkyftrIaqmif ocifarmifBuD;om usef&pfcJUawmh
aMumif;/ bDtdkpDvcxkwf cefUrSef;ajc t*Fvdyfvqef; 7&ufaeUavmuf
wGif tvkyform;rsm; tvSLaiGaumufcHNyD;vQif ocifarmifBuD;yg
vdkufygoGm;vdrhfrnf jzpfaMumif;}}/
xdkuJUodkU csDwufvmaom oydwfwyfBuD;udk BudKqdkulnDMu&ef atmufygtwdkif; arwÅm&yfcH

xm;onfudkvnf; awGUMu&ay\/
oydwf wyfBuD; \ arwÅm&yfcH pm
- 160 -
a&eHajra&eHacsmif;rSpí rauG;? awmifwGif;BuD;? tmvH? jynfvrf;

wavQmuf &efukeftxd NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;&Sd *dkPf;*PygwDra&G; toif;
tyif; NrdKUrdNrdKUb? rsKd;cspfwdkif;cspf? qif;&Jom;cspf &[ef;&Sifvl e,fol
e,fom; taygif;wkdUtm; wifBudKEdk;aqmf arwÅm&yfcHvdkufygonf/
taqGawmfwdkU\ aqGcsif;om;csif; qif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm; jzpfMu

ukefaom a&eHusyf? vrf;&Gm? acsmuf? a&eHacsmif; ponfh 4-XmewdkUrS
oydwfarSmuftvkyform; 1000-ausmfcefUwkdUonf jynfydkiftpdk;&
"e&SifukrÜPDBuD;wdkUu (11)vausmfwdkif vspfvsL&I wif;rmxm;rIwkdU
aMumifh ,cktcg tdrfwef;vsm;rsm;rS tESifxkwfcHMu&jcif;? taESmifh
t,Suf qif;&J'ku© BuD;pGmcH&NyD; iwfjywfukefMu&jcif;? ab;'Pf
t&yf&yfwdkUudk rcHr&yfEdkifMuonfh tm;avsmfpGm taqGwkdU\ e,fy,f
NrdKU&Gm vrf;c&D;pOftwdkif; &efukefokdUta&muf ajcvsifavQmufMurnfh
a&eHoydwfwyfrBuD;rSm 30-11-38 aeUupwifxGufcGm csDwufvmMu
ygNyD/
okdUygí tqdkygc&D;pOftwdkif; taqGwdkU NrdKUe,fy,fodkU oydwfrsm;

qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg acwÅ tarmajz wnf;ckd&ef? aqG&dyf rsKd;&dyf?
aiGtm; aqGtm;? eHeufpm npmponfh tultnDtaxmuftyHU ukodkvf
'gexl;wdkUudk apwempdwftm; xufoefpGm ulnD0dkif;0ef;Muygrnfh
taMumif; av;eufpGm wifBudKarwÅm&yfcHvdkufMu&ygonf/
ta&;awmfykHatmifygap...
ocifbdk;vS
tkyfxdef; apmifha&Smufa&;rSL;
ajcvsifcsDwufa&; wm0efcHtzJGU/
- 161 -
tqdkyg a&eHajroydwfwyftm; 0dkif;0ef;ulnD&ef arwÅm&yfcHcsufudk t&yf&yfrS vufcHMu

avonf/ a&mufav&mt&yfrSm oydwfwyfBuD;onf wnf;aep&m tultnD? pm;eyf&du©m
tultnDrsm; &avonf/
a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD; csDwufvmNyD[k odMuaomtcga0g? oeyfyif? jzL;? oxkH?

om,m0wD paomt&yfrsm;rS awmifolv,form;wkdUuvnf; olwdkU awmifolv,form;
rsm; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;twGuf ta&;qdk&efESifh awmifolv,form; nDvmcHBuD;usif;y&ef
&efukefNrdKUodkU csDwufvm&ef qkH;jzwfMuavonf/ owif;pmrsm;wGif awmifolv,form;
20000-ausmfwdkUonf 'DZifbm 19&ufaeUü &efukefNrdKUodkU a&mufMurnf[k ygvmav
onf/
uRefawmfwdkUonf a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;ESifh awmifolv,form;wyfBuD;rsm; &efukefodkU

a&mufvmrnfhtcsdefudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm BudKqdkaeMuav\/ 4if;wdkUa&mufrnfhaeUwGif
olwkdUtm; axmufcHaoG;pnf;aomtm;jzifh ausmif;om; 3000-xufrenf; &efukefNrdKUwGif
vSnfhvnfqE´jyMu&ef jyifqifMuavonf/
xkdpOfu e,fcsJUorm;wdkUvnf; tvkyform;? v,form;ESifh ausmif;om;wkdU\ tkH<u

vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;udk csKd;ESdrfzdESdyf&ef trsKd;rsKd; pDpOfvsuf&Sdavonf/ a0g? oeyfyif? oxkH?
om,m0wD paomNrdKUe,frsm;wGif ta&;ydkif? NrdKUydkif? ykvdyft&m&Sd ponfwdkUonf e,fvSnfh
um aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;tm; awmifolv,form;wdkUtaMumif; ppfaq;ar;jref;Muonf/
awmifolv,form;wkdUonf rnfonfhtzJGUtpnf;? toif;tyif;rsm;wGif ygoenf;[k
pkHprf;ppfaq;Muonf/
&efukefNrdKUodkU csDwufaeaom a&eHajrtvkyform; oydwfwyfBuD; NydKuJG&yfpJatmifvnf;

e,fcsJUorm;wdkUu enf;trsKd;rsKd; okH;Muonf/ rauG;NrdKU ta&;ydkifonf atmufyg aMunm
csufwpf&yfudk xkwfjyefavonf/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&\ aMumfjim
- 162 -
rdrdwdkUtay:ü epfemaomtcsufwdkUudk azmfjyajymqdk&eftBuHESifh &efukef

NrdKUtxd ajcvsifcsDwuf oGm;a&muf&ef &nf&G,fí a&eHajrt&yfrsm;rS
tvkyfvufrJU vlaygif; 800-cefUwdkUonf rauG;NrdKUodkU 1938ckESpf?
'DZifbm 4&ufaeUwGif ajcvsifc&D;jzifh qdkufa&mufvmMuaMumif;/
&efukefNrdKU\ tajctaerSmvnf; ,cktcg vIyf&Sm;vsuf &Sdao;onf
jzpfí &efukefpD&ifpke,f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;u tpnf;ta0;rsm; rjyK
vkyf&ef wm;jrpfonfhtrdefU xkwfqifhvsufyif&Sdao;onf/ tvkyf
vufrJU ajcvsiftzJGU0ifwdkUonfvnf; &efukefokdUa&mufatmifoGm;í jyef
vmEdkif&ef p&dwfaiGaMu;tajctae vkHavmufxif&Sm;pGm r&Sdonfvnf;
wpf&yf? rdrdwdkU\ acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkU Nidrf0yfydjym;pGm
a&SUodkU qufvufí ajcvsifcsDwufoGm;Edkif&ef udpötwGuf rauG;
pD&ifpke,f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;u awmif;qdkxm;onfh tenf;i,frQ
aom tmrcHaiGuav;udkyif rwifEdkif&SdaeMuonfuvnf; wpfaMumif;?
rauG;NrdKU\ awmifbufusa&mufaom aus;&Gmrsm;rSmvnf; qif;&J
EGrf;yg;í þe,ftwGif; jzwfoef;oGm;&rnfh vlaygif; 800-cefUwdkUudk
auR;zdkUrqdkxm;bd? aus;&Gmom;rsm;rSm rdrdwkdUtwGufyifvQif tEdkfifEdkif
pm;aomufaeMu&ayonf/ txufyg taMumif;rsm;aMumifh rauG;NrdKU\
awmifbufodkU ausmfvGefroGm;Muap&ef rauG;e,fydkif &mZ0wf w&m;
olBuD;uvnf; 4if;ajcvsifwyfzJGU0if taygif;wkdUtm;vnf; qifhqdk
wm;jrpfxm;ay\/ 4if;wm;jrpfaomtrdefUudk 1938ckESpf? 'DZifbm 6&uf
aeUu xkwfqifhaomfvnf; ajcvsifwyfzJGUrSm rauG;NrdKUüyif &Sdaeao;
onf jzpfaMumif;/
txufazmfjyyg taMumif;rsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifvQif 4if;ajcvsifwyfzJGU

0ifolwdkUrSm a&SUtzdkU rnfodkU jyKvkyfoifhygoenf;[k awG;MunfhMuvQif
rdrdwdkUtdrfrsm;udkomvQif jyefvnf oGm;a&mufoifhaom vrf;wpfckom
vQif &SdaMumif;/ xdkajcvsifwyf tzJGU0ifolwdkUrSmvnf; bmrQtjypfr&SdbJ
vl&dk;vlajzmifh rsm;pGmygvsuf? xdkolwdkUrSm rdrdwdkUtdrfodkU jyefoGm;vdk
Muaomfvnf; roGm;&ef qlylaESmifh,Sufvdkonfh olrsm;u jyefroGm;
- 163 -
&efom aoG;aqmifxm;onfjzpfaMumif;/ xdkodkU qlylaESmifh,Sufolrsm;

rSmvnf; ajcvsifwyftzJGUom;wdkU\ tusKd;rsm;udkom ppfppf aqmif&Guf
vdkonfh pdwfqEóabmrsKd;jzifh jyKvkyfonfr[kwfbJ rdrdwdkU\
udk,fusKd; oufoufudkom t"duxm;í qlylaESmifh,Suf&ef BudK;pm;jcif;
rQomjzpfaMumif;/
e,f&Sift&m&SdwkdUuvnf; ajcvsifwyftzJGU\ epfemcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&

xHodkU avQmufxm;jcif;rjyKap&ef wm;jrpfvdkaomqE´ tvQif;r&Sd
aMumif;? rdrdwdkU\ epfemcsufrsm;udk rauG;NrdKU&Sd c&dkif0efxHodkUjzpfap?
ta&;ydkifxHodkUjzpfap aocsmusepGm avQmufvTmjzifh avQmufxm;vQif
vnf; vdk&if;udpö NyD;ajrmufzG,f&m&SdaMumif;/ odkUwnf;r[kwf rdrdwdkU
txJrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;a&G;cs,fí &efukefNrdKUodkU apvTwfvdkvQifvnf;
apvTwfEdkifonf jzpfaMumif;/
tufzf-tdyfcsf-pD-rlvmh0yf
ta&;ydkif? rauG;NrdKU/
rpöwmrlvm0yf\ aMunmcsufrSm zdESdyfrIpuf,EÅ&m; acG;oGm;pdwf vSnfhvnfaumif;atmif

qDqGwfay;vdkufjcif;om jzpfonf[k uRefawmfwkdU em;vnfvdkufMuayonf/ rSefayonf/
uRefawmfwdkU awG;xifonfhtwdkif; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif atmufygtwdkif; awGU&av
awmhonf/
ArmowÅd
]]___ vlESpfa,mufwpfwGJ pDwef;um NrdKUxJodkU csDwufvm&m

vlwef;BuD;rSm rdkif0ufausmfausmfrQyif &Snfvsm;aMumif;/ a&SUqkH;ESifh
aemufqkH;rS okH;a&mufjc,ftvHBuD;rsm;udkvnf; tm;yg;w& wvGifhvGifh
&SdMuonfrSm wtm;wufzG,f aumif;vSawmhaMumif;/ ___
- 164 -
rauG;NrdKUrykvdyftzGJUrS tifpydwfawmf &mZ0wftkyf? ykvdyfrsm;u txl;

apmifhMuyfvdkufygvmMuonfhjyif ajcvsifwyfBuD;\ aemufrSuyfvsuf
ykvdyfom; 20cefUwdkUonf 8aycefU&Snfaom wkwfBuD;udk,fpDESifh pdk;&drf
BuD;pGm vdkufygvmMuaMumif;/ þrQ tHUrcef;aom vlxkBuD;onf
pnf;ESifhurf;ESifh odyfodyfonf;onf; nDnDnmnm csDwufvmonfudk
wpfcgrS rjrifzl;cJUonfhtwdkif; rauG;NrdKU tdrfwdkif;rS xGufMunfhMuum
rsm;pGm tHUtm;oifhaeMuaMumif;/ ___ aeUv,fwpfem&Dxkd;rS
yef;uefjym;udk,fpDESifh xrif;? ig;ydaMumf ckHnif;cefU a0pk,lMuNyD;vQif
jrpfurf;yg; aeusJusJwGif xdkifípm;Mu&aMumif;/ ___ ukvm;rsm;
onf yJ[if;wpfcGufESifh [if;&nfrsm;rsm;qrf;um tm;&yg;& pm;Mu
aMumif;/ 4if;wdkUvlpk wpf0ufcefU xrif;pm;aepOf jrpfur;fyg;odkU
&Z0wf0efBuD;\ armfawmfum;ESifh tm&fpD 1400 bwfpfum;wGif ykvdyf
tjynfh qdkufa&mufvmaMumif;? 4if;aemuf oydwfBuD;udk tkyfcsKyfum
vdkufygvmaom acgif;aqmif ocifbkd;vSBuD;? ocifA'if? ocifAarmif?
ocifcif? ocifazBuD;wdkUESifhwuG 4if;wdkU\ q&mawmfrsm;jzpfaom
q&mawmf OD;0g,r? OD;aZmwdu? OD;uE´&? oQifeE´wdkUudk 0&rf;ESifh
zrf;qD;vdkufaMumif;/ ___ xrif;pm;aeMuaom oydwform;rsm;
vnf; Mum;vQifMum;csif; xrif;rpm;EdkifMuawmhaMumif;/ ]]wdkUacgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm;udk rw&m; zrf;qD;Muw,f/ wdkUc&D;udk vrf;w0ufrS
aESmifh,Sufw,f/ wdkUacgif;aqmifrsm; rvTwfoa&TU wdkUc&D;qufroGm;/
wdkUxrif;rpm;/ taocHr,f/ wdkUxrif;rpm;vdkU ao&if tpdk;&wm0ef}}
[k qdkum Armukvm;tm;vkH;yif wnDwnmwnf; tpmiwfcH Mu
aMumif;/
,if;odkUaom owif;rsm;udk zwfMu&aom uRefawmfwdkUonf a&eHajr"e&Sifrsm;udk ydkíydkí

rkef;wD;pdwfemvmMuonf/ a&eHajr"e&SiftusKd;udk tpGrf;ukefumuG,fvsuf&Sdaom rauG;
ta&;ydkif rpöwmrlvm0yfudk a'gojzpfMuonf/ a&eHajr"e&SifESifh AsL&dku&ufrsm;tm;
ArmrsufESmzkH;pGyfay;aeaom a'gufwmbarmf\ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk atmhESvkH;emvm Mu
onf/
- 165 -
urm&Gwfu uRefawmfhrdwfaqGBuD; udk<u,fum; ]]xGD}} ceJ wHaxG;axG;xkwfvkdufNyD;aemuf

ypfypfcgcg a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&udk qJvdkufonf/
urm&Gwf&Sd udk<u,fwdkUvdk omreft&yfolt&yfom;rsm;? puf&kHtvkyform;rsm;ESifh ocif

rsm;onf a&eHajr"e&SifESifh tpdk;&tmPmydkifwkdU\ a&eHajrtvkyform;wdkUtm; rw&m;
zdESdyfusifhBuHaejcif;udk uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh wpfpkHwpf&m ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef pdwftm;
xufoefaeMuavonf/
uRefawmfwdkU wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;rSm a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;twGuf wpfckckawmh

vkyfrSjzpfrnf[laom t,ltqjzifh &dk;wkd;&GwjzpfaepOf a&eHacsmif;NrdKUrSm ausmif;om;
oydwf wpfckuvnf; ay:aejyefojzifh rD;avmif&mavyifhouJUodkU jzpfaeawmh\/
xkdtcsdefu xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;uJUodkU tvkyform;

v,form;wkdU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk udk,fusKd;ESifhxyfwljrifí v,form;? tvkyform;
ta&;wGif ouf0if,kHMunfpGm yg0ifaqmif&GufMuolrsm;teuf ausmif;q&mrsm; yg0ifae
jcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;ausmif;q&mrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzihf ae&Sife,f ausmif;q&m
rsm;ESifh jrefrmausmif;q&mrsm; jzpfavonf/
,if;odkUaom ausmif;q&mtcsKdUESifh udkb[def;? udkAaqG? udkxGef;&Sdefpaom ausmif;om;

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rMumcP awGUqkHaqG;aEG;wwfMuavonf/ ausmif;om;wkdU\
ta&;oufoufwGif vnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;&kH;a&;twGufaomf vnf;aumif;
xkdq&mrsm;onf tBuHOmPfESifh tjcm;tultnDtrsKd;rsKd;udk ay;avh&SdMuonf/ ausmif;om;
vIyf&Sm;pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;odkU ysHUESHUvmjcif;wGif xkdq&mwdkU\
ya,m* rsm;pGmygonf[k qdkEdkif\/
rauG;wGif a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;udk tpdk;&u wm;qD;xm;NyD[laom owif; &efukefodkU

a&mufvmNyD; aemufwpfaeUwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKdUESifh ,if;odkUaom q&mtcsKdU
onf a&ausmfvrf;rBuD;ay:&Sd q&mBuD;OD;a&Taz\ tdrfwGif awGUqkH&ef csdef;xm;avonf/
udkb[def;u xdktpnf;ta0;odkU uRefawmfyg oGm;wuf&ef nTefMum;avonf/ olESifh
- 166 -
udkbaqGrSm rwufEdkifMuacs/ olwdkUrSm c&D;xGufp&m&Sdonf[k od&ay\/ wwfEdkifvQif

or*¾'kwd,OuúX udkvSa&T? twGif;a&;rSL; udkat;ausmf? aiGxdef; udkpdk;armif? udkxGef;&Sdef
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jzpfavonf/
tcsdefum; 6em&DcJG/
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oavmuf&Sdaom ESif;zGJzJGonf jynfhcgeD;aeaom va&mifwGif jzLazG;pGmqdkif;vsuf&Sday\/
uRefawmfonf u&dvrf; (AdkvfjrwfxGef;vrf;)ESifh armif*dkrm&Dvrf; (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

vrf;) axmifhrSaeí a&ausmfxJodkU0if&ef [efjyifaeNyD;rS npmrpm;cJU&ao;onfudk owd
&NyD; yvufazmif;ay:&Sd vufokyfqdkifwpfqdkifodkU 0ifvdkufav\/ vufokyfqdkifum; pnf
um;vSay\/ t*Fvdyfujym; usm;rwpfwJGonfyif vufokyfpm;aeavonf/ vufqGJ
"mwfrD;uvnf; tjcm;qdkifu "mwfrD;rsm;xuf vif;aeayonf/ vufrvnfEdkifatmif
vufokyfxnfhae&aom ta':BuD;um; "mwfrD;a&mifatmufwGif tom;eufausmufrESifh
t&kyfqdk;rIudk xif&Sm;pGmjyaeovdk 0if;vufaeaom em;uyfa&mifESifh vufaumufa&mif
wdkUjzifh pD;yGm;jzpfrIudkvnf; txift&Sm;jyoaeayonf/
uRefawmfhtwGuf vufokyfwpfyGJrSmNyD; apmifhaepOf ab;uxdkifaeolrsm;udk owdxm;

Munfhvdkufrdayonf/ &efukefykvdyftzGUJ0if ykvdyfom; (0g)&Jom;ESpfOD;udkvnf; awGU&\/
olwdkU bmawGajymaeygvdrfh [k em;pGifhvdkufrdonf/ olwkdUonf a&eHajrrS csDwufvmrnfh
oydwfwyfBuD;taMumif;ESifh rauG;ta&;ydkifu ydwfyifxm;onfh taMumif;udkom ajymqdkae
Muojzifh uRefawmfhrSm rsm;pGm pdwfxdcdkufoGm;ygonf/
uRefawmfum; vufokyfpkHudkpm;&if; a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;rS &dkufcwfvdkufaom awmfvSef

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- 167 -
vufokyfpkHrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t&om&SdvSayonf/ csKdaEG;aom [if;csKda&usJonf

vufokyfpkHudk aqmifhíaqmifhí oGif;vdkufouJUodkU jzpfay\/ qmuvnf;qm? pm;vdkU
uvnf; aumif;onfESifh wpfyef;uefNyD;wpfyef;uef qufpm;vdkuf&m ydkufqHvnf;r&Sd?
tcsdefvnf; r&SdawmhNyD/
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0ef;usif wpfckvkH;udk yufzsef;ae&m vrf;ray:wGifyif ta&mif[yfaeay\/
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onf/ odkU&mwGif ausmif;q&mvcjzihf avmufi[efr&Sd/ q&muawmfonf jrefrmAdaE¨m
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&kwfw&ufaomf vlr&Sd[kxifrdvdkuf\/ okdUaomf taotcsmMunfhvdkufaomtcg uGyfyspf

wpfckay:wGif uRefawmfhbufausmay;vsuf r[mAE¨KvykH csdwfqGJxm;aom wdkifudkrSDum
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oli,fronf pmtkyfwGif rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;aeav&m uRefawmfhajcoHudk Mum;rd[efr&Sday/
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- 168 -
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uRefawmfhudk twefMumpdkufMunfhaeNyD;aemuf rwfwyf&yfvdkufonf/ t&yfrSm cyf&Snf&Snf
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- 169 -
tay:a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; q&mudkxGef;a&Tu qD;ac:\/ udkxGef;a&Ttm; uRefawmfonf

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- 170 -
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- 171 -
q&mcspf a&mufvmjyefonf/ q&mcspfESifh udkvSa&TrSm &kyfcsif;cyfqifqif jzpfonf/

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- 172 -
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- 173 -
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- 174 -
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- 175 -
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- 176 -
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- 177 -
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twGif;a&;rSL; rcifvS yxrqkH;trsKd;orD; jzpfavonf/
b,fbufudkMunfhvdkufMunfhvdkuf pdwftm;wuf<ujcif;? udk,fusKd;pGefUvTwfjcif;? ab;[l

orQ &ifqdkif&ef toifh&Sdjcif;wkdUudkom awGUjrifae&awmh\/ vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\ jzpfpOf
ordkif;wGif þvdkrGefjrwfaomtcsdefrsKd; BuHBudKufcJvSonf/ þvdkrGefjrwfaomtcsdefrsKd;wGif
ae&onfrSm &cJvSaom tcGifhta&;aywnf;/
uRefawmfhudk,fudk,f qifjcifMunfhvdkufonf/ wpfESpfeD;yg; oydwfarSmufNyD; rdkif-400

ajcvsifavQmufí tiftm;jyvmaeaom oydwfwyfBuD;\ tiftm;? tkH<u qE´jy&ef
csDwufzdkU pnf;&kH;vIyf&Sm;aeMuaom awmifolv,form;wkdU\ tiftm;? tvkyform;?
- 178 -
v,form;wkdU ta&;twGuf ]vmrnfhab; ajy;awGU&ef} Adkvfpm&if;oGif;Muaom ocifrsm;

\ tiftm;/ ,if;odkUaom tiftm;wdkUonf uRefawmfhudk,fcE¨mwGif;odkU pkNyKH0ifa&mufvm
onf[k rSwfxif&avmufatmif tm;wufvsufaeayonf/ udk,fusKd;twGuf jzpfaom
0efaxmufta&;ydkif &mxl;rSef;xm;rI? rdbrsufESmaxmufxm;í EdkifiHa&;rS aemufqkwf&ef
tm;xkwfrI? &nf;pm;tvkd tcspfa&SUaqmif&mvdkufí trsm;tusKd;aqmif&ef zifhav;rI?
vpf[if;rI[lorQonf ,cifu arS;rdefaecJU&mrS ,ckuG,faysmufíyifoGm;avNyD/ tazql
rnfhab;? q&mjypfwifrnfhab;? &nf;pm;NidKjiifrnfhab; paom ab;uav;rsm;udkomru
axmifwef;us aoewfESifhtypfcH&rnfh ab;BuD;rsm;udkyif &ifqdkif&JvmavNyD/ þuJUodkU
qifjcifrdaomtcg udk,fhudk,fudk,f MunfndKvmonf/ udk,fhb0udk jrwfEdk;vmonf/
udk,fhtcsdefudk *kPf,lvmonf/ uRefawmfum; tcsrf;ajrUtaysmf&TifqkH;aom uRefawmf jzpf
vmayonf/ ]]ta&SUu ae0ef;xGufonfhyrmy? wkdUacwfudkom a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg/
wdkUArm? a[h wdkUArm}} [kvnf; tBudrfBudrftcgcg &ifhusL;rdavonf/
uRefawmfESifhwuGaom ausmif;om;&Jabmfrsm;onf uRefawmfhvdkyif aysmf&TifpGm txufyg

twdkif; &ifhusL;í Akdvfpm&if; oGif;Muayonf/
odkU&mwGif Adkvfpm&if;oGif;wdkif;vnf; wm0efay;onfr[kwf/ oufqdkif&m acgif;aqmifrsm;

onf Akdvfpm&if;0ifrsm;\ t&nftcsif;? touft&G,f? t&ifhtusuf ponfrsm;udk
ppfaq;avhvmNyD;rS wm0efay;oifholudk ay;Muavonf/ uRefawmfwkdUwpfawGum; wm0ef
rcH,l&ao;/ t&efpm&if;0iftjzpfjzifh apmifhaeMu&\/ wm0efcH,laom Adkvfrsm;onf
atmufyguwdy#dnmOfudk ay;Mu&avonf/
(1) igonf a&eHoydwfwyf wpfckwnf;udkjzpfap? v,form;wyfBuD; wpfckwnf;udkjzpfap?

odkUr[kwf ESpfwyfpvkH;udkjzpfap &efukefodkUta&muf wm0efcHí BuD;rSL;ac:aqmifcJUygtHU/
(2) ig\wm0efonf &efukefNrdKUü tvkyform;tpnf;ta0;BuD;rsm; v,form;tpnf;

ta0;BuD;rsm; NyD;pD;í vlpkuGJonfhtcgrS NyD;qkH;onf[k ,kHMunfygaMumif;/
- 179 -
(3) wm0efNyD;qkH;onfh pcef;odkUra&mufrcsif; rnfuJUodkU taESmifht,Sufrsm; awGUBuKHap

umrl rwGefUrqkwfbJ a&SUodkUomwdk;í wufcJUygtHU/
(4) vlpkuGJapaom vkyfief;rsm;udk b,ftcgrQrvkyfyg/ tusKd;vdka,mif &lyaqmifí aoG;cJG

jcif; vlkpkcGJjcif;ponfh y&d,m,fwkdUudk tpGrf;ukef a&Smifwdrf;ygtHUownf;/
rnfodkUaom twm;tqD;taESmifht,Sufrsm; &Sdapumrl a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;ESifh awmifol

v,form;wkdU qE´jycsDwufyGJBuD;ESifh &efukefokdUa&mufvmrnfjzpf&m 4if;wdkUtm; BudKqdka&;?
apmifha&Smufa&;? {nfhcHa&;ponfwdkUudk aqmif&Guf&ef *dkPf;aygif;pkH? toif;aygif;pkH tpnf;
ta0;BuD;wpf&yfudk ewfawmfvjynhfausmf 1&uf? nae 5em&DtcsddefwGif a&Twd*kHbk&m;
ajcawmf&if; OD;b&DZ&yfü usif;yavonf/ v,fwDOD;Z#dvu tpnf;ta0;em,u?
xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;u OuúX? ocifpHxGef;vS? ocifoef;xGef;wdkUu twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
tjzpfjzifh aqmif&GufMuavonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;rS &efukefodkU csDwufvmaom a&eHajr
oydwfwyfBuD;udk csD;usL;onf/ ydwfyifwm;qD;aomtpdk;&udk &Iwfcsonf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;
udk zrf;qD;jcif;udk uefUuGufonf/ &efukefü yk'fr 23 tydk'f 7 udk tjrefqkH;&kyfodrf;ay;&ef
awmif;qdkavonf/
xdktpnf;ta0;ü a&eHajroydwfarSmuform;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; c&D;OD;BudK&ef

twGuf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU zJGUvkduf\/ ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif azbD,HrS OD;bcdkif?
&JwyfrS armifarmifndK? uRefawmfwkdUausmif;xJrS udkAaqGESifh ocifausmfpdefwdkU yg0ifMu
avonf/ &efukefNrdKU &yfuGufwdkif;wGif xrif;xkyfESifh aiGaumufcH&ef xrif;xkyftzJGUESifh
b@a&;tzJGUrsm; zJGUavonf/ usef;rma&;ESifh apmifha&Smufa&;wm0efrsm;udk omome apmifh
a&Smufa&; oHCmhtzJGUBuD;ESifh omoem0dok'¨d r[ma0ykv’tzJGUu ,lavonf/
&efukefrSmomru tjcm;NrdKUaygif;rsm;pGmrSmvnf; vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yum tvkyf

orm; v,form;wkdU\ tiftm;jywyfBuD;rsm; csDwufa&;udk axmufcHtm;ay;í zdESdyf
csKyfcs,frIrsm;udk uefUuGuf&IwfcsMuavonf/ Armjynfwpf0ef;vkH; pnf;&kH;nDnGwfMuonf/
Armwdkif;Armwkdif; aoG;pnf;Muavonf/ ]]Armjynft0Srf;tukef? wkdUtdrfrSwfyg? wdkU&m
rSwfyg}} [k oDdqdka<u;aMumfavonf/
- 180 -
tqdkyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk t*Fvdyfeef;&if;0ef? t*FvdyfygvDref twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif?

NAdwdoQtvkyform;tzGJU? *seDAmNrdKU&Sd EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;BuD;\ tvkyform;Xme? tdE´d,
jynfvkH;qdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJUcsKyfESifh urÇmt&yf&yf&Sd owif;pmwkdufBuD;rsm;odkU ay;ydkU
Muao;onf/ ArmhqEÉSifh ArmhnDnGwfrItm;udk urÇuodNyD; Armhw&m;rIudk axmufcHvm
atmif vkyfMuayonf/
ocifxdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;? ocifjr? ocifwif? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifAOD;? ocifvSaz

(umvuwÅm;) polwdkU wufa&mufMuaom wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu
tajctaetm;vkH;udk okH;oyfqifjcifNyD; atmufyg aMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefvdkufavonf/
vmrnfhab; ajy;awGU
tvkyform; qif;&Jom;rsm;tm; EId;aqmfwdkufwGef;csuf
taqGtvkyform; qif;&Jom;taygif;wdkU
,ckacwfum; vlay:cgp acwfr[kwfawmhojzifh urÇmESifht0Srf;? qif;&J

om; tvkyform;rsm; awmolawmifom;wkdUonf rdrdwdkU\ qif;&JrGJaw
jcif; taMumif;t&if;wdkUudk od&SdvmMuNyD; qif;&Jjcif; EGHAGufrS &kef;xGuf
aeMuacsNyD/ &k&Sm;jynf qif;&Jom; tvkyform;wdkUonf 1917ckESpfu
yif "e&SifwkdU\ aESmifBudK;BuD;rS twif;w&Murf; &kef;xGufcJUavNyD/
t*FvefuRef;&Sd qif;&Jom;tvkyform; taygif;wdkUonfvnf; xdkenf;

ESifESif qif;&Jom;BuD;pdk;onfh EdkifiHBuD;b0odkU tjrefqkH; a&muf&SdEdkif&ef
aeUrD;? nrD; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvsuf aeMuukef\/ taMumif;aomfum;
"e&Siftpdk;&wdkU BuD;pdk;aeorQ umvywfvkH; qif;&Jom;vlrsm;pkwkdUü
vSvSpm;rI? vSvS0wfrI? vSvSaexdkifrIrsm; r&&SdEdkif&kHru a&m*gxljcif;?
toufwdkjcif; paom raumif;rI uyfqdk;uyfnpfrsm; yaysmuf&ef
cJ,Of;onfudk od&SdMujcif;aMumifh jzpfavonf/
- 181 -
Armqif;&Jom; taygif;wdkUonfvnf xdkuJUodkU awG;awmrdMuukef\/

vGefcJUaom ESpfrsm;u &efukefteD;tem;&Sd tdk;puf? BudK;puf? pGyfus,f
puf? &mbmpuf tvkyform;rsm; tvkyf&yfpJí 4if;wdkUtcGifhta&;rsm;udk
awmif;qdkMujcif;ESifh ,ckESpf taqGwdkU a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; zGm;zuf
awmf tvkyf&yfpJrIvufeufudk 11vwdkifwdkif udkifaqmifí "e&SifwkdU
tm; ckcHwdkufckdufjcif;um; wjznf;jznf; igwdkUjynfwGif ay:aygufvsuf
&Sdaom edrdwfMobm r*Fvmrsm;aywnf;/
aemifaomtcg taqGwdkU\ tiftm; wefckd;owÅdrsm;aMumifh Armjynf

BuD; uRefb0rS vGwfajrmufawmhrnfudk igwdkUod\/ uRefb0rS
rvGwfajrmufrcsif; xdkuJUodkU taESmifht,Sufrsm; tNrJwap awGUBuKH&
awmhrnfjzpfí wpfckNyD;wpfck wpfpNyD;wpfp awGUBuKHz,f&Sm; aeMurnfh
tpm; avmavmq,f ]vmrnfhab; ajy;awGU} Muum vGwfvyfa&;
yef;wdkifodkU tjrefcsDwufEdkifMuygapownf;/
om;csif;taygif;wdkU
&IH;EdkifESpfwef? ckcHwdkufcdkuf? ausmü'Pf&m? rxd&m? &ifrSmxdrS

jrwf&m\/
ocifxdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;
OuúX
Adkvfpm&if;0ifrsm;xJrS vufa&G;pifAdkvfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fum wm0efay;í rauG;odkU

vTwfvdkufonf[k uRefawmfwdkUtwGif; pum;Muavonf/ ocifazoef;? ocifpdk;?
ocifxdef0if; wdkUonf yxrqkH;tokwfoGm;aom Akdvftpkjzpfavonf/ olwkdUonf
pkHaxmufrsm;udk rsufjcnfjywfatmifvkyfNyD; oGm;Mu\/ 4if;jyif ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OuúX udkb[def;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL; udkAaqGwdkUonf a&eHacsmif;NrdKU
- 182 -
ausmif;om;oydwfudpöudk &Sif;vif;&ef[laomtaMumif;jyí txufygAkdvfwpfpktvsif

oGm;cJUMuNyD jzpfavonf/
rauG;NrdKUum; ESpfzufrSwyfOD;csif; &ifqdkifawGUrdNyD; wdkufyGJpwifjzpfyGm;&m ppfwvif;ESifh

wlay\/
e,fcsJUwyfOD;ESifh jynfolUwyfOD;? a&eHajr"e&Sifrsm;ESifh rpöwmrlvm0yfwdkUu wpfzuf?

a&eHajr oydwfwyfBuD;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;? Adkvfpm&if;0if ocifrsm;u
wpfzuf/
uRefawmfwdkUonf rauG;ppfajrjyifrS ppfowif;udkom em;pGifhaerdMuavonf/ wpfwdkif;

jynfvkH;\ tm&kHrSmvnf; rauG;odkU pl;pdkufvsuf&Sdav\/
okdUjzihf 'DZifbmv 11&ufaeUodkU a&mufcJUavNyD/
xdkaeUnydkif;wGif uRefawmfonf yef;qdk;wef;&Sd wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; XmecsKyfodkU a&mufvsuf

aeavonf/ XmecsKyfwGif ysm;yef;cwfrQ vIyfvIyf&G&G tvkyfrsm;aeMupOf aMu;eef;wpfapmif
a&mufvmavonf/
]]rauG;NrdKUwGif w&m;yGJusif;y&mü a&eHwyfAkdvf ocifazoef;? ocifpdk;? ocifxdef0if; ESifh

udkb[def; udkAaqGwkdUudk ykvdyfu zrf;oGm;NyD}}
XmecsKyfay:&Sd ociftm;vkH; xkdowif;aMumifh &kwf&kwf&uf&uf jzpfoGm;avonf/ owif;

pmwkdufrsm;odkU xdkowif;udk ydkUoluydkU&onf/ &efukefpD&ifpk wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU ydkUol
uydkU&onf/ uRefawmfhtm;vnf; aumvdyfodkU csufcsif;jyefí owif;ydkUapavonf/
wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftcsKdU pkrdMuonf/ owif;

tus,fudk odvdkMuonf/ b,fvdkjzpfEdkifonfudk cefUrSef;MunfhMuonf/ udkb[def;ESifh
- 183 -
udkAaqGudk zrf;vdkufjcif;tm;jzihf "e&Siftpdk;&onf tvkyform;rsm; ta&;ESifh ausmif;om;

rsm;ta&;udk wdkuf&dkuf qufpyfay;vdkufjcif;jzpfay\/
uRefawmfwdkUonf a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD;\ a&SUa&;twGuf pdk;&drfvmMuonf/ &efukefodkU

ta&muf csDwufvmEdkifygrnfavm/ wpfAdkvfuswpfAdkvfwuf pepfjzihf acgif;aqmifí
ac:vmrnfh AdkvfwpfOD;udkzrf;wdkif; 4if;ae&mwGif Adkvfopfwufrnfum; trSefjzpf\/ okdU&m
wGif wufvdkufzrf;vdkuf jzpfae&kHjzifhrNyD;/ a&eHajroydwfwyfBuD; qufvufcsDwufvmEdkifrS
ta&;awmfykH atmifEdkifayrnf/ wpfjynfvkH; awmfvSefa&;tkH<urIBuD; jzpfajrmufEdkifayrnf/
tvkyform;? v,form;? ausmif;om;wkdU\ wyfaygif;pkBuD;tuGufvnfayvdrfhrnf/
uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; wpfpcef;x&awmhrnf/ þodkUvQif rauG;uvm

aom aMu;eef;u tcsufjyvdkufayNyD/
rauG;rSm xdkaeUu tao;pdwf b,fvdkjzpfysufonfudk rodMu&ao;/ odkU&mwGif qlylrIum;

pavNyD? wdkUacgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;ukefNyD/ udkb[def;ESifh udkAaqGwdkUudk rauG;rSm zrf;vkduf
NyD/ wdkUor*¾OuúXESifh twGif;a&;rSL;udk zrf;NyD? uefUuGufMu/ ayg&dom'aq;xdk;&ef or*¾
okdU pk&kH;Mu/ &J&Jawmuf ausmif;om;aoG;jy&ef tcsdefusNyD/
1&uf 2&uf 3&uf 'Da<u;aMumfoH 'Dpmwef;rsm;onf wuúodkvfe,fajrwpfckvkH;udk vTrf;ae

ayonf/
xdktwGif; rauG;rSm 11&ufaeUu tjzpftysufrsm;onf owif;pmrsm;wGif vkH;aphywfaph

ygvmayonf/ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wif&rnfh tjzpftysufrsm;jzpfojzifh
owif;pmrsm;wGif awGUjrifzwf&I&onfhtwdkif; þ0w¬KwGif xyfrH azmfjyvdkufyg&ap/
4if;wdkUonf rsufjrifoufao\ azmfjya&;om;csufrsm;tjzpf wnfygapawmh/
'kwd,ta&;ydkifu w&m;a[mvdkonf
- 184 -
,ck 'DZifbmv 11&uf we*FaEGaeUonf oydwfwyfBuD; rauG;NrdKUodkU

a&mufí 7&ufjynfhaom aeUBuD;jzpfaomfvnf; oydwform;wkdUonf
rqkwfaomvkHUvESifh wif;aeMuum 4if;aeUaeUv,fwGif oydwform;
tm;vkH;wdkUtm; or*¾OuúX udkb[def;u owif;pmrsm;zwfí ajymjyae
pOf rauG;NrdKU 'kwd,ta&;ydkiftjyif ausmif;q&mBuD;ESifh ta&;ydkif&kH;
pma&;wpfa,mufwkdUvmí pum;tenf;i,f ajymvdkaMumif; tcGifh
awmif;aomtcg owif;pmzwfrNyD;ao;í apmifhqdkif;apNyD;rS pum;ajym
cGifhjyKaMumif;? xdktcg 4if; 3OD;wdkUu 'ku©rcHbJ at;at;aq;aq;
jyefoGm;Muyg/ cifAsm;wkdUwm0efudk uRefawmfwdkU,lygw,f? uRefawmf
wdkU 0ifaqmif&Gufay;yghr,f ponfjzihf a[majym&m oydwform;rsm;rSm
xkdol 3OD;tm; taESmifht,Sufray; £ajE´&pGm em;axmifaeMuaMumif;/
wpfpkHwpf&m jyefMum;ajymqdkjcif;vnf; rjyKMuaMumif;/
0&rf;ESifha&mufvmjcif;
xdkUaemuf nbufwGif oydwform;rsm; wnf;ckd&mXmeü 7em&DwGif

w&m;yJGjyKvkyfrnfhtaMumif; armif;wD; aMunmvdkufaMumif;/ okdUaomf
vnf; taESmifht,Suf&Sdrnfudk odNyD;aom udkb[def;? ocifpdk;? Ocif
xdef0if; wdkUonf 6em&D15rdepftcsdefwGif w&m;yJGudkpvdkuf&m tm;ay;
Muaom NrdKUolNrdKUom;y&dowfrSm tawmfrsm;jym;aMumif;/ w&m;yJGponf
ESifh wpfNydKifeuf ykvdyfwdkUonf 0&rf;ESifha&mufvmum ocifazoef;ESifh
ocifpdk;wdkUudk zrf;qD;vdkufNyD; udkb[def; pum;ajymaepOf udkb[def;
tm; zrf;&ef a&mufvmaMumif;/
jrif;cGmwpfcsufaygufvQif rD;wpfcsufawmufrnf
udkb[def;u ]]uRefawmfonf a&eHacsmif; ausmif;om;oydwfarSmuf udpö

ESifh ausmif;om;wpfa,muf zrf;xm;onfhtwGuf toGm;vrf;c&D;wGif
'ku©onfrsm;awGUí 0ifa&mufulnD&aMumif;/ ,ckudpöESifh ywfoufNyD;
- 185 -
c&D;qufvufoGm;cGifhjyK&ef c&dkifrif;BuD;? ta&;ydkifwdkUxHavQmufxm;&m

,aeUaeUv,f wpfem&Dtcsdef trdefUcsrnf[k ajymcJUNyD; vlBuD;yDyD
uwdysufMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh cifAsm;wdkUudpöudk atmifjrif&ef reufjzef
xGufjzpfatmif xGufMuyg/ taESmifht,SufawGUu taocHyg/ usKyfudk
tckzrf;aeNyD/ udpör&Sdygbl;/ usKyfudkzrf;wJUtwGuf reufjzef Armwpf
jynfvkH; bmjzpfoGm;r,fqdkwm od&vdrfhr,f/ jrif;cGmwpfcsufaygufvQif
rD;wpfcsufawmuf&r,f}} ponfjzihf a'gygyga[mNyD; tzrf;cHaMumif;/
udkb[def;udk zrf;vkduf&m oydwform;rsm; vIyfvIyf&G&Gjzpfum a&SUwdk;
vmMuaMumif;/ odkUaomf vlBuD;jzpfolu NidrfMu[k atmfvdkufí
wkwfwkwfrQ rvIyfMuawmhbJ NidrfaevdkufMuaMumif;/
towfcH&vQif aowJUvlxm;NyD; a&SUudkwuf
4if;aemuf ocifxdef0if;u ]]cifAsm;wkdU &nf&G,fcsuf&SdwJUtwdkif; vkHUv

ravQmhMuygeJU/ reufjzef xGufjzpfatmif xGufMuyg/ usKyfwkdU zrf;oGm;
ayr,fh tm;ri,fMueJU? vrf;rSm apmifha&SmufauR;arG;r,fh vlawG apmifh
aeMuw,f/ cifAsm;wkdUudk tEÅ&,fay;w,fqdk&if usKyfwkdU axmifxJu
aeNyD; xrif;rpm;bJ taocHr,f}} ponfjzifh ajymqdkaepOf vma&muf
zrf;qD;jyefaMumif;/ okdUaomf ykvdyfwdkUudk cPtapmifhcdkif;NyD; ajymNrJ
ajymum aemufqkH;tcsKyfü onf;nnf;cHMuyg? towfcH&vQif aowJU
vl xm;ypfcJU/ a&mufatmifoGm;Muyg [kajymNyD; tzrf;cH&ef qif;oGm;
aMumif;? aemufwpfzef pifjrifhay:odkU jyefwufvmNyD; ]]ocifrsKd;a[h
wkdUArm}}? ]]ta&;awmfykH atmifygap}}? ]]rD;wkwf rD;wkwf &IdU&IdIU}} [k
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ocifxdef0if;wdkUudk zrf;oGm;aomfvnf; oydwform;rsm;rSm qlqlnHnH
r&Sd NidrfaeMuaMumif;/
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- 186 -
wevFmaeU eHeufapmapm 4em&DcefUwGif &mZ0wftzJGUonf aps;&yf

olBuD;OD;ndK? wufacwfem&Djyifqdkif&Sif OD;om[efESifh &GmopfolBuD;
udkav;armifwkdUudk oufaotjzpfac:vmNyD; oydwform;rsm;udk,fü
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vufeufrqdkxm;bd? vufonf;vSD;"m;wpfckyif ryg/ odkUaomfvnf;
puúLwpf&GufwGif vltrnfpm&if;wpfckudk awGUí zrf;qD;oGm;aMumif;/
qD;NyD;wm;Mujcif;
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apmifhaeMuaomfvnf; taemufbuf&Sd vrf;ajrmiftusOf;uav;rS
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&mZ0wf0ef buD;? ppfAdkvfESifh NrdKUtkyf &SdaMumif;/ NrdKUtkyfu aemufjyef
qkwf&ef? &efukefroGm;&ef? epfemcsufrsm;udk 'DrSmajym&if aqmif&Gufay;
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vS,frsm;om vTwfNyD; tawmif;cdkif;yg[k trsKd;rsKd;ajymNyD; wm;qD;
aMumif;/
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oydwform;wdkUu 4if;wdkU 11-vwdkif udk,fpm;vS,fvTwfcJUzl;aMumif;/

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aemufawmh rqkwfbl;[k ajymaMumif;/
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- 187 -
xdkodkU tajctwifajymaeMupOf ppfAdkvfESifh &mZ0wf0efBuD;wdkUonf

zdeyfrcRwfbJ bkef;BuD;ausmif;0dkif;twGif; 0ifoGm;&m &[ef;ysKdtzJGUu
twif;uefUuGufMuaMumif;/ a&SUqkH;rSacgif;aqmifum tvHudkifvlESifh
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oydwform;rsm;crsm b,folwm;ír&/ NrdKUtkyfu ajcmufvkH;jyL;

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- 188 -
vlxkBuD;udk jrif;ESifhwdkuf&ef a&mufvmjcif;
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- 189 -
20
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- 191 -
MunfvifoefU&Sif;aeay\/ uRefawmfhrsufpd at;jrvmonf/ uRefawmfhacgif; Munfvifvm

onf/ uRefawmfhZuf ayghvmonf/ tif;vsm;onf uRefawmfh EGrf;e,farmyef;rIudk csKddNYyKH;ae
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- 192 -
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- 194 -
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- 195 -
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- 196 -
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- 199 -
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- 201 -
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xm;NyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;puf,EÅ&m;BuD; rvnfEdkifatmif tusyfudkifum awmif;qdkcsufrsm;
twGuf ta&;qdk&ef &nf&G,fMuayonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzihfqkdaomf uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;onf e,fcsJU"e&Sif\ A[dkcHwyf

BuD;udk wdkufckdufMu&ef jzpfayonf/
- 214 -
uRefawmfwkdUonf xdkqkH;jzwfcsufudk csMuNyD;aemuf rnfrQ vQKdU0Sufa&; okH;Muygoenf;

qkdvQif qkH;jzwfcsufwGif yg0ifMuaom uRefawmfwkdUtcsif;csif;yifvQif xkdtaMumif;ESifh
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0dkif;&ef qkH;jzwfonfhtcsdefum; 16 &ufaeU n 11 em&Djzpfí 0dkif;onfhtcsdefum; 20 &uf

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razmfjyvQifrNyD;aom tjzpftysufwpf&yf &Sdygao;onf/ xkdtcsdefrSm awmfvSefa&; tkH<urI
tcsdef? ta&;awmfykH yGufavmxcsdef jzpfay&m euf&Idif;í us,fjyefUaom tjzpftysuf
wkdUjzifh jynfhnyfaeygonf/ 4if;jyif reuf&Idif;í rus,fjyefUaomfvnf; toHjrnf&m [dwf
ay;&mrSm olrsm;xufravsmhaom tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfygao;onf/ tppf&SdvQif
twk&Sd&onfrSm "r®wmyif r[kwfygavm/
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&ef BuH&G,faeol r[kwfygavm/
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xdkuJUodkUaom *kPfxl;0daoo aygrsm;vSaom OD;apmonf ol\ tmPmzDqefa&;jyyJGudk
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- 215 -
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- 216 -
þodkUvQif r[maqGtm; em;vnfxm;aomfvnf; ,aeU OD;apm\ tmPmzDqefa&;

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jzifh tpm;xdk;avh&Sdayonf/
- 217 -
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- 218 -
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- 219 -
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- 221 -
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aemuf NrdKUrausmif;rS ausmif;om; 800 wyfBuD; csDwufvm&m ]]ocifrsKd;a[h wkdUArm}}

]]ta&;awmfykH atmifygap}} ponfjzihf EIwfqufMu&m qlnHoGm;ayonf/
pywfvrf;ESifh za&Zmvrf; (taemf&xmvrf;) axmifhem;&Sd wHcg;aygufrSm yifrwHcg;ayguf

jzpfav&m uReffawmfwdkUuvnf; ausmif;om; 700rQ pkxm;onf/ ykvdyfrsm;uvnf; tm;
pkykHxm;onf/ q,fem&Dxdk;aomtcg &kH;wuf&ef pma&;? pmcsD? 0efaxmuf? twGif;0ef
uav; ponfwdkU vmpjyKavNyD/ a*:&mpmoiftcsKdUonf xkdtaygufrS ausmif;oluav;
ESpfa,mufudk ajcaxmufrSudkifum w&GwfqJGí z,fav&m &kwf&kwf&uf&uf jzpfoGm;av\/
okdUaomf ausmif;om;rsm;um; tMurf;rzuf/ w&GwftqGJcH&aom ausmif;olrsm;ae&mwGif
tjcm; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwdkUu ,lvdkufMuavonf/ w&GwftqJGcH&aom ausmif;ol
uav;rsm;rSm yGef;yJUpkwfjywfukef\/ ykvdyfrsm;onf aemufxyfa&TUz,fívnf; r&&Sdaom
tcg ab;u&efapmifíom MunfhaeMu&avonf/ udkatmifausmftm; xdkwHcg;ayguf0rSm
awGU&ayonf/
aeum; ylvmav&m uRefawmfwkdUvlpku a&vdkufwkdufonf/ 4if;aemuf t&yfolt&yfom;

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,yfawmifa0iSjcif;? t0wftrdk;rsm; vkyfay;jcif; jyKMu\/ tm;ay;onfh y&dowfaMumifh
uRefawmfwdkUrSm ydkí tm;wufMuayonf/
&kH;wuf&efvmMuaom pma&;? pmcsD? 0efaxmuf ponfwdkUum; Munfhaeaom y&dowfESihf

twl Munfhum ausmif;om;rsm;tm; csD;usL;aeMuawmhonf/ twefMumvQif tcsKdUrSm
tdrfjyefoGm;Muav\/ ]]odyftBuHydkifwJU ausmif;om;awGyJ}} ]]odyfZJGowÅd aumif;wJU
ausmif;om;awGyJ}} ]]tpdk;&u y'ltkH wkwfESifhoGm;xdk;wmudk;uG}} paom pum;rsKd;rsm;udk
y&dowfMum;rSm Mum;ae&ay\/
q,fhwpfem&Dausmfaomtcg &efukefta&;ydkif 'DpBwdwfw&m;olBuD; Od;zkd;ponf armfawmf

um;jzihf a&mufvmonf/ olESifh twGif;0ef&kH;BuD;teD;wGif O'[dkoGm;um pDrHcefUcGJaeMu
aom ykvdyfrif;BuD; rpöwmy&ufpaumh? &efukefykvdyfrif;BuD; rpöwma&;Edk;? &mZ0wf0ef
rpöwmvkyf'g;? rpöwmwpf? OD;xGef;tkefwkdU aqG;aEG;Muavonf/
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aemufwpfcPtwGif; jrif;pD;ykvdyfwyfrsm;? ppfykvdyfwyfrsm; MuufaysmufiSufaysmuf

aysmufoGm;&m uRefawmfwkdUrSm tHUMoaeMuavonf/ tcsKdUu ]]atmifNyD atmifNyD}} [k yif
atmfaeMuavonf/
uRefawmfwkdUonf tqifoifhpDpOfxm;aom ig;aowÅm aygifrkefUrsm;udk puúLtdwfrsm;ESifh

vdkufa0Muav\/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf aysmfjrL;aeMu\/ atmifjrifpGm NyD;qkH;awmhrnf[k
tm;wufaeMu\/
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atmifNyD/ ,aeUvkyfief;NyD;ojzifh jyefMu&ef vlpk&rnf}} [k trdefUay; xkwfvkdufavonf/
za&mZmvrf;ay:rS ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk yxr &kyfodrf;NyD; pka0;apavonf/
4if;aemuf *sL'gtDZu,f (odrfjzLvrf;) bufodkU pDwef;avQmufMuonf/ *sL'gtDZu,f
vrf;bufwGif 0dkif;aeMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;u &kyfodrf;NyD; pkaygif;csDwufMuonf/
aemuf 'gv[dkZDvrf;odkU csKd;NyD; csDwufMuonf/ 'gv[dkZDbufrS 0dkif;xm;aom ausmif;
om;rsm;u &kyfodrf;NyD; pkaygif;csDwufMuavonf/ a&SUrS tvHeDBuD;u wvGihfvGifhjzpfay
onf/
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vufwGifum; MumyGwfrsm;udkifvsuf cg;wGif ajcmufvkH;jyL; xkd;xm;Muay\/ oHcarmufykH
OD;xkyfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif;xm;Mu\/ 4if;jyif eHygwfwkwfudkifxm;aom ukvm;ESifha*:&m?
ujym;ykvdyfrsm;vnf; tzJGUtpnf;ESifh tqifoifh&SdaeMuonf/ pywfvrf;urf;em;buf
tydkif;wGifum; aoewfudkif ppfykvdyfrsm;onf tm&ftD;wD bwfpfum;BuD;rsm;ay:rS apmifh
aeMuay\/
csDwufvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk jrif;pD;ykvdyfwkdUu 0ifwdk;onf/ cP&yfwefUoGm;\/

odkUaomf tcsKdUu ]]ta&;awmffykH atmifygap}} ]]ocifrsKd;aph wdkUArm}} ]]csDwufMu&r,f
csDwufMu&r,f}} [k atmfay;vdkuf&m ausmif;om;xku qufvufcsDwufMuonf/
pywfvrf; wHcg;ayguf&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; wHcg;aygufrS &kyfodrf;um csDwuf
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vmaom ausmif;om;xkxH pkaygif;&ef vmMuavonf/ jrif;pD;ykvdyfwdkUonf ausmif;om;

xkMum; twif;0ifíwkduf\/ ausmif;om;xk NydKvJusoGm;onf/ eHygwfwkwfudkifxm;aom
ykvdyfrsm;u 0ifí&dkufavonf/ cGmoHwacgufacguf wkwfoHwajzmif;ajzmif;? MumyGwfoH
w&Trf;&Trf;/
]]ausmif;om;wkdUaoG; ajrodkUusavNyD}}
]]&ufpufaom t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU}}
]],kwfnHYaom barmftpdk;&}}
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aumufaygufolu aygufMu\/ &kH;wufvmaom pma&;BuD;wpfa,mufu vrf;ab;
opfyifi,fudk umuG,fxm;aom wdkifwpfvkH;udk jzKwf,lí ykvdyfrsm;xH csDwufoGm;av
onf/ acgif;aygif;? tay:tusÐ? ydk;vkHcsnfwkdUudk 0wfxm;olwpfa,mufu cg;awmif;
usKdufum ykvdyfrsm;tm; oGm;cs&ef jyifqifaeonfudk jrif&onf/ ausmif;om;tcsKdUum;
a'goudk rcsKyfwnf;Ekdkifawmhí wkwfrsm;&SmazGum ckcH&ef jyifqifMuavonf/ acgif;aqmif
rsm;u wm;xm;&\/
uRefawmfum; &dkufpu ausmif;om;xktjyifodkU a&mufaeavonf/ uRefawmfhwm0efu

0dkif;&mwGifr&Sday/ odkUaomf jrif;wdkuf? vdkuf&dkufjcif;rsm; jyKaepOf ausmif;om;rsm;qDodkU
ajy;0if\/ jyifyAm[D&wm0efonf ta&;BuD;onf rSefaomfvnf; þodkU jzpfvmaom
ta&;wGif ausmif;om;xkESifh aoG;wlom;wl aowl&Sifwl wpfom;wnf; jzpfaecsifayonf/
odkUaomf uRefawmfum; t&dkufrcH&? jrif;wdkufvnf; rcH&/
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; z&dkz&Jrjzpfatmif jyefvnfpkpnf;Muonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf;

pnf;urf;&SdvS\/ onf;cH&rnfhtcsdefwGif onf;cHEdkifpdwf cdkifrmvS\/
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pywfvrf;wpfjyifvkH;wGif 'Pf&mjzihfvJaeolawG? aoG;oH&J&J jzpfaeolawG? rl;a0acGus

aeolawG jynfhaeay\/ cH&onfhtxJwGif touft&G,fi,faom q,fhESpfESpfom;uav;
wpfa,mufESpfa,mufESifh rdef;uav;rsm;rSm oem;p&mtaumif;qkH; jzpfay\/ uRefawmf
wkdUonf xrf;oifholudkxrf;í az;oifholudk az;ay;Muonf/ trsKd;om;olemjyKwyf a&muf
vmNyD; ol&d,wdkufatmufxyfodkU ydkUolydkUonf/ aq;&kHodkU olemjyKum;ay:wifvsuf ydkUol
ydkUonf/ 'Pf&m&aom rdef;uav;rsm;xJwGif rcifopfudk awGUjrifvdkuf&m pdwftawmf
xdcdkufoGm;ayonf/ csufcsif;yif q&muawmf a':nGefUa&mufvmNyD; vefcsm;ESifh wifac:
oGm;avonf/ uRefawmfu ]]aq;&kH ydkUygOD;vm; a':a':}} [k ajym&m ]]aeayap? 'if;wdkU
aq;&kHrSm rukbl;? tdrfrSmukr,f}}[k ajzvdkufojzifh uRefawmf aemufxyfrajymomNyD/
]]uRefawmfaemufrS vmMunfhr,fa':a':}}
]]at; udpör&Sdygbl;uG,f? rif;wdkU onfhjyifvkyfp&mawG vkyfMuaygh}}
uRefawmfonf ol&d,wdkufatmufxyfodkU0ifum 'Pf&m&olrsm;udk Munfhonf/ udkvSa&T

vnf; t&dkufcHxm;&onf/ tuGJt&Sum;rawGU&/ okdUaomf rtm;tuefcHxm;&ojzifh rl;a0
aeayonf/ owdrvpfwmuHaumif;/ olESifhacgif;csif;qdkifí vJaeolrSm udkatmifausmf
jzpfayonf/ udkatmifausmfum; 'Pf&mjyif;vS\/ acgif;aoG;awGtm;BuD; ,dkpD;aeay\/
okdU&mwGif ief;zrf;ovdk vIyf&Sm;aeonf/ uRefawmfMunfhaepOfyif jzKef;ceJ ukef;xNyD;
]]udkvSa&T? udkvSa&T usKyfwdkUacgif;aqmifBuD; b,fvdkaeovJ[if? ta&;awmfykH atmif&
r,f}} [k toHuGJBuD;jzifhatmfNyD; vJusoGm;jyefonf/ uRefawmfwdkUu olUtm; Nidrfatmif
zufxm;&avonf/ udkatmifausmftm; aq;&kHBuD;ydkU\/ ae&mr&[kqdkojzifh wuúodkvf
(qifeDwkd;&D;,rf;) aq;&kHodkU ydkU&jyefav\/
]]ausmif;om;wkdUaoG; ajrodkUusNyD}}
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Muavmh}}
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xdkaeUnaewGif twGif;0ef&kH;BuD;tv,fü npmxrif;pm;yJG&Sdavonf/ nGefUaygif;0efBuD;

opf OD;bOD;? rEÅav;wGif bkef;BuD;owfrI tpGJcH&í xif&Sm;aom A[dk&fonf OD;bOD;?
ae&Sife,fuvyfwGif Armjymwmuav;udk vufoD;pGrf;jyí xif&Sm;oGm;aom 0efBuD;
OD;bOD;/ xkdOD;bOD;onf rdefUcGef;ajym&mü ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &Iwfcsjypfwifavonf/
*VKefOD;apm paomtwkduftcHrsm; ajrSmufay;í jzpfygonf[k uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;
ta&;? tvkyform;? v,form;ta&;rsm;udk odrfzsif;apavonf/ OD;bOD;ajymNyD;aemuf
ZGef;? cuf&if;ESifh yef;uefoHrsm;? 4if;aemuf tNidrfhwD;vkH;? tNidrfhrif;orD; oDcsif;oH?
vljyufjyufoH/ þonfwdkUum; twGif;0efrsm;&kH;BuD; tv,frSaeí nGefUaygif;tpdk;&u
wkHUjyefay;vdkufaom toH/ /
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24
'Pf&m&ol rcifopf
xGef;uav;
jrihfBuD;awmh cufNyD/
wpfzufu ausmif;om;ta&;? tjcm;wpfzufu udk,fhpmay udk,fh pm

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wpfzufu udk,fhta&; Mum;xJrSm [dk,drf; onf,dkif jzpfaeNyD/ jrifhBuD;
wpfa,mufjzihf yef;jym;yif jzpfaeygNyD/
pmudkyJzwfaer,f? 'gaMumifh xGef;uav;wdkUvkyfaeMuwJU ausmif;om

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jyyJGawG rvdkufbl;? Armpm *kPfxl; pmar;yJGrSm yxrwef;u atmif
&r,fvdkU qkH;jzwfNyD; usef;rma&; vrf;avQmufcsdefuvJGNyD; ausmif;jyifudk
rxGufcJUbl; xGef;uav;&,f/
okdUayr,fh pmzwfvdkU ajzmifhovm;qdkawmh rajzmifhbl;? pmrSm pdwf r

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qdkawmh r[myx0DajrBuD;awmif wkefvIyf avmufayw,f/ jrifhBuD;&JU
tonf;ESvkH;wkefwmawGawmh rajymeJUawmhuG,f/ udk,fhaoG;wl om;wl
awG[m ausmif;om;awG tvkyform;awG v,form;awG&JU ta&;
awmfykH atmifjrifzdkU twGuf aoG;pufeJU ,ZfylaZmfNyD; aqmif&Gufae
MuwJUtcgrSm udk,fusKd;twGuf (udk,fusKd;u b,favmufyJ rGefjrwf
rGefjrwf? jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef; yxrwef; qGwfcl;r,fqdkwJU udk,fusKd;
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&nf&G,fcsufyif jzpfvifhupm;) udk,fusKd;twGuf acsmifukyfNyD; tm;

xkwfaewm[m ao;i,fwJUtvkyf? odrfwJUtvkyf jzpfaeayghuG,f/
jrifhBuD;udk,fudk,fjrifhBuD; &Sufrdw,f/ 'DtxJrSm xGef;uav;u aigh
awmhawmh pma&;NyD; jrifhBuD;udk jyuf&,fjyKjyefawmh wkefvIyfaewJU
tonf;ESvkH;rSm oifwkef;"m;eJU yg;yg;vTmvTm vSD;aeovm;xif&w,f/
xGe;fuav;a& jrihfBuD;awmh rsuf&nftBudrfBudrf usrdNyDuG,f/
jrifhBuD;av... udk,fusKd;eJU trsm;usKd; jrefrmpm*kPfxl;yxrwef;eJU

ausmif;om; ta&;awmfykH atmifjrifrIawGudk csdefcGifrSm wifpuf
Munfhw,f/ 1936ckESpf oydwfwkef;u wu,f xl;cRefwJU ausmif;om;
ta&;&Sdawmh pGefUMuwmyJ r[kwfvm;/ udkcGufndK? udkomvS? udkpHaxG;
wdkUESifh aq;odyÜHbufu yxrwef;ausmif;om;awG&JU udk,fusKd;pGefUvTwf
cJUykHawG oGm; owd&w,f/
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vmac:ygaemf/ jrifhBuD;vkdufyghr,f/ vla[mif;awGuuawmh jrifhBuD;
wpfa,mufawmh aocsmayguf xm;vdkufayawmh/ rtkef;? rrBuD;?
rcifjr wdkUwpfawGawmh udk,ftm;jzihf rygEdkifMuayr,fh pdwfawmhjzifh
nGwf[ef wlyg&JU/ rtrmwpfa,mufuawmh a,musmf;&NyD; pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfaeNyD/ 'Dawmh jrifhBuD;u awmh bufyJUaewmyJ/ odkUayr,fh vlopf
uav;awG &Sdygw,fav/ tm;&Sdp&mygyJ/
aMomf 'gxuf owif;wpfckMum;NyDvm;/ jrifhBuD;wdkUawmh ArmpmXmeu

qdkawmh q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwifeJU ywfoufNyD; ydkNyD;eD;pyfwJUowif;
Mum;wmaygh/ ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmifu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
udkvSjrwfpdk;[m Adkvfpma&;oGif;NyD; a&eHacsmif;udkoGm;w,f r[kwf
vm;/ 'Dawmh taqmifrSL; ygarmu©ruf*pfu ta&;,l&r,fvdkU
awmif;qdkw,f/ 'Dawmh q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwifu ckudpö[m
- 239 -
ausmif;om;awGeJU wuúodkvf bmrSjzpfwm r[kwfbl;wJU/ ausmif;om;

awGu ausmif;udk qlaewmr[kwfbl;/ tpdk;&udkqlaewm/ 'gaMumifh
ta&;r,lEdkifbl;vdkU qdkvdkufowJU/ q&mBuD;uawmh ta&;us&if
odyfowdÅaumif;wm xGef;uav;&JU/
uJ-pm&SnfoGm;NyD? awmfao;NyDaemf/
ta&;awmfykH atmifygapownf;/
jrifhBuD;
21-12-38
uRefawmfonf rjrifhOD;\pmudk wpfBudrfESpfBudrfru okH;Budrfusatmif zwfrdygonf/

t"dyÜm,fudk em;rvnfaomaMumifhr[kwfyg/ t"dyÜm,fudk oabmusvGef;vdkU jzpfygonf/
[,f-e,fcsJUorm;? [,f-nGefUaygif;tpdk;&? oifwdkUonf ausmif;om;wdkU\ aoG;udk

ajrodkUusatmif zdESdyfnSif;yef;jcif;jzifh oifwkdUtm; qefUusifrI? twdkuftcHrI avsmhyg;oGm;
vdrfhrnf? uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnf xifoavm/ ausmif;om;? tvkyform;? awmifol
v,form;awGu oifwdkUtm; acgif;ikHU'l;axmuf t&IH;ay;rnf[k xifoavm/ odkUuvdk
xifvQif oifwkdUrSm;vdrfhrnf/ oifwdkUzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzifh igwdkUtiftm; avsmhíroGm;/
wdk;wufíomvmonf/ ausmif;om;wkdUaoG; ajrruscifu at;at;oufom udk,fhpmudk,f
zwfaevdkaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;yif rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfvmcJUNyDudk oifwdkUjrifNyDavm/
odkUuvdkyif uRefawmftHBudwfí BuKH;0g;rdonf/
aMomf rjrifhOD;? ckvdkawmhvnf; tawmfom;yJ/ ta&;BuKHawmh r[kwfrcH pdwf"mwfudk

jyvdkufw,faemf/ t&ifu ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHrSm aemufqkwfNyD; cyfukyfukyfaecJUvdkU
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xGef;uav; txifao;cJUrdao;w,f/ ckawmh trSefudkodygNyD/ ]rD;cJjymzkH;} aecJUwmyJaemf/

rjrifhOD;udk txifao;cJUrdwm rSm;NyD/
odkUuvdkawG;rdNyD; rjrifhOD;xH ajy;íyif awmif;yefcsifpdwf ay:ygonf/ uRefawmfu

awmif;yefNyefvQifvnf; rjrifhOD;u rqGwfcifu nGwfcsifNyD; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ uRefawmf
onf rjrifhOD;\ cGifhvTwfNyDqdkaom txdrf;trSwfjzpfonfh tNyKH;udk qmavmifrGwfodyfrd\/
0dkif;pufMunfvifaom rsufvkH;tpkHrS vTwfvwÅHUaom arwÅmu&kPm a&mifjcnfrsm;udk
&rf;a&mfrday\/
tu,fí rcifopfxHodkU oGm;íMunfh&ef wm0efomr&SdcJUygrl rjrifhOD;xHodkU ajcOD;vSnfhrd

ayvdrfhrnf/
rcifopfcrsmrSm ykvdyfwkwf'Pf&mjzifh tdyf&mwGif vJavsmif;ae&&Smayvdrfhrnf/
ausmif;om;ausmif;ol 200 ausmf 'Pf&m&&Sdonfhteuf tcsKdUrSm &efukefaq;&kHBuD;wGif?

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udkvSa&TESifhwuGaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf aq;&kHBuD;ESifh qifeDwdk&D,HokdU oGm;
um 'Pf&m&olrsm;udk ar;jref;Munfh&IMu&m uRefawmfvnf; ygoGm;avonf/ 4if;aemuf
vlpkcJGí tdrfwGifukoaeaom 'Pf&m&&Sdolrsm;udk Munfh&IMu&onf/ udkvSa&Tonf rcifopf
tm; oGm;Munfh&efjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif rtm;ojzifh olUudk,fpm; uRefawmfhtm; oGm;Munfhyg
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- 241 -
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- 242 -
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- 249 -
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- 250 -
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- 251 -
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- 257 -
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21-12-38
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- 261 -
27
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- 262 -
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- 273 -
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- 284 -
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aemufqkH;wGif udkwifBuD;u ta&;awmfykH\ A[dkppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfozG,f jzpfaeaom wkdUArm

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- 286 -
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bmoHrQrMum;&/ urm&Gwfwpf&yfvkH; tdyfarmusae[ef &Sdavonf/
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- 287 -
29
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om; armifwifxGef;
- 288 -
wpfaeUu owif;pmwpfapmifxJrSm rif;emrnfudk Adkvfavmif;pm&if;xJ

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cgwdkif;qkdvQif tazhpmaMumifh tawmfacsmufcsm; wkefvIyfoGm;rdayvdrhfrnf/ aerxd xdkif

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- 290 -
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- 291 -
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csKyfcs,frIrsm; jyKvkyfívnf;aumif; zsufMuavonf/
a&eHajr bDtkdpDukrÜPD&Sd vQyfppftvkyform;rsm;ESifh vuform;rsm;\ xdkifoydwfonf

a&eHajrwpfckvkH;wGif *,uf&dkufoGm;avonf/ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk Zefe0g&Dv 15&uf
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a&eHajrukrÜPDwkdUu vdkufavsm&av\/
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avonf/ tcsdKU"e&Sifrsm;um; vdr®mMu\/ tvkyform;rsm;u awmif;qdkcsufudk wifvdkuf
onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf vdkufvdkufavsmavsmvkyfum oydwfudk wm;qD;Muavonf/
tif;pdefrD;&xm;puf&kH tvkyform;rsm;u olwdkU\ epfemcsufrsm;udk xkwfazmfMuonf/

rEÅav;rS &rnf;oif;txd blwm&kHrsm;ü tvkyfvkyfMuaom n&kHydkifrsm;onf e,fvSnfh
vmaom &xm;rif;BuD;tm; 0dkif;xm;NyD; olwdkUawmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk wifjyMuavonf/
wpfzufrSmvnf; tzrf;tqD;rsm;udk vkyfNrJvkyfaeavonf/ oydwfarSmuf acgif;aqmifrsm;

udk zrf;onf/ oydwfxJrSm wuf<upGmyg0ifaom aemufvdkufrsm;udkvnf; zrf;onf/ Oyrm
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&efukefvwfwavmvkHNcKHa&;Oya'ESifh zrf;avonf/ 4if;jyif A[dkacgif;aqmifydkif;udkvnf;
zrf;jyefavNyD/
- 292 -
ocifEktm; Zefe0g&Dv 11&ufaeUwGif olaexkdkif&m tvkH {&m0wDvrf; trSwf 22ü

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uefUuGufqE´jyMuNyD; a&Twd*kHodkUcsDwufum oydwfarSmuftvkyform;xkBuD;udk wdkifMuav
onf/ ]vlrJGwdkUxGuf&yfvrf;} qkdaomtrnfjzifh ocifEk bmomjyefxkwfa0xm;aom &k&Sm;
awmfvSefa&;taMumif; pmtkyfrsm;udk tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; a0iSavonf/
4if;jyif wpftkyf 10yJ a&mif;csae&mrS 4yJodkU avQmhypfvdkufum tkyfa&rsm;pGm jzefUypf
vdkufMuonf/ ocifEktm; zrf;qD;jcif;twGuf taumif;qkH;aom uefUuGUufenf;rSm &k&Sm;
awmfvSefa&;taMumif; tvkyform; qif;&Jom;rsm; tESHUtjym;odatmif vkyf&efjzpfonf[k
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Zefe0g&Dv 14&ufaeUwGif wufbkef;BuD; ocifodef;azonf axmifwGif ocifEktm;

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ocifodef;az? udkvSa&TwkdUESifhtwl tzrf;rcH&jcif;udkyif 0rf;enf;ovdkvdk *kPfi,fovdkvdk
xifrdao;awmh\/
- 293 -
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tdrfawmf&mrSm pka0;NyD; qGrf;rpm;bJ qE´jyMuavonf/ ewfwvif;rSm uaeaom
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vefcsm;wkdUu oydwfarSmuf qE´jyMuavonf/
awmifilNrdKUwGif ausmif;om;rsm;u oydwfwm;aeMupOf ausmif;om;OuúX armifarmifBuD;

tm; zrf;av&m vlxku &kH;ESifh*gwfudk 0dkif;NyD; armifarmifBuD;tm; vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkMu
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aps;om;rsm; qdkufum;orm;rsm; oHCmawmfrsm; ausmif;om;rsm; aygif; 5000 ausmfonf
- 294 -
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w&m;yGJrsm; npOf tESHUtjym; &Sdavonf/
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ausmif;om;uav; atmifjrihfonf vnf;aumif; a[majymaeonfudk awGU&ay\/
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qdkum pm&if;vdkufaumufavonf/ odkUaomf þenf;um; ratmifcJUacs/
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w,f? ,cktcgrSm EGm;uav;EdkU EGm;rBuD;pdkU qdkovdk wynfhrsm;xHrS vrf;rSefvkyfenf;udk
oifMum;,loifhaeNyD}} [k ajymqdkavonf/
- 296 -
&efukef NrdKUrausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rdbrsm; tpnf;ta0;wpfck usif;yNyD; ausmif;ol

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- 297 -
wpfnwGif uRefawmfonf NrdKUrausmif; ausmif;om;oydwfXmecsKyfrSm tvkyfvkyfaepOf

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- 299 -
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um; wmr&Snfyg/ a0;a0;oGm;avav &ifav;oGm;avjzpfonf/ rjrifhOD;ESifh uRefawmfonf
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onf/ onfhxufonfa0;awmh uRefawmfu vufudkifyk0g ,rf;jyonf/ oluvnf;
vufudkifyk0g ,rf;jyonf/
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rjrifhOD;ESifh ywfouforQudkom pOf;pm;onf/ rjrifhOD;crsm olUtaz\ MoZmudk rvGefqef
Edkif&Smí tdrfokdUjyefí NidrfNidrfae&avawmhrnf/ ta&;awmfykHudk arwÅmydkUEdkifaomfvnf;
ta&;awmfykHESifh cyfuif;uif; ae&&Smawmhrnf/ rjrifhOD;udk oem;vdkufygbd/ uRefawmf
uawmh tazzsufaomfvnf; ta&;awmfykHtwGuf tm;rysuf/
a&Twd*kHawmifbuf wefaqmif;ajc&if;odkU a&mufaomtcg tay:odkU rwufao;bJ [dk[dk

onfonf Munfhaerdavonf/
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- 300 -
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pm&Guf wpf&Gufudk Munfhaeonf/
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tm;wdkufcGefwdkuf yg0ifMuaom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; MunfndKav;pm;rdavonf/
rcifopfESifh pufqef;trsKd;orD;rsm; aumufvmcJUaom xrif;xkyfrsm;udk tv,fypö,HokdU

wif,l&ef vltiftm; tjynfhtpkH&Sday\/ odkUaomf uRefawmfum; udk,fhbmom vufcsnf;
oufoufjzifh wufroGm;Edkif? olwdkUudk 0dkif;0ef;ulnDvdkufayao;\/ ,if;okdU ulnDcsufudk
rcifopfuav;u NyKH;NyKH;uav;Munfhí todtrSwfjyKvkdufayonf/
- 301 -
pufqef;trsKd;orD;rsm;um; qif;&Jom; vkyfpm;udkifpm;xJuom rsm;[efwlonf/

oydwfarSmuf tvkyform;? oydwfarSmuf bwfpfum;orm;rsm;\ r,m;rsm;ESifh ESrrsm;
jzpf[efwlonf/ wpfa,mufaom rdef;rBuD;udk uRefawmfjrifzl;onfxifí aoaocsmcsm
Munfhrdonf/ 00wkwfwkwfBuD;jzpf&m pOfhtdk;ESifh ykHoP²mefwlonf/ xrif;xkyfawmif;
wpfckudk &Gufí wtdtd ukef;awmfay:odkU wufaeonfudk aemufuMunfhvdkuf&m ]]rifhtar
wifyg;qkHBuD;? cef;0uqD;}} qdkwmudkom owd&rdawmh\/ olUtm; ausmfwufNyD; a&SUuae
vSnfhMunfhjyef\/ vlaumifBuD; BuD;oavmuf rsufESmu Ekonf/ oGm;u acg&onfhtxJ
a[m[Jvdkufatmif armaeojzifh oGm;rsm;rSm xif;aeatmif ay:aeavonf/ rsufESmudk
aoaocsmcsm Munfh&awmhrS olUtm; &kyf&SifxJrSm qdkufyuftjzpf jrifzl;onfudk owd&
avonf/
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onfae&mrSm ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;vnf; usif;ycJU\/ ausmif;om;rdbrsm;

tpnf;ta0;vnf; vkyfcJU\/ a&eHoydwfwyfrsm;udk qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg &efukef
wpf0dkuf&Sd tvkyform;oydwfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;í vkyfom;xk pnf;a0;yJGBuD;vnf; jzpfcJUNyD/
yJcl;? oxkH? om,m0wD ponfwkdUrS csDwufvmaom awmifolv,form;xkESifh t&yf&yfrS
vTwfvdkufaom awmifolv,form; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufaom yxrqkH; jynfvkH;
uRwf nDvmcHBuD;vnf; ac:cJUNyD/
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tpnf;ta0;rsm;\ txGwftxdyfESifh wlayonf/
vlwef;pm;aygif;pkH wufa&mufMu\/ tvkyform;? awmifolv,form;? ausmif;om;rsm;

tjyif a&SUaea&SU&yf? pma&;pmcsD? ukefonfyJGpm;? ausmif;q&m? ausmif;om;rdb ponfrsm;
vnf; wufa&mufMuavonf/ wdkUArm ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;udkomru nGefUaygif;tpkd;&ygwDrS EkwfxGufcJUMuaom trwftcsKdUudkvnf; awGU&
avonf/
- 302 -
uRefawmfwkdUonf þrQ rsm;jym;pnfum;vSaom vlxkudk a&S;u rjrifcJUzl;ay/ xkdUaMumifh

uRefawmfwkdUtm;vkH; wuf<uaeMuay\/ ]]ocifrsKd;a[h wkdUArm? olykef olykef xx?
tkyfcsKyfa&; zsufzsuf? ta&;awmfykH atmifygap}} paom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;um; qlnH
aeay\/
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vnf; udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;tjzpfjzifh wufa&muf&ayonf/
tpnf;ta0;wGif obmywdtjzpfjzifh ocifjr? twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifav;armifwdkUu

aqmif&Gufavonf/
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jyKvkyfay;tyfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya;[lorQudk uefUuGufavonf/ tqdkESpfrSm nGefUaygif;
tpdk;&udk jzKwfcs&efESifh aemufxyf b,folurQ &mxl;0ifr,lEkdifatmif vkyf&ef
jzpfavonf/ 4if;aemuf NAdwdoQukefypönf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmufa&;? tvkyform;
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rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef awmifolv,form;tpnf;t&kH;? tvkyform;or*¾?
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ ponfrsm;udk tvkyform;? awmifolv,form;ESifh ausmif;om;
wdkUonf tjyeftvSef tultnDay;í pnf;&kH;oGm;Mu&ef qkH;jzwfavonf/ trsKD;orD;rsm;
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vnf; pnf;&kH;&ef vuf&kH;wyfrsm;vnf; zJGU&efjzpfonf/
aemuftqkdwpf&yfrSm e,fcsJUpepfonf ppfjzpfapaMumif;? ArmjynfolwkdUonf e,fcsJU

pepfudk qefUusifa&;vkyfNyD; ppfudk wm;qD;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? e,fcsJUppfyGJjzpfvmum
e,fcsJUppfudk jynfwGif;ppfokdU ajymif;vkyfypf&rnfjzpfaMumif;? urÇmhypönf;rJUtm;vkH;\
tiftm;jzifh ypönf;rJUolykefBuD;jzpfatmif vkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif; nTefMum;avonf/
- 303 -
ao&nfao&ufESifh avmif;upm;ydwfyifa&;? toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ocifynma&; ponf

rsm;vnf; ygao;\/
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Munfhrdawmhonf/ rcifopfuav;um; tpnf;ta0;NyD;qkH;onftxd em;raxmifbJ jyef
oGm;[ef &Sdavonf/
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za,mif;wdkif ponfwdkUudk udkifaqmifvmaom usm;rysKdtkdwdkUonf at;aq;pGm vSnfUoGm;
aeMuavNyD/
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udk,faygufyif jzpf\/ okdU&mwGif qif,ifxkH;zJGUykHrSm rcifopfESifh vkH;0rwl/ rcifopfu
qHaxmufESifh? xkdoli,fru zJjym;BudK;pnf;xm;aom uspfqHNrD;ESifh/ rcifopfu tusÐ
cyfxlxl 0wfavh&Sdonf? xkdoli,fru tusÐyg;vTm y'kr®mESifh/
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trSefrSm uRefawmfwkdUonf A[ef;bufwefaqmif;odkU a&mufvkNyDjzpfí qif;Mu&awmhrnf/

A[ef;bufqif;í aumvdyfodkU bwfpfum;pD;Mu&rnf/ okdUaomf rcifopfwkdU om;trd[k
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aomtcg rcifopfwkdUom;trd r[kwfonfudk awGU&awmh uRefawmfhrSm &ifxJü [mceJ
jzpfoGm;NyD; yg;pyfuvnf; [D;ceJyif oufjyif;csrdygawmhonf/ udkat;aiGu NyKH;wkH;wkH;
vkyfNyD;-
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ao;\/ aemufrS jyefvSnfhum uRefawmfhaemufodkU ygvmcJUavonf/
A[ef;bufodkUqif;Mu&m uRefawmfwdkUa&SUwGif vlBuD;ESpfa,muf pum;wajymajymESifh

qif;aeonfudk awGU&avonf/ ESpfa,mufpvkH;rSm yifeDtusÐ? zsifMurf;vkHcsnfrsm;ESifhjzpfí
tBuD;rSm 0g;zwfOD;xkyfBuD;udk aqmif;xm;onf/ naeuapmif;? bk&m;apmif;wef;wGif
vnf; jzpfjyef&m 0g;zwfOD;xkyfBuD; aqmif;xm;jcif;rSm ocifjzpfaMumif; qdkif;bkwfwifjcif;
om jzpfonf[k xifp&m&Sdawmhonf/ ti,fum; acgif;0wfwefqmryg/ qHyifrSm
<uufodkufvkd zGmaeonf/
- 305 -
olwkdUonf pum;ajym&mwGif tvGeftuRH pdwfyg0ifpm;aeMuojzifh ayavm? aemufu

vlrsm; ygvmaomfvnf; *&krpdkuf ajymcsif&majymrnf[lí oabmxm;ojzifhayavm
rod&/ olwdkUajympum;rsm;udk uRefawmf Mum;ae&avonf/ uRefawmfwkdUuvnf;
ausmif;om;[laom pum;? ocif[laom pum;rsm;udk olwdkUxHrS rsm;rsm;Mum;ae&ojzifh
vkH;aphywfaphMum;&atmif em;pdkufrdavawmhonf/
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cHrSm r[kwfzl;/ ynmwwfuav;awGqdkawmh vwfvsm;vwfvsm;eJU NyD;rSmyJ}}
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trIaqmif wufvkyfMuwm raumif;bl;? pepfrusbl;/ bDatocifawGxJ usKyf trkef;qkH;
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udk,folvnf; odyftxifBuD;w,f? usKyfwdkU ocifvufa[mif;awGudkvnf; olu txif
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uav;awGavmufrS pnf;urf;r&Sdbl; bmnmeJU a0zefw,fqdk r[kwfvm;}}
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tawmfom;yJ? aygif;oif;qufqHa&; aumif;w,f? tvkyfvnf; odyfvkyfwmyJ}}
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r[kwfbl;/ uJ a&wm&Snfvrf;xJ 0ifMuOD;pdkU&JU? ocifrBuD; roef;Munfu 'DaeUnpm
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- 306 -
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wnfhwnfh avQmufcJUMuav\/
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xm;vdkufMuygpdkU}}
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ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; a&mufaeESifhMuNyDudk awGU&avonf/ olwdkUonf y&dkufAdwf
wuúpD arm&pfum;uav;wpfpD; iSm;xm;aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkUt&if a&mufESifhMujcif;
jzpfay\/
- 307 -
or*¾wkdufodkUa&mufNyD; tay:xyfodkU wufrnfjyKaeMupOf udkat;aiGu uRefawmfhykckH;udk

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ukef;avG;aeMuonf/ wpf0ufausmfpm;NyD;awmh udkat;aiGu qDayusHaeaom EIwfcrf;rsm;
udk vufokwfyg0gjzifh okwf&if; pum;pavonf/
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- 308 -
uRefawmfu atmifjrifaeonfudkom Mum;csifí qkH;&IH;onf[kqdkvQif em;raxmif0HUol

jzpfonf/ nDnGwfaeMuonfudkom Mum;csifí uGJvJGonfqdkvQif em;raxmif0HUoljzpfonf/
udkat;aiGu uGJvJGrIudk qufajymrSmudkyif pdk;&drfovdk &Sdaeonf/ xdkUaMumifh bmrQrajymbJ
xrif;udkom pm;aevdkufonf/ udkat;aiGu qufjyef\/
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om uefUowfNyD; ausmif;om;wkdufyJGawG qufoGm;zdkU vdkvm;Muw,f/ EdkifiHa&;wkdufyGJawG
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EkdifiHa&;wdkufyJGxJ ajcpkHypf0ifzkdU vdkvm;Muw,f? tjyif;xefqkH;uawmh ocifEkaygh/
wufbkef;BuD; udkodef;azuawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftrsm;eJU twlwlyJ/ ausmif;om;
awG taeeJU tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdufzsufa&; wdkufyGJ? NAdwdoQukef oydwfarSmufa&;wkdufyGJ pwJU
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uRefawmfum; tpu oabmuGJvJGrIqkdojzifh rMum;0HUovdk &SdcJUaomfvnf; udkat;aiG

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]]ausmif;om;awG[m oydwfjyefvSefzdkUawG? ynmjyefoifzdkUawG rpOf;pm;&awmhbJ ajcpkHypf

NyD; EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJxJ 0if&r,fqkdwm jzpfEdkifyghrvm; udkat;aiG}}
- 309 -
udkat;aiGum; tom;wkH;udk 0g;acsrNyD;ao;ojzifh NyD;atmif0g;NyD;aemufrS-
]]'guawmh 'Dta&;awmfykH[m b,fxdoGm;Mur,fqdkwmrSm wnfw,fudk,fhvl/ tqkH;owf

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]]ocifatmifqef;&JU oabmuawmh b,fvdkwJUvJAs}}
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]]tif; 'DjyóemawGudk uaeUn OuúXtcef;xJrSm ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdU&,f? ausmif;om;

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tcg-
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oabmwnf; wnDwnGwfwnf; &SdMu&if NyD;wmygyJ}}
uRefawmfwdkU xcJUMuonf/ tay:xyfrSm rD;awGxdefvif;aeavNyD/ vlawGvnf; wpfpkNyD;

wpfpk a&mufvm\/ &Spfem&DavmufwGif OuúXcef;ü ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdUESifh
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pnf;a0;Mu\/ azmfjyyg jyóemrsm;udk tawmfMum
aqG;aEG;Mu\/ wdkd;wdk;ajymvdkuf us,fus,fajymvdkuf at;at;avoH a'gyGyGavoH
tBudwfte,f jzpfMuonf/ nOfheufí vlpkomcJG&onf? wdusaomtajzum; ray:vm/
okdUaomf bmyJjzpfjzpf vuf&Sdtajctaet& wdkufyGJudkum; b,fenf;ESifhrQ &yfír&ao;/
vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk qufvufvkyfMu&rnfom jzpfayonf/ ta&;awmfykHonf pufukef
armif;aewkef; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh acgif;aqmifydkif;u oabmuGJvJGrIuav;rsm;onf
ta&;awmfykHvlxk vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;Mum;wGif ikHUvQKd;aecJUavonf/
- 310 -
30
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wpfcgwpfcgawmh uReffawmfonf vlawGMum; vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmae&jcif;wGif pdwfarmvlarm

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Mum;&onfrSm NiD;pDpDjzpfvmwwfavonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;ü vlxkESifha0;&m qdwfNidrf&mrSm
udk,fhbmom at;at;uav; aevkdufvdkayonf/ ,if;odkUqE´&Sdonfhtwdkif; wpfaeUaom
naeapmif;wGif qdwfNidrfaeaom wuúodkvfor*¾ pmMunfhcef;xJü wpfa,mufwnf; udk,fh
bmom at;at;aecGifh&av&m twdkif;rod yDwdjzpfaeavonf/ tawmfMumatmif
pmzwfí arGUavsmfaeavonf/
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Mum;vdkuf&ay&m uRefawmfh&ifwGif;rSm *Dwcvkyfudk ESdyfay;vdkufovdk &Sdayawmh\/
]]OMowGefoH omawmhrS aomwmyef r[max&fwkdUawmif? rqnfEdkif rsuf&nfpdkU&w,f?

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pmtkyfudkvTwfcsNyD; pmMunhfcef;awmifbuf 0&efwmodkU xGufvmcJUrdonf/
ywf0ef;usif opfyifawGudk armhfMunfhvkdufonf/ &Gufa[mif;awG wpf&Gufwav 0Jum0Jum

a<upjyKaeaomfvnf; &Gufopfa0zdkU a0;ao;onf/ t"dywdvrf;ay:u r&ef;yifrsm;qDodkU
vSrf;Munfhvdkufonf/ 0g0if;aeaom r&ef;oD;rSnfhrsm;udk rjrif&ao;/ OMowGefoHum;
apmvSao;onf/ udka&TOMo bmoabmESifh apmapmBuD; wGefaeygovJ/
- 311 -
wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;rBuD;udk txufrSatmuf? atmufrStxuf Munfhvdkufonf/

at;azsmhvmaom aea&mifjcnfonf rsOf;xlxlom;ovdk xif;ceJaeaom vrf;aMumif;BuD;
ay:wGif cyfa&;a&; rIef;jc,faeavonf/
]]AsKdUq&m}}
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]]AsKdU q&m vmygOD;As}}
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ydkydefaeonf[k xif&onf/ olUykqdk;rSm uRwfusawmhrvkd zdkoDzwfoD 0wfxm;onf/
uRefawmfu pmMunfhcef;xJ jyef0if&if;-
]]bmvJ udkodef;atmif}}
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wGif &Sdrnfxif&aom ta':BuD;wpfa,muf &yfaeavonf/ tom;jzLjzL t&yftarmif;
BuD;BuD;xGm;xGm; cHUnm;aom&kyfjzpfonf/ 0wfqifxm;ykHrSm yGJxdkifxGufvmovdkyif xif&
\/ MunfhygOD; acgif;ay:u bD;qHywfqHxkH;? xkdacwf xdktcgrSyif bD;qHywfawG &Sm;ukef
NyDjzpfí odyfrjrifrawGUEdkifNyDjzpf&m xdkta':BuD;\ bD;qHywfudk *&kpdkuf rMunfhbJ raeEdkif
- 312 -
acs/ pdkufxm;vdkufonfh pdefwD;? xdk;xm;vkdufonfh pdefqHxdk;? 0wfxm;vdkufonfh

ausmufeD ywÅjrm; vufaumuf? pkHcsxm;onfh y0g/
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ovdkvdkjzifh cef;0u &yfaeavonf/
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]]udkat;ausmfvnf; rtm;bl;? onfhjyifvnf; tm;Mur,fr[kwfbl;}}
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- 313 -
uRefawmfhrSm ta':BuD;tm;vnf; tm;em? vdkufvnf; rvdkufcsifojzihf udkodef;atmiftm;

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&onf/
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wtdtdqif;aeaom ta':BuD;udk aemufuMunfhNyD; vkyfvJUvkyfvD a&Tydk;wDwGefUovdk
qdkaom pum;udk owd&aerday\/
atmufa&mufaomtcg cHUnm;opfvGifaom AsLum;BuD;udk awGU&onf/ Adkvftdrfu

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onf um;wHcg;zGifhay;vsuf BudKaeavonf/ ta':BuD;u uRefawmfhtm; t&ifwufckdif;NyD;
olu aemufrSwufavonf/ '&dkifbmonf &kdaopGm um;wHcg;udk ydwfay;NyD;rS olUckHwGif
wufí armif;xGufavawmhonf/
tpawmh um;xJwGif xdkifckHrSxGufvmaom za,mif;eHUESifh om;a&eHUrsm;aMumifh touf&SL

usyfovdkvkd jzpfaeonf/ 'Dvkd um;aumif;um;cHUBuD;rsm;udk pD;aerusojzifh vnf;aumif;?
ta':BuD;ESifhvnf; pdrf;aeojzifhvnf;aumif; taeusLHU pdwftdkufaeavonf/ aemufawmh
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ajymavawmhonf/
]]tefwDhnDrudkrsm; rif;wdkUodrvm; rqkdEdkifbl;}}
- 314 -
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emrnfu b,fvkdac:ovJ}}
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vdrfhrnf/
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ywfuvdef;vrf; (ewfarmuf&dyfomvrf;) rSm aeMuavonf/
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qdkaom qdkif;bkwfuav;wpfck csdwfxm;onf/ NcHBuD;xJwGif yifapmufBuD; cyfrsm;rsm;r&Sd/
yef;yifawGom aygonf/ Ak'ö&PyifawG? ESif;qDyifawGESifh a'vD,myifrsm;udk txl;jyKí
pdkufxm;[ef&Sdayonf/ pdrf;vef;pdkjynfaom jrufcif;rsm;rSm aumfaZmpdrf;rsm; cif;xm;ovdk
&Sdayawmh\/
- 315 -
wdkufrSm wpfxyfwkdufuav;jzpfonf/ odkUaomf yg;yg;vTmvTmuav;r[kwf? xkxnf

aumif;aumif;ESifh us,f0ef;aom wdkufjzpfonf/
ay:wDudk (qif0if) atmufrSm um;xdk;&yfvdkufavonf/ uRefawmfuyif um;udkzGifhNyD;

t&ifqif;um ta':BuD;qif;Edkifatmif wHcg;udk udkifay;xm;vdkuf\/ ta':BuD;u
NyKH;vsuf-
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[efZm;yifeDtusÐwkdUjzifh oyf&yfpGm0wfqifxm;onf/ qHyifudk wpfywfvQKdxkH;xm;onf/
rsufESmrSm oeyfcg;a&usJ vdrf;xm;\/ touf&SLrSm;avmufatmif ysmysmovJ wHcg;zGifh
ay;onfh trlt&m? uRefawmfwdkUtm; &dkaoudkif;&Idif;onfh trlt&mrsm;aMumifhom tapcH
ruav; jzpfonf[k ,lq&awmhonf/
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ArmqefaomtvSudk aqmifojzifh xl;jcm;ae\/ ezl;rSm AsmygqHESifh Munfhaumif;rnfh
ezl;rsKd;/ "mwfykHudk aq;a&mifpkHxyfí jc,fxm;onf/
- 316 -
uRefawmfu "mwfykHrsm;udk pdkufMunfhaepOf ta':BuD;u aemufrSaeNyD;-
]]tefwDwdkU azazbk&m;ykHaygh? atmufuykHuawmh tefwDhnDr wifwifvSav}}
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pD;u&ufudk jyefxnfhaepOf-
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- 317 -
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ta':BuD;rSm y0gygrvmawmhacs/
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]]rrav;? a[m'gu armifwifxGef;wJU}} [k qkdum b,fwkef;u uRefawmfh aemufwGif

a&mufaeonf[k rod&aom rrav;qdkolESifh rdwfqufay;aeavonf/ uRefawmfonf
txdwfwvefU wtHUwMojzifh aemufvSnfhMunfhNyD; rwfwwf&yfvdkufonf/ rrav;qdkol
rdef;rBuD;onf t&yfvnf;&Snfonf/ rsufESmvnf;&Snfonf/ olUtaz&kyfESifh tawmf
qif\/ bD;qHywfudk aMumhaeatmif xkH;xm;aomfvnf; qHjzLyifrsm;udkum; ukefatmif
EkwfEdkif[efrwl/ *syefydk;tusÐ 0gvJUvJUESifh zJBuD;vkHcsnf a&nSda&mifudk 0wfxm;onf/
yef;ESifh vufudkify0gudk acgufNyD; tusÐ&ifzkH;Mum;rSm tvSty xdk;xm;onf/
pdefMu,foD;ESifh pdefem;uyfrsm;rSm awmufyvSay\/
rrav;onf qdkzmwpfckwGif 0ifxdkif&if;-
- 318 -
]]xdkifyguG,f xdkifyg}} [kajymvdkuf&m vlrrmtoHygaeonf[k uRefawmf tuJcwfvdkuf

rdonf/
uRefawmfu xdkifr,fvkyfwkef; vuf0Jbuftcef;rS rdef;rBuD;wpfa,muf? vuf,mbuf

cef;rS rdef;rBuD;wpfa,muf ESpfa,mufpvkH; NydKifwlwHcg;zGifhNyD; xGufvmMuonf/ wHcg;
rsm;rSm vkH;vkH;toHrjyKbJ yGifhvmMuonf/ olwkdUzdeyfrsm;onfvnf; zsyfceJ &SJceJrS
toHray;Mu/ olwdkUavQmufvmMuykHrSmvnf; ajcatmufMurf;jyif NydKusoGm;rSm pdk;&drfbd
onfhtvm; tomt,m wpfvSrf;NyD;wpfvSrf; vSrf;ívmMuonf/ ]ajcwpfvSrf; a&T
wpfoef;wefonf} ]eef;qefonf} qkdwmawG[m 'Dvkd[mawG xifyg&JU[k uRefawmf
qifjcifrdavonf/
ta':BuD;u rdwfqufay;jyefonf/
]]rrBuD;eJU rrvwfwdkUvnf; vmMuNyD? a[m'gu armifwifxGef;wJU}}
b,folu rrBuD;? b,folu rrvwf[k uRefawmf rcGJjcm;Edkifcif vuf0JbufrS0ifvmol

rdef;rBuD;u
]]aeaumif;yg&JUvm; armifwifxGef;}}
]]aeaumif;ygw,f cifAsm}}
vuf,mbufrS 0ifvmaom rdef;rBuD;uvnf; vkyfjyefonf/
]]aeaumif;yg&JUvm; armifwifxGef;}}
]]aeaumif;ygw,f cifAsm}}
- 319 -
vuf0JbufrSxGufvmol rdef;rBuD;onf bD;qHywf ykykao;ao;uav; xkH;xm;onf/

qHyifjzLrsm;udk qdk;xm;[ef&Sdonf/ ydk;wGefUvkHcsnf a,m*Da&mifESifh y'kr®mtusÐcyfxlxludk
0wfxm;onf/ vufwpfzufrSm y,if;ykwD;ESifh tjcm;vufwpfzufrSm jrvufaumuf
ESpfuGif;qifhí 0wfxm;onf/ vuf,mbufrSxGufvmaom rdef;rBuD;um; aiGjzLa&mif
qHyifrsm;udk uspfuspf0dkif; qHxkH;xkH;xm;onf/ w&kwfydk;zsiftusÐ? xm;0,fvkHcsnf
a&nSda&mifrsm;udk 0wfxm;onf/ olUvufu pdefvufpGyfBuD;rSm wzsyfzsyfawmufae\/
olwdkU toD;oD;xdkifrdMuaomtcg uRefawmfvnf; xdkifvdkufonf/ xdkaemuf pdwfxJrSm
olwdkUav;a,mufudk BuD;pOfi,fvdkuf pOfMunfhvdkufonf/ qHyifESifh qHxkH;rsm;udkrlwnfí
qHyifaiGa&mifudk uspfuspf0dkif;0dkif; aoQmifxkH;xm;olrSm tBuD;qkH;tysKdBuD; (0g) tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(1)? qHyifudkqdk;í bD;qHywfykykao;ao; xkH;xm;oludk tysKdBuD; eHygwf(2)?
qHyifjzLudk ukefatmifrEkwfEdkifbJ bD;qHywfBuD; tufuGJaeatmif xkH;xm;oltm; tysKdBuD;
eHygwf(3)? qHyifa&mifaumif;ao;í bD;qHywfBuD;wGif pdefbD;pdkuf? pdefqHxdk; xdk;xm;vsuf
uRefawmfhtm;vmac:ol ta':BuD;tm; tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4) ponfjzifh pOfxm;vkduf
ayonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)u pwifNyD; pum;qufjyefonf/
]]nDrti,fqkH; wifwifvSuawmh tdrfrSmr&Sdbl;? tvkyfudpöeJU oGm;ae&w,f/ xrif;pm;

tcsdefrD jyefEdkif&ifjyefcJUyghr,fwJU? rjyefEdkif&ifvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk
wifwifu csD;usL;aMumif; ajymvdkufygwJUuGJU}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)u 0ifí-
]]wifwifuav rif;wdkU}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(2)uvnf;-
]]wifwifuav rif;wdkU}}
- 320 -
ESpfa,mufNydKifwl pvdkufrdojzifh ESpfa,mufpvkH; &yfvdkufMuonf/ wpfa,muf

wpfa,muf MunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf twefMumrS eHygwf(3)u-
]]wifwifuav oefvsifbufrSm oydwfarSmufausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk &mZ0wftkyf

vkyfwJUvlu acG;eJUvdkufwdkufw,f qdkwmMum;NyD; odyfrcHr&yfEdkif jzpfaewm}}
eHygwf(4)u 0ifjyefonf/
]]tJ'g ausmif;om;rdbawGu &mZ0wf0efBuD; w&m;pGJxm;w,fqdk r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfum; eHygwf(4)tm; ajzqdk&ef yg;pyf[vdkufpOfwGifyif eHygwf(1)u ar;cGef;topf

xkwfvkdufonf/
]]tmPm&Sif armifvSa&Tudk &kH;rSm trIppfawmh armifwifxGef; oGm;em;axmifao;ovm;}}
]]ra&mufao;ygbl;cifAsm? rtm;wmeJU}}
,ckxd pum;rajym&&Smao;aom eHygwf(2)u-
]]armifvSa&Tu w&m;olBuD;vkyfwJU OD;zdk;pudkyJ oufaotjzpfeJU wifr,fqdkwm odyfcsufus

wmyJaemf}}
uRefawmfu olUvdkyif oabm&aMumif; ajymvdkufrnfjyifaepOf eHygwf(3)u 0ifvdkufjyef

onf/
]]OD;zdk;pqdkwm tefwDwkdU aumif;aumif;odwmaygh? azazbk&m;&Sdwkef;u olu NrdKUtkyfjzpfp

&Sdao;w,f}}
eHygwf(1)u toHcyfrmrmjzifh-
- 321 -
]][JU olu nGefUaygif;tpkd;&udk tuyfaumif;awmh ta&;ydkifjzpfvmwmaygh}}
eHygwf(3)u-
]]armifvSa&Tu a&SUae}}
eHygwf(4)u-
]]armifvSa&Tu a&SUae}}
olwdkUESpfa,muf NydKifwlajymrdMuojzifh wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ae&may;&ef BudK;pm;&if;

ESpfa,mufpvkH; &yfoGm;Mu&m uRefawmfu wufokwf0ifí-
]][kwfuJU? udkvSa&Tu a&SUaeriSm;ygbl;? oludk,fwdkif avQmufvJygw,f? odkUayr,fh

aemufwpfcgus&if ocifjreJU ocifbOD;wkdU vdkufMuygvdrhfr,f}}
eHygwf(2)u-
]]b,f ocifbOD;vJ}}
eHygwf(1)u-
]][dk ol&d, OD;vSaz&JU orufuav;xifyg&JU}}
olwkdUodwm uRefawmfrodjzpfaeí ai;pdkufíom em;axmifaerdonf/
eHygwf(4)u pum;pazmfjyefonf/
]]wuúodkvfausmif;q&mBuD;awGu ausmif;om;rdbrsm;qDudk ausmif;om;awG ausmif;jyef

vTwfrvTwf? ausmif;om;awG pmar;yGJ ajzrajz taMumif;jyef&r,fvdkU pmawGydkUawmh
- 322 -
ausmif;om; 1600 &SdwJUteuf 1155 a,mufu pmar;yJGajzr,fvdkU pmjyefw,fqdkwm

[kwfovm;}}
]]pmar;yJGrajzcsifvdkU oydwfarSmufwmrSr[kwfbJ/ 'Dawmh 'Dtar;'DtajzeJU ausmif;om;

ta&;awmfykHudk a&csdefwdkif;vdkU rjzpfEdkifygbl;cifAsm/ [kwfcsif[kwfr,f? r[kwfcsifaer,f?
odkUayr,fh}}
uRefawmfu okdUayr,fhESifhcsDNyD; ausmif;om;wkdU\ wuf<upnf;&kH;aeykHudk &Sif;vif;jy&ef

tm;,laepOf eHygwf(3)u-
wpfaeUu A[ef;rSm a'gufwmbarmf armfawmfum;udk ayxkyfeJUxkwm uHaumif;vkdU

vGwfoGm;w,faemf? olu 'Dhjyifum;pD;NyD; olUum;ay:rSm om;orD;awG wifvTwfw,f
qdkawmh om;orD;awG "m;pmcHvkyfwmeJU wlaew,f}}
eHygwf (3)onf xdkodkUvQif a'gufwmbarmf\ um;udk ayxkyfypfrIESifh ywfoufí

pum;yJGwGif vTrf;rdk;&ef BudK;pm;aeqJ eHygwf(2)u 0ifzsufvdkufavonf/
]]wifwifi,fa& ararhudkvnf; oGm;ac:OD;av}}
wifwifi,f[k tac:cH&olrSm tjcm;olr[kwf/ uRefawmfhtm;vmac:ol tysKdBuD;

eHygwf(4)aywnf;/ a':wifwifi,fonf xdktrdefUoHudk Mum;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf
aigufceJ xvkdufonf/ tysKdBuD;eHygwf(4)onf wpfcgrQ þrQoGufvufaom trlt&m
rjycJUzl;ao;/ ajcatmufuMur;fjyif NydKusrnfudk raMumufawmhaom trlt&m?
vkyfvJUvkyfvD r[kwfaomtrlt&mjzifh tcef;wpfckwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;avonf/
tm;vkH;aomtysKdBuD;rsm;onf nDvmcHyv’if oD[moea&SUü ]]bk&ifrif;jrwf xGufawmf

rlrnf? tm;vkH;wdwfap}} [laom aqmife&DrSL;oH Mum;vkduf&bdouJUodkU wdwfoGm;Mu
av\/ olwkdUonf olwkdUrdcif bk&ifrBuD;tvmudk apmifhpm;aeMu\/ ,if;odkU
wdwfqdwfpGm apmifhpm;aepOf uRefawmfonf [dk[dkonfonfawG;zdkU tcGifhta&;&ay\/
- 323 -
a&mufNyD; tysKdBuD;awGESifh pum;pajym&uwnf;u awG;awmcGifhr&/ tysKdBuD;rsm;onf

uRefawmfhtm; ttm;ray;? 0dkif;í war;wnf; ar;aecJUMuavonf/
tysKdBuD;eHygwf(1)ESifh (2)wkdU\ y,if;ykwD;rsm;onf pdwfzkdUvm;? tvS0wfxm;zdkUomvm;/

olwkdU\ pdefem;uyfBuD;rsm;udk b,ft&G,fxd 0wfMuavOD;rnfenf;/ onftysKdBuD;awGom
av;q,fausmfrS uHay:í vif&ukefMuvQif b,fvdkjzpfukefMurnfvJ/
odkUuvdk awGUu&maygufyef;aps; awG;aeqJ tysKdBuD; eHygwf(3)u cyf,dkU,dkU trlt&m?

cyftkyftkyf toHjzifh-
]]a[m ararbk&m; vmaeNyD}} [k aMunmvdkufavonf/
tysKdBuD;tm;vkH;ESifh uRefawmfwkdU\ rsufpdrsm;onf tbGm;BuD;bufodkU NydKifwla&GUoGm;Mu

avonf/
tbGm;BuD;um; touf80rsm; ausmfaeNyDvm;rqdkEdkif/ qGwfqGwfjzLaom a&mifaypl;uav;

atmufwGif tuGufvdkuf qHyifuRwfaeaom ae&mrsm;udk jrif&onf/ rsufESmta&rsm;rSm
yyfMum;tyfovdk wGefUvdyfaeMuNyD; rsufwGif;rSm tawmfa[mufaeojzifh ,if;rsufwGif;rsm;
txJü rsufpdtaumif;yuwdrS &Sdygao;oavm[k oHo,jzpfp&myif/ udk,fcE¨mwGif
tom; &Sdawmh[efrwl? t&dk;ay:ta&wifaeí ta&ay:taMumBuD;rsm;u awmifwef;BuD;
awGvdk pDwef;aeMuonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf oefU&Sif;oyf&yfpGm 0wfqifxm;\/ ydk;zJr[kwf/
vuf&ufcsnfvkHcsnf? zsiftusÐ&ifaph ponfwkdUjzpfonf/ olUvufxJwGif awmifa0S;
wpfacsmif;udk udkifxm;\/ okdUaomf awmifa0S;udkifaomfvnf; cg;vkH;0rudkif;onfudk
awGU&onf/ tm;vkH;aom olUorD;rsm;ESifhrwlyJ t&yfykonf/
tbGm;BuD;aemufrSm &yfaeonfh tysKdBuD; trSwf(4)u xdkif&mrSxum qD;BudKaeaom

uRefawmfhtm; &nfnTef;vsuf-
]]a[m'gyJ armifwifxGef;qkdwm? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifaygh ararbk&m;&JU}}
- 324 -
uRefawmfhrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif[k tac:cH&ojzifh ausmpdrfhoGm;ovdkvdk? rsufESm

xltrf;oGm;ovdkvkd jzpfrdavonf/
]]uRefawmfu acgif;aqmifrsm; udk,fpm;vm&wJU acgif;aqmifi,fuav; ygcifAsm}}
tr,fBuD;u uRefawmfha&SU ukvm;xdkifwpfckqDodkU vm&if;-
]]acgif;aqmifawGu bmjzpfvdkU rvdkufvmovJ? w&m;a[mxGuf&vdkU tvkyfrsm;ae

rSwfw,f}}
tbGm;BuD;\ toHum; &kyfESifhrvdkuf rmonf/ Munfvifjywfom;jcif;vnf; &Sdonf/
]]xdkif xdkif rif;u ti,fav;&Sdygao;uvm;}}
þvdkajymvdkufrS tbGm;BuD;\rsufpdonf taumif;yuwd &Sdygao;uvm;[k uRefawmfh

pdwfrSm aocsmoGm;awmhonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf ukvm;xdkifwGifxdkifonf/ awmifa0S;udk
udkifxm;aomfvnf; awmifa0S;rygbJvnf; oGm;Edkif vmEdkif xdkifEdkif xxdkifykH aygufonf/
tbGm;BuD;\ vufwpfzufonf awmifa0S;cg;v,fudk udkifxm;NyD; vufwpfzufu
ukvm;xdkif vufwifay: rSmwifxm;onf/
]][JUwifwifvS rvmao;bl;vm;}} [k tbGm;BuD;u olUorD;awGudk rMunfhbJ olUorD;rsm;

tm; ar;vdkuf&m eHygwf(4)ESifh (3)u NydKifwlajzvdkufMuonf/
]]vmr,fawmh ajymoGm;wmyJ? ckxd rvmao;bl;}}
]]rvmao;bl; bmjzpfvkdU aemufusaeovJ rodbl;}}
olwkdUajzonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf eHygwf(2)u-
]]rSmoGm;om;yJ aemufus&if aemufusr,fvdkU}}

- 325 -
eHygwf(4)u ]]tpnf;ta0;rsm; &SdaeNyDvm; rodbl;}}
odkUjzihf tysKdBuD; 4a,mufpvkH; wpfa,mufwpfcGef; nDrti,fqkH;ESifh ywfoufNyD; xifjrif

csufawG ay;aeMuav&m awmfawmfuav; qlnHvmavonf/ xkdtcg tbGm;BuD;u
awmifa0S;ESifh Murf;jyifudkacgufvdkufNyD; wdwfoGm;apavonf/ touf 40ausmf 50ausmf
60eD;yg; tysKdBuD;rsm;onf olwdkUtara&SUü 4-5-6ESpf t&G,f uav;rsm;vdk jyKrlvdkufMu
onf/ rsufpdoli,fuav;rsm;jzifh wpfa,mufwpfa,mufMunfhNyD; ,dkU,dkUuav; Nidrfae
vdkufMuonf/ xdkcPü ]]aMomf 'gaMumifhvnf; 'DtbGm;BuD;[m orD;5a,mufpvkH; ,ckxd
tysKdBuD;awGjzpfaeatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaywmudk;}} [laom todOmPfonf uRefawmfh
OD;aESmufxJrSm xGef;vif;ívmavonf/
tbGm;BuD;onf b,folUudkrQrMunfhbJ olUa&SUwnfhwnfhudkom aMumifai;MunfhNyD;-
]]ausmif;om;awG wpfckvkyfzkdUaumif;w,f}}
]]bmvkyfzkdU aumif;ygovJ cifAsm}}
]]tckaetcgrSm ausmif;om;awGudk wkdif;jynfu tm&kHpdkufNyD; av;pm;aewm rif;wkdU

ausmif;om;awGuom vkyf&if awmfawmfaumif;r,f/ &Siftm'dpö0Ho[m tifrwef
xufjrufwJU bkef;BuD;/ pmqdkvnf; udk,fhbmom pmayomru bmomjcm;vnf;
wwfw,f? ynmt&nftcsif; xufjrufoavmuf owÅdvnf;&Sdw,f? &ifxJrSm&Sdwmudk
&SdwJUtwkdif; tefxkwfjy&Jw,f? tusifhoDvqdkvnf; okóefxJrSm ausmif;xkdifwmudkyJ
Munfhawmhav/ tJ'Dvkd yk*¾dKvfwpfyg; oljrwfwpfa,mufudk yumoed,uH vkyfwm
w&m;oabmvm; [if}}
uRefawmfu udk,fem;rvnfaomta&;wGif bmrQrajymvdkojzifh qdwfqdwfaevdkufaom

tcg eHygwf(1)u olUtartm; axmufcHvkdufavonf/
]]b,fw&m;rSmvJ arar}}
- 326 -
]]at; rw&m;bl;? 'DudpörSm ausmif;om;awGu0ifNyD; rw&m;aMumif; uefUuGufajymqdkzdkU

aumif;w,f/ Munfhprf;ygOD;? b,fxd a&mifhwufvmMuovJqdk&if Mo0g'p&d,tzJGUrSm
&Siftm'dpöygaew,f/ 'gu b,folurSvnf; xkwfypfvkdU&wmr[kwfzl;? &Siftm'dpöuvnf;
xGufray;bl;/ tm*udk,fawmf? Munfhprf; b,favmuf owdÅ&SdovJqdkwm}}
tm;vkH;aomorD;rsm;u acgif;ndwfum axmufcHMuavonf/ uRefawmfum; acgif;vnf;

rndwf? acgif;vnf;r,rf;/ odkUaomf tbGm;BuD;onf uRefawmfhudk Munfhaeonfr[kwfí
uRefawmf\ Mum;aea&;udk odrnfr[kwfyg/
tbGm;BuD;onf olUbmomol qufajymjyef\/
]]tJ'Dvkd Mo0gp&d,tzJGUrSm qufraexdkufbl;vdkU wcsKdU qlylaeMuw,f/ &Siftm'dpöudk

xkwfypfEdkifbkdU w&m;pJG&r,fvkdU odrf;armifudk ajymaeMuw,f}}
eHygwf(4)u0ifí
]]tpdk;&a&SUaecsKyfBuD; OD;odrf;armifvm;arar}}
]]at;wpfcgwkef;u bkef;BuD;awGu axG;cHeJUaygufwJh bk&m;vlBuD; odrf;armifaygh}}
eHygwf(2)u-
]]aMomf aMomf 21-OD;ygwDEdkifiHa&;u ]ukodkvfwpfyJ i&Jwpfydóm} vdkU ajymqdk xGufoGm;NyD;

tpdk;&a&SUaeBuD; 0ifvkyfoGm;wJU OD;odrf;armifyJaygh}}
odkUjzifh tysKdBuD;(4)OD;u OD;odrf;armifonf awmolBuD;om;jzpfaMumif;? OD;odrf;armif\

ZeD;taMumif;? olwkdUazazbk&m;&SdpOfu tdrfb,fESacguf bmvkyfvmzl;aMumif; ponf
rsm;udk ajymqkdaeMujyef&m qlqlnHnH jzpfvmjyefav\/ tbGm;BuD;onf awmifa0S;ESifh
Murf;jyifudkacgufum Nidrfapjyefavonf/
- 327 -
tbGm;BuD;u uRefawmfhtm; nTef;í ajymjyef\/
]]tJ'Dvkd t&Siftm'dpötay:rSm rw&m;wmawG vkyfaewmudk ausmif;om;awGu 0if

uefUuGuf&if raumif;bl;vm; b,folwJU rif;emrnf}}
eHygwf(4)u 0ifaxmufonf/
]]armifwifxGef;}}
uRefawmfhrSm ra&Smifomawmhojzifh ajz&avonf/
]]uRefawmfawmh 'DudpörSm udk,frEdkifwJU jyóemjzpfaevdkU rajymwwfatmif jzpfaeygw,f

bGm;bGm;cifAsm? 'Dawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGa&SUrSm uRefawmfwifjyyghr,f}}
tbGm;BuD;onf rsm;pGm ESpfNcdKufoGm;[ef&Sdonf/ uRefawmfhbufodkU MunfhNyD;-
]]ajymvdkufyguG,f? rif;wdkUausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk? tbGm;u tifrwef tm;udk;

ygw,fvkdU/ r[kwfrcHpdwf&Sdolwkdif; ausmif;om;awGudk tm;udk;aewmyJ (orD;rsm;buf
vSnfhí) [JU [JU xrif;auR;Muawmhav}}
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)onf oGufvufpGmxNyD; aemufaz;taqmifodkU ul;oGm;um cPav;

aeawmh jyefvmavonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf olUudk,fol ikHUMunfhvdkufojzihf uRefawmfvnf;
vdkufMunfhrdonf/ onfawmhrS tbGm;BuD;\ &ifaphtusÐwGif tdwfaxmifuav; wyfxm;
onfudk owdjyKrd\/ tbGm;BuD;onf xdktdwfaxmifuav;xJodkU EIdwfprf;NyD; *Grf;axmifh
wpfaxmifhudk xkwf,lvdkufonf/ NyD;awmh olUem;ESpfzufxJodkUxnfhí ydwfqdkUvdkufonf/
þonfum; orD;rsm;tm; ajymcsif&majymMuawmh[k cGifhay;vdkufaom tcsuf[kyif
xifp&m&Sdonf/
- 328 -
orD;BuD;rsm;onf uRefawmfhtm; ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd;xkwfNyD; olwkdUbmom ajzonfhtcg

ajzonf/ [dktaMumif;ar;&mu onftaMumif; a&mufoGm;NyD; onftaMumif;ajymae&mrS
onftaMumif;xJu [kdvlonfvlawGtaMumif; a&mufoGm;avonf/ b,folUom;orD;udk
odovm;? olwdkU oydwfarSmufMuovm; paom uRefawmfESifhwdkuf&dkufqdkifaom ar;cGef;rS
aeí rkd;nSif;w&m;yGJudk a&mufzl;ovm;? ae&if; OD;aum0d'&JU yOöif;trBuD;taMumif;
odovm; paom uRefawmfESifhrqkdifonfh ar;cGef;rsm;txd a&mufavonf/ olwkdUuar;?
uRefawmfurajz? olwkdUbmomajz/ Mumawmh uRefawmfonf acG;aoaumifykyfudk usD;uef;
awG 0dkif;xdk;aeMuykHudkom ajy;í owd&rdawmhonf/ uRefawmfwnf;[laom rwkHUjyef
Edkifonfh acG;aoaumifykyfudk olwdkUwpfawGu ar;cGef;EIwfoD;rsm;jzifh 0dkif;xkd;aeMuonf
r[kwfygavm/
tapcHruav;u vmNyD; ]]xrif;yGJ tqifoifhjzpfygNyD}} qdkíom oufom&m&awmh\/
{nfhcef;\ aemufbufwGif uyfvsuf&Sdaom tcef;rSm xrif;pm;cef;jzpfawmh\/ opfvGif

aom pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wGif opfvGifawmufajymifaom ukvm;xkdifrsm;u 0dkif;&Hxm;avonf/
yef;uefjym;rsm;ay:wGif usqif; ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; waoG;warG;vSaeonf/
ZGef;cuf&if;rsm;ay:udk usqif;ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; rsufpdpl;aponf/ qDjyef
[if;ay: usqif;ta&mif[yfaeaom rD;a&mifum; qmavmifjcif;udk tm;ay;aeonf/
Akdvfqefonfh tcif;tusif;ESifh [if;rsm;udkMunfhNyD; tbGm;BuD;ESifh tysKdBuD;wkdUonf

t&G,ftdkMuoavmuf tcif;tusif;tpDtrHrsm;ü ysKdaomtjrif&SdMuonfwum;[k pOf;pm;
rdayonf/
tbGm;BuD;onf pm;yGJxdyfrSmxkdif\/ uRefawmfu tjcm;xdyfrSm xdkif&\/ tysKdBuD;

eHygwf(1)ESifh (3)onf uRefawmfh nmbufrSm xdkifí? eHygwf(2)ESifh (4)onf b,fbufrSm
xkdifavonf/ tbGm;BuD;um; uRefawmfwdkUpm;aom xrif;[if;udk rpm;? olUtwGuf
oD;oefUcsufjyKwfxm;aom vltdkpm [if;xrif;udk pm;onf/
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xrif;pm;&if; tbGm;BuD;onf pum;wpfcGef;rQrajym/ olUvltdkpmudkom at;at;oufom

pm;aeavonf/ tysKdBuD;rsm;um; tpm;taomufESifh ywfoufaom pum;rsm;udk ajymae
Mu\/ uRefawmfwdkU oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;ESifh a&eHajrtvkyform;awG b,fvkd
pm;MuaomufMuykHudk ar;jref;\/ olwdkUb,fwkef;u b,fq&mawmfudk tdrfrSm qGrf;zdwf
auR;ykH? b,folUudk npmpm;yJG cif;auR;ykHrsm;udk [if;trsKd;trnfESifhwuG ajymjyaeMu\/
xkdokdU xrif;pm;&if; olwdkUajymqdkaom pum;rsm; em;axmif&í tuJcwfrdonfrSm
olwdkUtdrfwGif a'gufwmwifwifvSom tvkyfvkyfí usefvltm;vkH;rSm tvkyfr&Sd? <u,f0
NyD; ypönf;udk xdkifpm;aeMuonf/
tvkyftudkifvkyfzkdU rvkdojzifhvnf;aumif;? yGJvrf;obif tjyifodyfrxGufaom tysKdBuD;

rsm;jzpfojzifh vnf;aumif; xif&Sm;olawG xrif;zdwfauR;jcif;ESifh bkef;BuD;qGrf;auR;jcif;
rSm olwdkU\0goem jzpfaeonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkd&aomf olwdkU\ NiD;aiGUzG,f
aumif;aomb0wGif 'D0goemvkyfrS oufom&m&ayvdrfhrnf/ onfvdkrSvnf; jyify
avmurS vlrsm;ESifh pum;ajym&ayvdrhfrnf/
xrif;pm;NyD;vQifNyD;csif; {nfhcef;ü tm;vkH;NidrfqdrfpGm xdkifaeMu&mu tm;vkH;u 0dkif;NyD;

tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)(0g) a':wifwifi,fudk Munfhí rsuf&dyfrsufjcnf jyvdkufMuonf/
a':wifwifi,fonf tcef;xJodkU0ifoGm;NyD; cPaevQif jyefvm\/ olUvufxJrSm
aiGpuúLrsm; ygvmavonf/ xkdaiGpuúLrsm;udk uRefawmfhvufokdUtyf&if;/
]]ararbk&m;u 20d? tefwDwkdU nDtpf5a,mufu wpfa,muf 15dpD? aygif; 95usyf?

ausmif;om;&efykHaiGudk vSLygw,f}}
uRefawmfu aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymvdkufonf/ a':wifwifi,fonf '&dkifbmudk

ac:vdkufonf/ tbGm;BuD;onf olUtcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;avonf/ uRefawmfhtm;
EIwfawmif qufroGm;/ olUoGm;awGudk wHylwHESifhwkdufaeNyD; tdyf&efudkom pdwful;ae
aomaMumifh EIwfrqufjcif; jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifayonf/
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tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)rSwpfyg; tm;vkH;aomtysKdBuD;rsm;onf wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf

uRefawmfhtm;EIwfqufNyD; olwkdUqdkif&m tcef;xJodkU tvQKdvQKd qdwfNidrfpGm0ifoGm;avonf/
wpftdrfvkH;onf uRefawmfvmpu awGU&ovdkyif Nidrfoufaejyefay\/ aemufrMumrD
tdrfa&SUrSm um;xkd;qdkufavonf/
tysKdBuD; eHygwf(4)u-
]]uJ oGm;aya&mh? ckvdkvmwm aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}
uRefawmfvnf; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymNyD;aemuf armfawmfum;ay:odkU wufcJUavonf/ /
- 331 -
31
eifvm;[JU "e&Sif
wuúodkvfor*¾wdkufodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg udkodef;atmifwdkUxHrS owif;xl;wpfckudk

Mum;&avonf/ txufvTwfawmftrwf olaX;OD;oGif? NrdKUrausmif;q&mBuD; OD;bvGif?
NAdwdoQbm;rm; OD;nGefU? yGJpm;BuD; OD;bdk;ajAmh paom NrdKUrdNrdKUz vlBuD;rsm;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk &atmif nGefUaygif;tpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;aeonf
qdkaom owif;jzpfay\/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk vlBuD;rsm;\ aphpyfcsufaMumifh

vdkufavsmrnf? rvdkufavsmrnf rodEdkifaomfvnf; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIudk ydkívkyfvmonf[k
qdk&ayrnf/ t&ifu atmufydkif;rsm;udkom zrf;\/ ,ck txufydkif;udk zrf;pjyKavNyD/
Zefe0g&Dv 10&ufaeU EdkifiHa&;uGefz&ifhBuD; NyD;vQifNyD;csif; aemufwpfaeUwGif ocifEktm;
zrf;qD;cJUí 14&ufaeUwGif wufbkef;BuD;udkodef;aztm; zrf;NyD;aemuf 23&ufaeU eHeufwGif
um; wdkUArm xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmif tm;vkH;udk odrf;usLH;zrf;vdkufavonf/ wkdUArm
tpnf;t&kH;BuD;onf vufeufudkifykefuef&ef a&Twd*kHrSm vufeufawGpkaeMuNyD[k owif;
vTifhum Xmersm;udkvnf;aumif;? ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\ tdrfudkvnf;aumif;? ykvdyfESifh
ppfwyfrsm; wufa&muf&SmazGavonf/ eHeuf 5em&DwGif &efukefykvdyfrif;BuD; trSL;jyKaom
ppfykvdyfwyfzJGUonf zdeyfrcRwfbJ a&Twd*kH&ifjyifay:odkU wufum armfvNrdKifZ&yfudk
0dkif;vsuf ocifoef;xGef;? xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD; ociftmp&? ocifatmifqef;?
ocifvSaomif; (bwfpfum;acgif;aqmif)? ocifat;Munf? ocifoif? ocifvSapm
(aygif;wnf)? ocifxGef;pdefESifh ocifbomwkdUudk zrf;avonf/ wdkufyf&dkufwm? pm&Guf
pmwrf;ESifh zdkifwGJrsm;udkvnf; odrf;,loGm;avonf/
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdtm;vnf; olUaetdrfrS zrf;qD;oGm;avonf/
- 332 -
odkUjzifh ta&;awmfykH\ acgif;aqmifrIwpfckvkH;udk ,drf;yg;oGm;atmif e,fcsJUorm;ESifh

nGefUaygif;tpdk;&wdkUu wpfxpfwufí BuHpnftm;xkwfvkdufjyefNyD/
odkUaomf-
wpfAdkvfus wpfAdkvfwuf/
'kwd,OuúX ocifvSabmfu OuúX xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;ae&m/
ocifav;armifu 'kwd,OuúXae&m/
ocifwifarmifBuD;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ae&m/
ocifjrodef;? ocifausmfodef;? ociftkef;jrifh? ocifcifarmif ponfwdkUuvnf; ae&m

toD;oD;wGif tpm;xdk;vkdufMuavonf/
0dkiftrfbDat ocifwifonf wkdUArmoDcsif;udk oDukH;pyfqdkum wkdUArmrsm;\ Edk;Mum;

vmaom ]wdkUArm} todESifh ]ocif} pdwf"mwfudk xif[yfazmfjycJUavonf/ 1300 jynfhESpf
uRefawmfwkdU ta&;awmfykH\ ypönf;rJU vlxktod? "e&Sife,fcsJU qefUusifa&;tjrifESifh
ckcHwGef;vSefa&; pdwf"mwfudkum; '*kHq&mwif odkUr[kwf '*kHocifwifonf ]eifvm;[JU
"e&Sif} oDcsif;jzifh xif[yfazmfjyvdkufayonf/
trsKd;? wkdUArmuGJU? udk;&mrJUawGtoG,foG,f? aiG*kPf&Sif"eajcz0g;?

wkdUrsm;udkuG,f.....? eif;xm;Muawmhw,f? (jynfydkifrif;Oya'awGeJUnSOf;?
"e&Sifudkawmhyif;? t&if;cHtaMumif;&,f? twGif;OmPfraumif;w,f)2/
ukefa&mif;vmMu? avmbaZmawGjc,fvS,f? tqDawGpm;um tom;awG
rsKdvdkUuG,f? tusefawG t&dk;awGa0w,f? rao&kH [yf&avaygh wu,f/
- 333 -
(rnSmay Mumavzdw,f)/ ('gaMumifh oydwfawGudk vufudkif&SdMu

w,f)
(ig;Muif;qD ig;Muif;aMumfonfhES,f/ wdkUajrBuD;0,f? wkdUudkpD;um;

&if;ESD;olwkdU&,f)? eifvm;[JU? eifvm;[JU? a,musmf;bom;
ukyfaoG;pkyfwm wkdUrcHw,f? urÇm&ef eifhOmPfodayghuG,f)
(rnSmay Mumavzdavw,f? 'gaMumifh oydwfawGudk vufudkif

&SdMuw,f)
(a,musmf;bom;? eifvm;[JU "e&Sif&,f? tm;pGr;fjrifapr,f/

vlrsm;pkae&mrSm pGmus,fus,f? e,fcsJUolawG csKd;ESdrfavrSuG,f)2/
jrefrmjynf0,f? BuHwmvDq,f/ ]]wdkU&JU}} jrefrmjynf0,f?
xifwdkif;jc,fvS,f? zdESdyfavawmhw,f? vkdtifqE´<u,f/
(rnSmay Mumavzdw,f? 'gaMumifh oydwfawGudk vufudkif&SdMu w,f/)
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUESifh vufyg;ap nGefUaygif;tpdk;&wkdUu zdESdyfMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdU tvkyform; awmifolv,form; ausmif;om;ESifh NrdKUae vkyfpm;udkifpm;

vltrsm;u ckcHwkdufckdufMuonf/ oydwfawGarSmufMuonf/ qE´jyMuonf/
olwkdUu bGwfzdeyfBuD;awG rcRwfbJ a&Twd*kHukef;awmfay:wufí wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;

tvkyftrIaqmif vlBuD;rsm;udk zrf;onf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH; acgif;aqmifrsm;zrf;aom
tjypfomru bk&m;ay: bGwfzdeyfpD;wufum bmomudkapmfum;aom tjypfvnf;
usL;vGef jyefavonf/
wpfjynfvkH;&Sd Armtaygif;uvnf; Nrdwfuae jrpfBuD;em;txd/
- 334 -
]]wdkUArmacgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;NyD; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;udk rw&m;oif;aMunmzdkU vkyfBuH

aeNyD/ azmfxkwfuefUuGufMu}} [k vnf;aumif;?
]]bmomudk apmfum;aeMujyefNyD? ikHUcHraeMuESifh}} [k vnf;aumif; wyfvSefUvIHUaqmfum

uefUuGuf pnf;&kH;Muavonf/
twGif;0efBuD;rsm;&kH; ausmif;om;rsm;0dkif;pOf ykvdyf&dkufwkef;uwpfcsD? ,ckwcsD? jynfvkH;

uRwf uefUuGufqEŃyyGJrsm; ay:vmcJUjyefavonf/
,ckwpfBudrf nGefUaygif;tpdk;&ESifh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUwkdUu ydkítMurf;zufum ESdyfuGyfvm

onf/ rsuf&nf,dkAkH;? ykvdyfeHygwfwkwf ponfwkdUudkomru aoewfESifh vSHpGyfudkyg
wGifwGifBuD; okH;vmavonf/
odkUaomf vlxkurl tMurf;rzuf? tMurf;zuf&ef olwkdUvdk vufeufcJ,rf;r&Sd/ tEkenf;

&SdorQudkom a&vJESifhokH;NyD; ckcHwGef;vSef&avonf/ vlxktEkenf;um; xkxnf ydkBuD;vm
onf/ ydkípGefUpm;vmonf/ &kH;0dkif;? *gwf0dkif;? axmif0dkif;/
oefvsifwGif ukvm; Arm tvkyform; 600 ausmfu qE´jycsDwuf&m ykvdyfu &kdufNyD;

vlpkcJGonf/ &efukef? ykZGefawmifXmeudk t&yfolt&yfom;wkdU 0dkif;&m ykvdyfrsm;u
rsuf&nf,dkAkH; azgufcJG&kHru wkwfESifhvnf; 0if&dkufum vlpkcGJonf/
tmvHwGif ocifacgif;aqmifESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk zrf;oGm;&m vlxku *gwfudk0dkif;NyD;

vTwf&ef awmif;qdkonf/ ykvdyfu jrif;ESifh0ifwkduf? eHygwfwkwfESifh &dkufcJG? aemuf
aoewfESifhypf&m vl 50 'Pf&m&í? udkbzdk;qkdolrSm BuD;rm;aom aoewf'Pf&mjzifh
aoqkH;oGm;&avonf/ 0dkif;Muaom vlxkxJwGif pwD;qDpufrS rdef;rtvkyform;rsm; yg&m
jrif;cGmESifh teif;cH&ojzifh arhajrmaeMuavonf/ vlpkcJGNyD;aemuf tzrf;cH&aom pwD;
tvkyform; ig;a,muftm; e,fydkifOD;azonf yk'fr 143 t& ppfaq;NyD; axmif 3 v
csvdkuf\/ trIppfNyD; o&ufaxmifodkU ydkUonftxd aygif;ESpfem&Dom Mumav&m 2 ESpf
- 335 -
Mumatmif ppfavh&Sdaom tjcm;trIrsm;ESifh uGmvSay\/ e,fcsJUt*Fvdyftm; wdkuf&dkuf

xdaom tjypfayudk;/ w&m;rif;wkdU vufoGufayrSmaygh/
jrif;NcHwGif ocifrrsm;u vlxk 5000 \ a&SUrSaeí *gwfudk0dkif;vsuf a&eHacsmif;wGif

tcGefxrf;orm; 2000ausmfu e,fydkif0efaxmuftdrfudk 0dkif;avonf/ armfvNrdKifwGif
ocifoef;ESifh ocifAapmwkdUtm; zrf;oGm;&m acsmif;qkH? rk'kH? a&;ESifh armfvNrdKifrS vlxk
wyfBuD;av;wyf csDwufNyD; axmifudk 0dkif;Muavonf/
ppfom;ESifh ppfykvdyfwkdUum; ppfumv &efolEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHodkU a&mufaebdouJUodkU jyKrl

Mu\/ ppfom;rsm;vdkufygaom rD;owfpufudk cJESifhaygufygonf qdkNyD; ykZGefawmifaps;
teD;&Sd ykZGefawmif pwkd;qkdifwGif;odkU ppfom;rsm;0ifNyD; qdkif&Sifudk vSHpGyfESifhxkd;avonf/
odrfBuD;aps;wGif ykvdyfu vlwpfa,muftm; zrf;&m vlxk0dkif;wm;Muonf/ ppfwyfu
vSHpGyfjzifh vdkufxdk;avonf/ nqdkvQif &efukefNrdKUay:ü ppfwyfrsm; vkH;0rif;rlaeMu\/
&dyfceJjrifvQif vSrf;ypfwwfavonf/
olwdkUbufu þrQtMurf;zufaepOf uRefawmfwkdUbufu vufeufudkifpJGrIrygaom vlxk

wkdufyGJrsm;jzifhom wkHUjyef&avonf/ vufeufudkifpGJaom vlxkwkdufyGJqifEGJ&ef tajcr&Sd[k
,lqxm;Muayonf/ xkdUaMumifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ aMunmcsufrsm;wGifaomf
vnf;aumif;? wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;\ rdefUcGef;rsm;üvnf;aumif;?
tMurf;rzufESifh [laom pum;udk tNrJvdkvkd xnfhoGif;azmfjyaeMuay\/ odkUESifhvnf;
tMurf;zufjcif;udk rSefrSefBuD; usL;vGefaeaom e,fcsJUorm;ESifh nGefUaygif;tpdk;&onf
tMurf;zuf&ef BuHpnfygonf [k vnf;aumif;? vIHUaqmfygonf [k vnf;aumif; olcdk;u
vlyg [pfaeavonf/
tMurf;zufNyD; tpdk;&tm; jyefvSefU&ef tMurf;udkif ajcmufvSefUa&;orm;wpfpk &SdaeNyD

[kum; odEdkifay\/ &efukefNrdKUv,faumifwGif a'gufwmbarmf\ armfawmfum;udk ayxkyf
ESifh xkcJUonf/ e,l;tdufq,fvfpD,m; &kyf&Sif&kHa&SUESifh ykvdyf&kH;BuD;wGif AkH;azmufcJGcJUav
onf/ xkdolwkdUum; rnfolrsm;jzpfMuonf[k uRefawmfwkdUrodcJU/ odvQifvnf; olwkdU
vkyfief; rSm;aMumif;? olwkdUvkyfief;aMumifh e,fcsJUESifh nGefUaygif;tm; bmrQt&mrxifapbJ
- 336 -
olckd;vuf "m;&dk;urf;ovkdom jzpfaeaMumif; ajymqkdí tMurf;udkif ajcmufvSefUa&;0g'udk

wkdufzsufMurnf jzpfavonf/
vufeufrudkif? tMurf;rzufaom vlxkwdkufyGJrsm;um; qufvufay:aygufaeay\/
ta&;awmfykHwdkufyGJrsm;wGif ryg0ifao;? <uif;usefaeao;aom vlxktpdwftydkif;rsm;onf

yGJ0ifvmavonf/
&efukefwGif 0rf;qGJq&mrrsm;u tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk uefUuGufMu

avonf/
&efukefNrdKUvkH;uRwf trsKd;orD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk a':oufpku OuúX? rcifjr

(cifrsKd;cspf)u twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfjzifh ac:qdkusif;yNyD; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIuefUuGufjcif;? Armh
vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkjcif; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfavonf/
tpdk;&u ppfwyfESifh ykvdyfrsm;okH;pJG&ef bwfpfum;rsm; iSm;aomtcg Armydkif bwfpfum;

rsm;u rvkdufbJaeMu&m tpdk;&u bwfpfum;rsm;udk tpdk;&u tvdk&SdvQif riSm;bJrae&
[laom ta&;ay:Oya'wpf&yf xkwfavonf/ xkdtcg bwfpfum;ydkif&Sifrsm; yg0ifvmum
bwfpfum;oydwf arSmufMuav\/ bwfpfum;oydwfwm;&if; ajy;aeaombwfpfum;a&SU
rdrdudk,fudk,f ypfvSJolrsm;yif ay:vmcJUay\/
rkH&Gmc&dkif ulawmf&Gmü &Gmaygif; 36&GmrS awmifolv,form; 1500 ausmfwdkU pnf;a0;NyD;

tcGefawmf avQmhaygha&;? a&TUqdkif;a&;ESifh avQmfypfa&;rsm;udk awmif;qkdMuonf/ rkH&GmodkU
tiftm;jy csDwuf&efvnf; qkH;jzwfMu\/
jrif;NcHc&dkif? ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKUe,f? pwdrf;&GmrSm vl 200 ausmf pnf;a0;NyD; tcGefawmf

avQmhaygha&;? a&TUqdkif;a&;ESifh avQmfypfa&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkMuonf/ 4if;jyif ]]a<u;NrDESifh
"e&SifwkdU\ ab;rSvGwf&ef trawmfaMu;aiG wpfOD;vQif 100 usyf xufrenf; 3 ESpfqdkif;
jzifh acs;&ef}} awmif;qdkMuonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;ü rMumrDu axmifrSvGwfvmaom
- 337 -
&mZ0wfrItusOf;orm; udkxGef;OD; qdkolu ]],ck udkatmifausmfaojcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;

tzrf;cHjcif;? ocifrsm; epfemcHjcif;rsm;onf qif;&Jom ;tusKd;twGufom jzpfaMumif;}}
a[majymavonf/
MunfhygOD;/ &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefonfqkdNyD; olUtm; axmifcsxm;cJUonf/ axmifxJrSm

EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtaMumif; Mum;cJU&onf/ EdkifiHa&;w&m; emcJU&onf/ axmifu
vGwfí &Gmjyefaomtcg awmifolv,form;wkdU\ wkdufyGJrsm;udk pnf;&kH;avNyD/
ta&;awmfykH vIyf&Sm;rIum; qDvkdtayguf&Smí awmBudKawmifMum; aus;&Gmrsm;odkUyif
a&mufcJUavNyD/
þodkUaom tajctaewGif 'kwd,tBudrf jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;vTwfawmfudk

ac:cJUavonf/
NrdKUrausmif;om;vTwfawmf usif;y&mXmejzpfay\/
&efukefwuúodkvfESifh &efukefNrdKU t*FvdyfjrefrmESifh jrefrmpmoif ausmif;aygif;pkHrS udk,fpm;

vS,frsm;tjyif NrdKUe,faygif; 124 e,frS ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufMuav
onf/
wufa&mufMuaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f tm;vkH;onf oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;? qE´jy

csDwufyGJrsm;? *gwf? axmif0dkif;í tusyfudkif ta&;qkdyGJrsm;rS wufvmcJUMuolwkdU jzpf&m
ta&;awmfykHaoG;jzihf wuf<uaeMuonf/ wkdufyGJt&yf&yf? tawGUtBuKH trsKd;rsK;drS
oifcef;pm,l&ef pdwftm;xufoefaeMuonf/ b,fawmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif pl;pdkufí wdkufyGJ
qif&rnfudk qef;ppfa&G;cs,fMurnf/ a&SUvkyfief;pOfudk jywfjywfom;om; csrSwfvdkufMu
onf/
tpnf;ta0;udk q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u zGifh\/ q&mBuD;\ rdefU>rufpum;rSm

&dkufESufzdESdyfjcif; trsKd;rsKd;udk cHae&aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oludk,fwdkifcHpm;&ovdk
emMunf;aom t"dyÜm,f ]]e,fcsJUt*FvdyfESifh &SL;wkdufwdkif; udkufwJU acG;rom; nGefUaygif;
- 338 -
tpdk;& aumif}} awG tay: a'golykefjzpfaom t"dyÜm,f? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tEdkifrcH

t&IH;ray;bJ qufvufwdkufcdkufap&ef tm;ay;onfht"dyÜm,fudk aqmifavonf/ odkUaomf
uRefawmfonf q&mBuD; xdkrdefUcGef;udk ajymaepOfwpfavQmufvkH; q&mBuD;\ rsufESmonf
wnfNidrfaeonf/ q&mBuD;\ toHonf at;csKdaeonfudk txl;owdjyKvkdufrday\/
udkvSa&Tonf tmrcHjzifh axmifrSvGwfvmaomfvnf; tpnf;ta0;wGif OuúXtjzpfjzifh

raqmif&Guf/ rlvtpDtpOftwkdif; udkodef;atmifu OuúXtjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;?
udkat;ausmfu twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufavonf/
tpnf;ta0; pvQifpcsif; udkat;ausmfu &efukefaxmifwGif;rS xdyfwifudk,fawmfBuD;?

'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? udkEk(ocifEk)? udkode;faz (wufbkef;BuD; ocifodef;az) polwkdU a&;om;
ay;ydkUaompmudk zwfjyavonf/
wef;vsm; eHygwf(7)
&efukefaxmifBuD;
30. 1. 39
&JabmfwkdU-
ausmif;om;? tvkyform;ESifh awmifolv,form;wkdU aoG;pnf;Muavmh

[laom a<u;aMumfoHjzifh igwdkUonf ta&;awmfykHBuD; twGif;odkU 0ifcJU
Mu\/ xdka<u;aMumfoHudk vdkufemNyD; vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh oif&JabmfwkdU
onf t&dkufcH&NyD/ axmifwef; tcscH&NyD/ nSOf;yef;jcif;trsKd;rsKd; cH&NyD/
odkUaomf &JabmfwkdUonf xdka<u;aMumfoHudk [pfa<u;í aemufrwGefUbJ
csDwufvQif igwdkU\ ta&;awmfykH atmifjrifonfudk awGUvdkuf&rnf
jzpfownf;/
- 339 -
axmifwGif;&Jabmfrsm;
qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf-1 rSm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;ESifh qdkifonf/ zrf;xm;aom EdkifiHa&; tusOf;

orm;rsm;udk vTwfypf&ef? ta&;awmfykHvkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí w&m;pGJxm;onfrsm;udk
&kyfodrf;&efESifh jynfolUvGwfvyfrIrsm;udk csKyfcs,faomOya'rsm;udk &kyfodrf;&efwkdU jzpfav
onf/
qkH;jzwfcsuf trSwf-2 rSm ausmif;om;wkdUtm; ausmif;jyefwufaomtcg ta&;awmfykHwGif

yg0ifcJUjcif;twGuf tjypf,ljcif; rjyK&efESifh pmar;yGJrsm;udk ausmif;jyefwufNyD; 3vMumrS
usif;y&ef jzpfavonf/
þqkH;jzwfcsufudk MunfhvQif ausmif;om;rsm;onf xm0pOf oydwfarSmufxm;&ef r&G,f/

oifhavsmfaomtcsdefwGif ausmif;jyefwufNyD; pmayavhvmMurnf qdkonfudk jyayonf/
aemuf tqkdwpf&yfrSm twGif;0efBuD;rsm;&kH; ywf0ef;usifwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ykvdyfu

&dkufESufvlpkcGJjcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; pkHprf;&ef ausmif;om;or*¾u oabmwlaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;
ygonfh ckHorm"dtzGJU cefUay;&ef awmif;qdkavonf/
aemufqkH; qkH;jzwfcsufrSm 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&;(0g) 1935ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH tkyfcsKyfa&;

Oya't& wnfaxmif pcef;oGm;aeaom t*FvdyfnGefUaygif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wkdufzsuf&ef
tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfavonf/
(1) nGefUaygif;tpdk;& (0g) a'gufwmbarmf acgif;aqmifaom 0efBuD;tzGJU EkwfxGuf&rnf/

4if;ae&mwGif b,ftrwfurQ wufNyD; tpdk;&tzGJUrzJGU&/
(2) trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;xGef;um;NyD; NAdwdoQpD;yGm;a&; NydKysufapjcif;iSm trsKd;om;qkdifrsm;udk

tma;y;&ef wdkif;&if;jzpf ukefypönf;rsm;udkom okH;pJGMu&rnf/
(3) rokH;rjzpfonfh ukefrsm;rSvGJí t*Fvefjzpf ukefypönf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&rnf/
- 340 -
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tvkyftrIaqmiftzJGUu oydwfarSmuf&efjzpfaom

NAdwdoQukefypönf;rsm; pm&if;udk jyKvkyf&ef jzpfayonf/
þonfum; 91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdkufzsuf&ef EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vufeufrsm;

jzpfay\/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfodkU wufa&mufvmMuaom tjcm;ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;

tzdkUawmh uRefawmfrajymEdkif/ uRefawmfhtzkdUawmh 91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdaom ArmjynfwGif
t*FvdyfwdkU rif;rlBuD;pdk;aeaom tkyfcsKyfa&; taqmufttkHudk wkdkufzsuf&ef csrSwfvdkuf
aom EdkifiHa&;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif ,kHMunfrIrjyif;xefvSyg/ a'gufwmbarmf
wkdUu &mxl;rSxGufay;rnf[k rarQmfvihfEdkif/ olwdkUu xGufay;OD;awmh? tjcm;trwfrsm;u
olUae&mwufNyD; &mxl;r,lygbl;[k tmrrcHEdkif/ NAdwdoQukefrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&mrSm
vnf; odyfxda&mufrnfrxifay/ NAdwdoQvkyf txnftvdyf? pD;u&uf? qyfjym ponf
avmufudk oydwfarSmuf&kHjzifh Armjynfudk NAdwdoQ pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrI raysmufysuf
Edkif/ ysufEdkifyghrvm;? NAdwdoQ\ pD;yGm;a&; vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIrSm þukefypönf;rsm;rSm
r[kwf/ qefpyg;? uRef;opf? a&eH? ow¬K? rD;oabFm? rD;&xm;? bPfwdkuf ponfwkdUrSm
jzpfonf/
þodkUaom tkyfcsKyfa&; wkdufzsuf&ef EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vufeufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí

ausmif;om;vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;wGifum; tjiif;ryGm;Mu/ tjcm; tpnf;ta0;rsm;
rSmvnf; tjiif;ryGm;Mu/ tjiif;yGm;ívnf; rjzpfEdkif/ vufeufudkif qifETJEdkifaom vlxk
wdkufyGJtqifhodkU roGm;EdkiforQawmh þvdkvkyfief;awGom vkyfp&m&Sdawmhonf r[kwfyg
avm/
tpnf;ta0;jyifyrSmum; tawmftjiif;yGm;avonf/ uRefawmfwkdU tcsif;csif;omru

ocifEkESifhwuGaom wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;acgif;aqmif ociftcsKdUu wpfzuf? udkodef;az?
ocifvSaz polwdkUuwpfzuf tjyif;txef jiif;ckHMuavonf/ ocifEkESifh ocifacgif;
aqmiftcsKdUum; tdE´d,uGef*&ufESifh *E´D0g'udk erlemxm;MuaMumif;? uvuwÅm;jyefrsm;
jzpfaom udkodef;azESifh ocifvSazwkdkUu tdE´d,jynf uGefjrLepfygwD\ 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk
- 341 -
erlem a&SUaqmifvrf;jyxm;aMumif; xdkjiif;ckHyGJrsm;rS uRefawmfwkdU Mum;od&dyfrd&avonf/

wpfcgu wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm; or*¾wkdufrSm tcef;ydwftpnf;ta0; wpfck&Sd&m
ausmif;om;rsm;tjyif ocifEk? ocifvSazESifh udkodef;azwdkU wufa&mufMuavonf/
91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; ysufatmif b,fenf;eJU wdkufrvJqdkaom jyóemay:vm&if; tjiif;yGm;
Mu&m ocifEku NAdwdoQukefypönf; oydwfarSmufa&;? trwfrsm; &mxll;r,la&;rsm;udk
axmufcHajymqkdí udkodef;azu xdkvufeufrsm;onf rxda&mufaMumif; ajymqdkav&m
ocifEku ]]'gjzifh rif;wdkUu bmvkyfrvJ}} [k aigufqwfqwfjzifh udkodef;aztm; ar;vkduf
avonf/ udkodef;azu ]]uRefawmfwkdU ArmjynfrSm ckbmvkyfMurvJ qkdwmuawmh tck
aqG;aEG;aeMuwmyJ? tdE´d,uGefjrLepfygwDuawmh}} [k tpcsDNyD; 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
tdE´,tm; NydKifwlay;vkdufaom tdE´d,tkyfcsKyfa&; (1935) Oya'udk wdkufzsuf&ef csrSwf
xm;aom tdE´d,uGefjrLepfygwD\ 0g'vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajymaeavonf/
olU&Sif;vif;csufrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;wGif trwftrsm;pk&xm;aom tdE´d, trsKd;om;
uGef*&ufonf jynfe,ftpdk;rsm;zGJUNyD; v,form;? tvkyform; wdkUtm; avmavmq,f
oufomacsmifcsda&;? tcGeftwkwfrsm; avQmhaygha&; oD;pm;c avQmhaygha&;rsm; vkyfay;&
rnf/ tvkyform;? v,form;wkdU\ ajrydkifqefUusifa&;? t*Fvdyf"e&Sif qefUusifa&;
wdkufyGJrsm;ESifh tvkyform;? v,form; pnf;&kH;a&;rsm; vG,fulap&ef jynfolU tcGifht
a&;rsm; ay;&rnf ponfrsm;ygav&m ocifEkonf twefMumai;NyD; em;axmifae&mu
udkodef;aztm; rsufcGufaphaphMunfhNyD;-
]]a[h a[h uGef*&ufu jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJUawG zJGU&r,f [kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,f zGJU&r,f}}
]]'gjzifh &mxl;vufcHcdkif;wmayghav? jzpf&avuGm avmurSm uGefjrLepfawGu tkyfcsKyfa&;

oydwfarSmuf&mrSm a&SUqkH;u yg&r,fhtpm; jynfe,ftpdk;&awG tzJGUckdkif;aew,f? &mxl;
vufcHbdkU wdkufwGef;aew,f}}
- 342 -
udkodef;azu tdE´d,uGefjrLepfawGu &mxl;vufcHcdkif;onfrSm nGefUaygif;tpdk;& &mxl;

vufcHenf;rsKd; r[kwfaMumif;? vlxkwkdufyGJawG BuD;xGm;apatmif vkyf&efomjzpfaMumif;
&Sif;aeao;\/ ocifEku MumMumem;raxmifbJ-
]]awmfuGm awmf? 'Dykqkd;0wf 'Dacs;ygrSmyJ? igtxifBuD;wJU rif;uGefjrLepfawGu &mxl;

vufcHcGifhjyKwm igtHUMow,f}}
ocifEkonf tawmfyif a'gazmif;ae[ef&Sdonf/ ukvm;xdkifudk pm;yJGausmay;NyD; jyef

cif;vsuf tpnf;ta0;tm; ausmay;xdkifum-
]]a[h wdkUuawmh &mxl;oydwfarSmufa&;yJuG? NAdwdoQukef oydwfarSmufa&;? wdkif;&if;jzpf

ukef tm;ay;a&;yJuG? aemufxyf &IyfraeeJU awmfNyD}}
ocifEkonf aemufxyf pum;rajymawmhacs/ olrsm;ajymwm em;axmifraxmifawmh rod/

udkodef;azurl at;at;yif? olajymvdk&m qufajymaeavonf/ xdkaeUnu aqG;aEG;yGJ
omjzpf\/ wpfpkHwpf&m,wdjywf rqkH;jzwfay/ udkodef;az ajymNyD;aomtcg tjcm;vlrsm;
ajymMuonf/ ocifEkum; tpnf;ta0;NyD;onfhtxd bmrQrajymbJ ausmay;íom xkdif
onf/ tpnf;ta0; NyD;aomtcgürlum; ikHUpma&;aeaom udkodef;az\ yckH;udkykwfvsuf-
]]vma[h jyefMupdkU igtdyfcsifNyD}} [k ac:avonf/ udkodef;azuvnf; uysmu,mxí

olUaemufu vdkufoGm;onf/ ocifvSazu olwdkUESpfa,muftm; tayguf0rS BudKNyD;
vdkufoGm;onf/ olwdkUokH;OD;onf twlwlaeMuolawG jzpfavonf/ þtjzpftysufum;
olwdkU axmifrusrDuav;rS jzpf\/
- 343 -
32
axmifuszdkU tvSnfhay;yg
udkvSa&Tu axmifuvGwfvmNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfESifh pum;aumif;pGm rajym&

ao;acs/ axmifxJu tajctaersm;ESifh axmifxJrSaeí ocifEk? ocifpHxGef;vS?
udkodef;azESifh udkvSa&TwdkU wdkifyifNyD; a'gufwmbarmftm; axmifodkUac:um aphpyf
aqG;aEG;MuykHrsm;udk udkvSa&TxHrS Mum;vdkonf/ uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm r&Sif;vif;onfrsm;udk
ar;jref;vdkonf/ okdUaomf ausmif;om;vTwfawmf usif;yaeonfhtwGif; olvnf;rtm;
uRefawmfvnf;rtm; jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfNyD;onfh aemufwpfaeUnaewGif NrdKUrrSaeí paumhaps; e*g;eDodkU

vrf;avQmufoGm;Muonf/
udkvSa&Tu uRefawmfhtm; axmifxJrSm olwdkUwpfawG aeMuxdkifMuykH? tpm;taomuf

pDrHcsufjyKwfMuykH? pmzwfMuykH? axmiftmPmydkifawGESifh wdkufyJGqifMuykHrsm;udk ajymjy
avonf/
]]axmifxJ udk,fwdkUaewJUwef;vsm;rSm 'efUovGefyifawG&Sdw,f/ &JabmfawGu 'efUovGef

&Guf[if;csKd aomufcsifw,fqdkawmh udk,fu csufwmudk;/ udk,fwdkU zsmykHom;awGu
iHjym&nf aumif;aumif;? ykpGefajcmuf aumif;aumif; okH;aeusqkdawmh iHjym&nfaumif;eJU
ykpGefajcmufaumif; r&EdkifwJU axmifxJrSm cufwmaygh/ 'Dawmh [if;csKdatmif b,fvdk
vkyfvJ odovm;}}
]]qdkprf;ygOD;Asm}}
udkvSa&Tu tm;&yg;&&,f&if;-
- 344 -
]]oMum;xnfhcsufwmaygh armif&if&JU [m; [m;}}
]]pmzwfMuykHuaum}}
]]axmifxJudk rmhufpf0g' pmtkyfawG oGif;vmw,f/ zdk;odef;az oGif;wmyJ/ axmifrSL;awGudk

b,fvdkNzD;w,fawmh rodbl;/ oleJUudk,feJU wpfa,mufwpfvSnfh zwfjy&Sif;jy vkyfwm
vnf; &Sdw,f? aemuf zdk;atmifqef;wdkU ocifoef;xGef;wkdU a&mufvmMuawmh 0dkif;NyD;
aqG;aEG; avhvmMuwmawGvnf; &Sdw,f}}
]]ocifEkaum}}
]]oluawmh ykwD;pdyfvdkU odyfZdrfawGUaewmaygh? [J [J pmvnf;zwfygw,f}}
]]udkvSa&T 'Dwpfcgawmh uRefawmfhudk wpfvSnfhay;ygOD;}}
þodkU awmif;yefvdkufaom uRefawmfhtoHrSm rlrSef[efrwl/ aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aom cHpm;rI

onf toHrSm *,uf&dkufae[ef wlonf/ NyKH;NzJNzJvkyfaeaom udkvSa&Tonf rsufESm
wnfoGm;NyD;-
]]armif&ifhudk bmwpfvSnfhay;&rSmvJ}}
]]uRefawmf axmifwpfcguscsifw,f? ckawmh uRefawmfhrSm axmifuszl;wJU*kPfvnf; r&Sdbl;?

axmifuszl;wJU tawGUtBuKH A[kokwvnf; r&bl;}}
]][m; [m;}} udkvSa&Tu xkH;pHtwkdif; tm;&yg;& &,fypfvdkufonf/ NyD;awmh rsufESmydk;

owfvdkufNyD;-
]]usKyfu armif&ifhudk axmifcsEdkif&atmif qmay:xGef;rS r[kwfbJ? axmifqdkwm csol&SdrS

uswm armif&if}}
- 345 -
]][kwfygw,f? cifAsm;wkdUu axmifrcsEkdifygbl;? odkUayr,fh axmifusEdkifapr,fh wm0efudk

ay;Edkifw,f/ tckawmh ta&;awmfykHpuwnf;u uRefawmfhudk axmifusEkdifapr,fh wm0ef
wrif ray;bJxm;w,f? 'gaMumifh wpfvSnfh uRefawmfhay;ygOD; udkvSa&T&,f}}
]]tm;vkH;axmifusukef&if cufrSmaygh? rif;wdkUvdk axmifrusbJeJU aemufuvkyfaewJU

vkyfom;&JabmfawG&SdvdkU wdkUta&;awmfykHBuD; aqmf'ga&ykvif;rjzpfwmaygh udk,fhvl&JU}}
]]EdkU 'DaeUyJ axmifwGif; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH; tvkyftrIaqmiftzJGUu aMunmcsuf wpfck

xkwfw,fr[kwfvm;/ od*FkwÅ&ukef;wGif wyfpJGvsuf&SdMuaom oydwfwyfom; 7000 ausmf
&efukefaxmiftwGif;odkU tm;vkH; 0ifMuonfhtcgudk igwdkU apmifhpm;arQmfvifhaeMu\/
wpfjynfvkH;&Sd axmifBuD; 8 axmif? axmifuav; 24 axmif? aygif; 32 axmifudk jynfhvQH
tufuJGxGufoGm;atmif igwdkUwpfawG tpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf xkBuD;xnfBuD;ESifh 0ifMu&
rnfwJU/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfvnf; axmifxJ0ifzkdU wpfvSnfhcGifhawmif;wm bmrSm;ovJ
udkvSa&T}}
]]'Dvdk 'Dvdk? ckaMunmcsufu vltrsm;twGuf &Jaq;xdk;ay;wm/ vlawG[m t&ifuqdk&if

axmifusrSm aMumufaew,fr[kwfvm;? tckawmh wdkif;jynftwGufqdk&if axmifudk
&,fwmayghtaysmhxifw,f qdkwm jyvdkufwmyJ/ axmifBuD;eJU ajcmufvSefUaewJU t*FvdyfeJU
nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk raMumufbl;uGvdkU ajymvdkufwmyJ/ tjyifrSm tvkyfvkyfr,fhvl r&Sd&if
b,fjzpfrSmvJ/ 'Dawmh wpfvSnfhrSray;yg&apeJU udk,fhvl}}
]]cifAsm;xGufvmykH ajymprf;ygOD;}}
]]tmrcHay;NyD; xGufvmwmaygh/ tck udk,fwdkUudkzrf;wJU &efukefta&;ay:vkHNcKHa&;Oya'u

aiG 200d wef tmrcHay;&if vGwfEdkifwmyJ/ 'DtcGifhta&;udk ,lwmaygh/ 'grS tjyifrSm
vkyfp&m&SdwmawG vkyf&rSmudk;/ udkodef;azawmif eufjzefoefbuf tmrcHeJU xGufvmyg
vdrfhr,f? olUudk tmrcHzdkU ajcvsifudktkH;cifeJU jrefrmhaeUpOfukdxGef;pdefwdkUudk ajymxm;w,f/
udkBuD;Ek udkvnf; tmrcHeJUxkwfMurSmyJ? 'Dhjyif wdkUArmacgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; tmrcHeJU
xkwfMurSmyJ}}
- 346 -
axmifht&omudk cHpm;&zdkU uRefawmfhrSm tvm;tvmr&SdawmhNyD/
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aphpyfzdkUvdkw,fvdkU uRefawmf oabmraygufbl;Asm}}
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rvdkufavsmapcsifbl;? 'grS barmfjyKwfusr,fvdkU wGufwmudk;/ wdkUu wkdUawmif;qdkcsuf
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tacsmiform; EdkifiHa&;wGufudef;rsKd;eJU vkyfaewmrSr[kwfbJ/ aphpyfa&;qdkwmu ppfwdkuf
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]]rvmygbl;? olu axmifydkif&kH;cef;xJrSm aew,f? NyD;awmh udk,fwdkUudk ac:awGUw,f}}
]]olu bmawGajymovJAs}}
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olrvdkufavsmEdkifwJUtaMumif;? (Law and Order) eJU ywfouf&if bk&ifcHuom tmPm
ydkifwJUtaMumif;? zrf;qD;xm;wJU EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk bk&ifcHoabmrwlbJ rvTwfEdkif?
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIOya'awG olr&kyfodrf;Edkifbl;qdkwJUtaMumif;awG oluajymw,f/ t*Fvdyfudk
olvnf; tvdkr&Sdygbl;? 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk olvnf;rBudKufbl;vdkU ajymao;w,f?
'Dawmh xGufvdkuf&if a&SUavQmufNyD; EdkifiHa&; £ajEé&&vkyfoGm;Edkifw,f/ cifAsm;u &mxl;
pGefUvTwfEdkifw,fqdkwJU owÅd&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkU[m wdkif;jynfbufuvlawGygvdkU wpmpm
atmfaewJU twkduftcH*dkPf;u trwfrsm;[mvnf; &mxl;,lEdkifzkdU odyfcJ,Of;oGm;rSmyJ/
'DaemuftJ'Dvkd toHukef[pfaeMuwJUtrwfrsm; &mxl;r,lEdkifatmifvnf; usKyfwdkUqufNyD;
BudK;pm;r,fvkdU udk,fwkdUuajymMuw,f/ 'gayrJU a'gufwmbarmfu olxGuf&if twkduf
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- 347 -
rusao;bl;wJU? ppfjzpfvmawmhr,fwJU/ tJ'Dh ppftwGif;usawmh csufaumif;&rSmygwJU?

acgif;at;at;xm;NyD; tcGifhaumif;udk apmifhMuprf;ygwJU/ 'DvdkeJUyJ udk,fwdkUaphpyfa&;[m
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]]bmrS awmif;qdkcsufawG r&bl;ayghaemf}}
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qdkifodkU 0ifMuav\/ udkxGef;tkefonf qkdif0rS&yfvsuf qD;BudKvsuf&Sd\/ olUrsufESmrSm
tNyKH;tjynfhESifh/
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udkxGef;tkefu udkvSa&Ttm;-
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w,fAs}}
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udkvSa&Tuyif-
- 348 -
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- 349 -
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- 350 -
33
tif;vsm;uRef;qG,frS {nfhcHyGJ
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(H.G.Well) onf azazmf0g&Dv 1&ufaeUü bkHabNrdKUrS &efukefodkU qdkufa&mufrnfh
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avonf/
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aeavonf/ azazmf0g&Dv 2&ufaeU nae 4em&DwGif wuúodkvfbkwfuvyfü rpöwm
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q&mrsm;tzJGUESifh vli,fowif;pmq&mrsm; tzGJUwkdUjzpfavonf/
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Mu\/ olUtaMumif; bmrQrodbl; xm;OD;awmh/ olU BuD;aomemrnfaMumifhyif olUtm;
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OmPfudk vGifhysHapavonf/ vGifhysH&aom pdwful;OmPfwGif t&omawGUvSay\/
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ajym&aomf pdwful;jzifh &l;Edkifatmif zefwD;ay;Edkifjcif;onfyif xl;cRefaom t&nftcsif;
jzpfonf[k xif&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh rpöwm 0Jvfpfudk MunfndK\/ av;pm;\/ awGUjrif
vdk\/
- 351 -
odkUuvdk awGUvdkjrifvdkaeqJ axmifrSxGufvmNyD;pjzpfaom wufbkef;BuD; udkodef;azu

uRefawmfvnf; xkd{nfhcHyGJudk wufEdkif&ef zefwD;ay;avonf/ uRefawmfonf pma&;q&m
r[kwfapumrl pmtawmfrsm;rsm; a&;ae&onf/ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI owif;rsm;udk
owif;pmrsm;odkU a&;ydkU&\/ wpf&Hwpfcg or*¾aMunmcsufrsm;udk a&;om;&\/
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udkodef;azESifhtwl xnfhvdkufavonf/
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ajymav&m-
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r&SdMu/ ausmif;aqmifa&SUu uHUaumfESifh r&ef;yifrsm;atmufwGif t&Gufajcmufrsm;onf
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uGufceJ owd&rdavonf/ ajcmufaoGUaeaom tif;vsm;aqmifBuD;udk MunfhNyD; vGrf;qGwf
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oabmrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;jzpfonf/
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wpfckrSr0if&[k qdkMuonf/ onf0g'udkum; uREkfyfrBudKuf/ tNrJwrf; uefUuGufrnf
jzpfavonf/ xkdolwkdU\ t,ltqt& pma&;q&monf awmifxdyfodkUwufí ajrjyifü
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- 353 -
pma&;q&mwkdUonf vlUavmutxufwGifaeí vlESifhewfaygif;pyfíjzpfaom vlujym;rsm;

toGif aeapcsifavonf/
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- 354 -
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- 355 -
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twefMumrS jznf;jznf;ESifh cyftkyftkyf-
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- 356 -
rpöwm0Jvfpfonf uRefawmfwdkUpm;yGJqDodkU a&mufrvmao;rD ai;arQmfMunfh&if; uRefawmfu

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- 357 -
xdktwGif; rpöwm 0Jvfpf uRefawmfwdkUpm;yJGodkU a&mufvmavonf/
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]]ol[m Armjynf&JU rmwifvlomyJ}}
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- 358 -
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aygufvmavonf/
- 359 -
35
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aMumifh-
- 360 -
]]onfhjyif&Hk oGm;MuygpdkUAsm? oydwfwyfaygif;csKyf owif;um;ygaew,fqkdawmh uRefawmf

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]]'Dvdkarhxm;vdkUvnf; r&ao;bl; udk,fhvl? awm&Jwd&pmäefawGeJU wmZHum; oGm;Munfh

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Mobm cPcP ay;Muaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf pdwftm;wuf<u vmMuayonf/
aysmf&TifjrL;wl; vmMuayonf/
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tdyf&mrSmvSJí bD'Dudk rSdef;aeMu\/ aqmif;u rukefwwfao;í cyfat;at;&Sdaomfvnf;
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- 361 -
uRefawmf-
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- 362 -
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- 363 -
]]uJ-ck tpmiwfcHNyD;NyD/ tpuawmh &yfzkdUawmif cyfcufcufyJ? ckawmh vlBuD;rdbawGu

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- 364 -
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- 365 -
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- 366 -
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- 367 -
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- 368 -
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- 369 -
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- 370 -
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- 371 -
36
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ay;&ef BuH&G,faeonf/
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- 372 -
bk&ifcHu Oya'jyKvTwfawmfudk ac:ay;onf/ OD;apmu nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tay:wGif

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tpdk;&tm; atmhESvkH;emaeMu\/ jzKwfcsvdkMu\/
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- 373 -
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- 374 -
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- 375 -
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- 376 -
aqmif&Guf&efomjzpfaMumif; ajymavonf/ olUpum;rSm nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tjzpfjzifh

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qdkvdk&m a&mufayonf/ aemufqkH;wGif a'gufwmbarmfu twdkuftcH trwfrsm;onf
aemif tpdk;&zJGUpnf;aomtcg rdrdxuf uHaumif;Muygap[k qkawmif;oGm;avonf/
rJcGJaomtcg t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqdkbufrS rJ 70ay;NyD; tpdk;&bufrS 37rJom &ojzihf
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;avonf/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;aomtcg wpfwdkif;jynfvkH; aysmf&TifoGm;ayonf/ oufjyif;cs

NyD; cPrQ oufomaeEdkifayonf/
okdUaomf pdwfat;vufat;jzpfNyD; tm;xkwfrI ravQmhEdkifao;acs/ ESpfeHygwf w&m;cHom

usqkH;jcif;jzpfNyD; wpfeHygwfw&m;cH rusqkH;ao;/
xkdUaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJUtaeESifh aMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefvdkuf

ayonf/
]]nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusaomfvnf; igwdkUawmif;qdkcsuf r&ao;?

&atmif vkyf&OD;rnf/
igwdkU aoG;pnf;wdkufyJG0ifvdkU usqkH;onf? okdUaomf xyfNyD; aoG;pnf;Mu

&OD;rnf}}
vSa&T (16? 2? 39)
]]igwdkU trIaqmiftzJGU\ pdwfoabmxm;onfum; nGefUaygif;tzGJUudk

,ckvdk jzKwfcsvdkuf&kHESifh wdkif;jynf\ &efoltppfudk Edkifeif;vdkufNyD[k
r,lq? pifppfrSmum; nGefUaygif;tpdk;&tzJGUonf wdkif;jynf&efolppf\
om;aumifrQom jzpfay\/ &efoltppfum; 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;yif
jzpf\/}}
- 377 -
trIaqmiftzGJUu tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qufvufwdkufzsuf&ef aqmfMo\/ 4if;aemuf &mxl;iwf

trwfrsm;udk owday;\/ vlxku uefUuGufygvsuf &mxl;ZGwf,lvQif ]odrnf} [k
owday;\/
wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;u aMunmcsufwGif-
]]91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;onfom &efol/
&mxl;vufrcHa&;? yxrtqifh/
aemufNyD;awmh &mxl;vufrcHa&;udk vufeufozG,ftokH;jyKí

tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdkufzsufNyD; oumv t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJqEáy;í
wifajrSmufonfh jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,frsm; ygaom (uGefpwDMuL;,ifh
tqifAvD) wdkif;jynfEdkifiHjyKvTwfawmf zGJUpnf;um udk,fhrif; udk,fhcsif;
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þum; ta&;awmfykHudk acgif;aqmifaeaom tzJGUtpnf;rsm;\ nTefMum;csufaywnf;/
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;NyD[k qdkaomowif;onf tif;pdefNrdKUodkU naeydkif;wGif

a&mufoGm;avonf/ xkdtcg tif;pdef tpdk;&ausmif;oydwf? tif*sifeD,mausmif; oydwfESifh
pOfhilpGyfus,fpufoydwfwdkU yl;aygif;um NrdKUwGif;rSm csDwufatmifyGJvSnfhMuavonf/
naeapmif;rSaeí vSnfhMu&m n10em&DavmufwGif tif;pdefaxmifBuD;ab;rS pkNyD; atmf[pf

Muonf/ a<u;aMumfoHrsm; atmfMuonf/ tjyifrS w&m;a[mMuavonf/
twefMumaomtcg txl;wef;rS vlESpfa,mufonf axmifaxmifh wHwdkif;twGif;

axmifeH&Hay: wufvmMuonfudk tjyifrSvlxkonf jrifMu&onf/ odkUaomf jrif&kHjzifh
vlcJGí rodEdkifMuacs/ xdkolESpfOD;u w&m;a[maomtcgrS ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;
- 378 -
or*¾ twGif;a&;rSL; udkAaqGESifh ocifxdef0if;wkdU jzpfaMumif; toHjzihf rSef;qrdMu

avonf/
]]&JabmfwdkU.... nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfuswm[m 0rf;omtm;&p&mygyJ?

okdUayr,fh aemufwufrnfh pm;cGufvkrnfh rsKd;zsuf trwfrsm;udk
ausmif;om;eJU tvkyform; yl;aygif;apmifhMunfhNyD; &mxl;qdkwJU
pm;cGufqDudk 0if[yfcsifwJ UtrwfawG&JUEIwfoD;udk &dkufzdkUwm0ef
&Sdao;w,f/ cktcsdefrSm vkyfief;wm0efrNyD;ao;bl;? rEÅav;tmZmenf
rsm;udk &ufpufpGm owfypfwJUtwGuf nGefUaygif;jyKwf&kHeJU rauseyf
Edkifao;bl;? oydwfrsm; pdwfrat;Edkifao;bl;? nGefUaygif;jyKwfuswm[m
oydwfarSmuform;rsm;twGuf avSum; 3-xpf rSm wpfxpfom
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qufcsDwufMu}}
þum; axmifwGif;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;\ toHaywnf;/
a&SUquf xrf;&Gufp&mwm0efawG b,favmufrsm;aeae nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusonfh

twGufawmh uRefawmfwkdUtm;vkH; &ifayghoGm;ovdk jzpfrdMuayao;onf/ ]&yfem;}
raeEdkifMuao;onfhwdkifatmif ]vpf} xGufoGm;um ]oufom} aerdayvdrfhrnf/ rjrifhOD;ESifh
twlwl NrdKUxJxGufí vnfywfrdayvdrhfrnf/ &kyf&SifMunfhayvdrfhrnf/ cspf&dyfcspfaiGU
ruif;aompum;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;wGif rxdwxd upm;aysmfyg;rdvdrfhrnf/ ckawmh rjrifhOD;
um; uRefawmfvufvSrf;rSD&m olU&yfXmerSm zcif\ t&dyftm0goudk cdkvIHvsuf olUpmay
wGifom arGUvsuf&Sdaeonf/ uRefawmfwdkUta&;awmfykHudkrS tm&kH0ifao;ygap/ uRefawmfh
udkrS owd&ygavp/
rjrifhOD; jyefoGm;onfrSm rMumvSao;ay/ odkUaomf uRefawmfhxHodkU pmuav;wpfapmif

awmh a&;xdkufonf/ pma&;vQifvnf; a&mufvmxdkufayNyD/
- 379 -
nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfusNyD; aemufwpfaeU naeapmif;wGif uRefawmfonf urm&Gwf

aetdrfodkU jyefoGm;avonf/ urm&Gwf tazmftaygif;rsm;Mum;wGif ]oufom} ae&ef
jzpfonf/ xdkUjyif rjrifhOD;xHrS pmrsm; a&mufaernfavm/ odkUr[kwf rdbrsm;xHrS pmrsm;
owif;rsm; a&mufaernfavm/ odkUaomf trSeftwdkif;qdkaomf rdbxHrSpmudk rBudKqdkyg/
rawmifhwyg/ tazonf uRefawmhftm; ta&;awmfykHwyfom; vkyfaejcif;twGuf jypfwif
armif;rJjcif; jyKaompmrSwpfyg; tjcm;a&;p&m taMumif;r&Sdyg/
urm&GwftdrfodkU a&mufaomtcg pmwpfapmifrQ a&mufaeonfudk rawGU&/
udk<u,fESifh OD;av;jrifhwdkUtm; tqifoifhyifawGU&onf/
waygif;vaumif;uifum; MunfvifvSonf/ taemufbuf rdk;ukyfpuf0dkif; tay:pyfwGif

um; yg;vTmaom wdrfawmifuav;rsm;onf w&dyf&dyfvGifhaeonf/ xdk wdrfawmifuav;
rsm;qDodkU wa&GUa&GU usqif;aeNyDjzpfaom aerif;onf 0goJUoJU a&mifjcnfrsm;udk
vTwfvsuf aeavonf/ 0goJUoJUa&mifjcnfrsm;wGif &GufopfwkdUonf ydkopfaeí
zufzl;a&miftpdrf;jzifh vufaeMuavonf/ uRefawmfwkdUtdrf 0J,mab;ESpfzufwGif
tkyfudkif;aeMuaom pdefyef;yifrsm;um; eD&JawmufypGm yGifhaeMu\/
xkd&Icif;ESifh xdk&Icif;ywf0ef;usifMum;rS tm;&Sdyg;&Sd yGifhvif;vSaom tNyKH;jzifh qD;BudK

EIwfqufvdkufMuaom OD;av;jrifhESifh udk<u,fwkdUtm; jrifvdkuf&aomtcg armvmoludk
zefjymcGufESifhausmufpufa& qD;wkdufvdkufbdouJUodkU &Sdaomfvnf; ta&;awmfykH wkdufyGJ
rsm;ESifh tqufjywfum ta&;awmfykH a<u;aMumfoHrsm; rMum;&Edkifaom axmifhwpfaxmifh
odkU a&mufvmonfxifrSwfp&myif jzpfawmhonf/ tdrf0if;xJ0if0ifcsif; pdwfudk ]oufom}
xm;vdkufonf/ pdwfudk ]oufom} vdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf EGrf;e,faom udk,fudk
owd&vmavonf/ tdyfaeustdyf&may: ypfvJSvdkufrnf/ acgif;u ,m;vmonf/
qHyifnSyf&rnf/ wpfudk,fvkH; eHapmfvmonf/ a&pdrfí csKd;vdkufrnf/
]]b,fhES,fvJarmifwifxGef;? aemuftpdk;&udk b,folzJGUrSmwJUvJ}} [k OD;jrifhu qD;ar;onf/
- 380 -
]]ausmif;om;awG ta&;aumuG armifwifxGef;&? awmif;qdkcsufawG &yghrvm;}} [k

udk<u,fu qifhvdkufjyefonf/
uRefawmfu 'DudpöawG cParhxm;vdkufcsifonf/ olwkdU odcsifaZmESifh ar;aeMuaomfvnf;

uRefawmfu 'DudpöawG rajymcsif/ ]]aeprf;ygOD;Asm? uRefawmf tarmajzvdkufprf;yg&apOD;}}
[k aigufqwfqwfyif ajymvdkufcsifawmhonf/ odkUaomf olwkdUtay:rSm onfvkd
rarmufrm&ufay/
]]nusawmhrS ajymMuwmayghAsm}} [k ajymNyD; uRefawmfhtcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;avonf/

tdyf&may:rSm ypfvSJvdkufonf/ twefMumawmh xNyD; a&csKd;&efjyifonf/ tusÐcRwfNyD;rS
qHyifnSyf&ef owd&vmNyD; tusÐjyef0wfjyefavonf/ 4if;aemuf a&t&ifcsKd;um aumif;yg
w,fav[k awG;rdjyefNyD; tusÐcRwfjyef\/
]]b,fhES,fvJ armifwifxGef;? tusÐcWwfvdkuf 0wfvdkuf jyefcRwfvdkufeJU bmjzpfaeovJ}}
OD;av;jrifhu ar;vdkufonf/ OD;av;um; uRefawmhftm; tjyifrS vSrf;tuJcwf Munfhae

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]]a&t&ifcsKd;& aumif;rvm;? qHyift&ifoGm;nSyf& aumif;rvm; jzpfaevdkUyg}}
]]vlvef;qef;oGm;atmif a&t&ifcsKd;vdkufayghuGm}}
]]tJ'DvdkyJ uRefawmfoabm&w,f}}
uRefawmfwdkUtdrf\ ajrmufbufu uyfvsuf&SdaomNcHrSm &Srf;trsKd;om; OD;'geydkifaom

NcHjzpf\/ xdkNcHxJwGif a&wGif;wpfwGif;&Sd&m uRefawmfwdkUonf xdka&wGif;odkU oGm;í
a&csKd;Mu&\/
- 381 -
a&wGif;rSm tkwfpDabmifcwfxm;NyD; a&iif&ef armif;wyfxm;\/ uRefawmfu a&pnfydkif;

wGif;odkU a&tjynfh cyfxnfhvkduf\/ okdUaomf &kwfw&uf a&rcsKd;ao;bJ yef;yifuav;
awGudk avQmufMunfhaeavonf/ MuufaoG;a&mif ESif;qDESifh ESif;qDa&mif ESif;qDwkdUonf
txl;ojzihf pnfum;pGm zl;yGifhaeMu\/ arNrdKUa&mifpkHyef;rsm;onfvnf; qGwfcl;í rEdkif
Edkifatmif yGifhaeMuonf/ Munfjymyef;uav;rsm;um; usaeavNyD/ uRefawmfum;
Munfh&kHjzifh tm;r&ojzifh ESif;qDEG,frsm;udk vufjzifh nTwf,lí yef;udkerf;Munfhrd\/
arNrdKUyef;rsm;udk cl;,lNyD; ajrSmufupm;rd\/ Munfjymyef;csyfvTmuav;rsm;udk avjzihfrIwfí
vTifhaerd\/
uRefawmfonf yef;\t&omudk wpfcgrQ þtcgavmuf rcHpm;zl;bl;cJU[k xifonf/

vlwpfudk,fvkH;vnf; vef;qef;jrL;xl;vmayonf/ pdwfuvnf; at;jrcsrf;omvmonf/
uRefawmfa&csKd;awmhrnf[k zvm;udkifvdkufpOf udk<u,fonf a&wGif;aygifodkU uyfvm

avonf/
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]]udkbZHu b,foGm;ovJ}}
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ao;bl;}}
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]]a&csKd;NyD;&if a':vkH;wifqDoGm;NyD; bl;oD;aMumf pm;Muwmaygh}}
uRefawmfu rsufESmopf&if;-
]]aumif;om;yJ}}
- 382 -
rsufESmudk qyfjymwdkuf? a&ESifh0oGm;atmif opfNyD;aomtcg udk<u,fu-
]]rif; 0ifeDvnf; vufxyfawmhrvdkUwJUarmif}}
]][kwfvm; b,foleJUwJUvJ}}
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ckcsufcsif;awmh [kwfr,frxifygbl;? oBuFeftNyD;avmufrS xifyg&JU}}
]][kwfvm;? aumif;om;yJ}}
uRefawmfum; wu,fyif 0ifeDazac: cifoef;0if;ESifh ywfoufí twG,ftwm uif;ae

ayNyD/ uRefawmfESifh 0ifeDrSm b0csif; vkH;0jcm;em;aeMuavNyD/ ta&;awmfykHrwdkifrD
wkef;uom þowif;rsKd;Mum;&ygu ESajrmjcif;rjzpfawmif rcrcsdrcHom jzpfrdayvdrhfrnf/
ckawmh enf;enf;uav;rQ rwkefvIyfaompdwfudk xm;Edkifonf/ opfyifjrifhxdyfzsm;ay:0,f
qGwfzsef;aeMuaom 0ifcgeD;aerif;\ a&mifjcnfeDrsm;udk wpfcsufarmhMunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf
a&wzGrf;zGrf;avmif;í csKd;aeawmhonf/
a&rdk;csKd; t0wfvJNyD;aemuf udk<u,fESifhtwl tif;pdefvrf;rBuD;ay:odkU xGufcJUMuavonf/
]]qHyifnSyfqdkif t&if0ifcsifw,fAsm}}
udk<u,fu uRefawmfhacgif;udk apmifharmhí MunhfNyD;-
]]aumif;om;yJ? qHyifrnSyfwm b,favmufrsm;MumNyDvJ &SnfvSygyaumvm;}}
]]b,favmufMumNyDvJ rrSwfrdygbl;Asm? rtm;wmeJU rnSyfrdbl;}}
]]at; rif;wdkUausmif;om;awG 'DavmufvkyfMuvdkUvnf; acG;rom;nGefUaygif;tpdk;& jyKwfus

wmyJuG? tif; aemufwpfaumif rwufEdkifatmif EIwfoD;&dkufcsKd;&OD;r,faemf}}
- 383 -
uRefawmfum; bmrQrajym/ ]urm&Gwf wkdUArmqHoXme} [k qdkif;bkwfwyfxm;aom

qdkifwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;avonf/ þqdkifrSm ukvm;Armt"du&kPf;NyD;rS ay:xGufvmaom
qHyifnSyfqdkifjzpfavonf/ þqdkifrS rSefpDa&TcsabmifBuD;rsm; wyfxm;aom udk,fvkH;ay:
rSefBuD;ESpfcsyfrSm wkdUArmpD;yGm; jrifhwifa&;udk tm;ay;aomtm;jzifh wyfwGif;ausmif;
q&mawmfu pGefUBuJxm;aom rSefBuD;rsm;jzpfavonf/ qdkif&SifudkbusL;onf rD;pmwGif
rD;pJGcgpjzpfaom vufqJG"mwfrD;udk avxdk;vsuf&Sd\/
udkbusL;onf ,cifu ukvm;ydkif qHoqdkifwpfqdkifrSm ulnDa&mif;cs&aom vcpm;

ta&mif;orm;jzpfcJU\/ ,ck olUqdkifrSm qHyifnSyfckHESpfckH&Sd&m wpfckHwGif udk,fwdkifnSyf?
tjcm;wpfckHrSm vliSm;xm;avonf/ nydkif;wGif vliSm;r&Sdawmhacs/ "mwfrD; avxdk;aeaom
udkbusL;onf uRefawmfwdkUtm; armhrMunfhtm;/ rD;rSmvnf; awmfawmfESifh avrvdkufEdkif
ao;/ uRefawmfonf qHyifnSyfcHkwpfckHrSm 0ifxdkifNyD; Nidrfaevdkuf\/ udk<u,fu cPrQ
udkbusL;tay:rS rkd;MunfhaeNyD-
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ocifbusL;onf acR;jzifh0if;aeaom rsufESmudk armhMunfhNyD;-
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udkbusL;onf z,fay;NyD; xvdkufonf/ olonft&yf&SnfNyD; ydefyg;yg; jzpfonf/ qHyifudk

udkatmifausmfvdk AdkvfaunSyfxm;&m olU&kyfolU&nfESifh rsm;pGm tqifrajyjzpfaeayonf/
udkbusL;onf twefMum acR;okwfaeNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhbuf vSnfhvdkufonf/
]]aMomf ocifwifxGef;ygvm;? tdrfjyefrtdyfwmMumNyDqkd? b,fwkef;u jyefvmovJ}}
]]ckeifuyJ}}
- 384 -
udk<u,fum; "mwfrD;udk tyfESifhqGNyD; avudk zGifhvdkufydwfvdkufvkyfae&m rSefBuD;rsm;rSm

vQyfppfypfaeovdk jzpfaeMuonf/ udkbusL;u uRefawmfhtem; uyfvmNyD;-
]]bk&ifcHu OD;bazeJU OD;ykudk ac:NyD; tpdk;&zGJUzkdU ajymw,fqkd r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfu rcsdNyKH;NyHK;NyD; olUtm; pdkufíom Munfhaeonf/
]]OD;ykuawmh tpdk;&tzJGU zJGUyghr,f? eef;&if;0efBuD; vkyfyghr,fvdkU uwday;vdkufNyDqdk

r[kwfvm;}}
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]]ocifwifxGef;wkdU ausmif;om;awGu trwfawG &mxl;r,lEdkifatmif vkyfr,fqdk r[kwf

vm;}}
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udk<u,fu "mwfrD;udk csdwfrSmqGJxm;vdkufonf/ NyD;awmh udk<u,fu udkbusL;bufodkU-
]]trwfawGudk tm;udk;&wm cufygw,fAsm/ nGefUaygif;vnf; jzKwfcsyghr,f? aemuf

wufr,fh tpdk;&udkvnf; tm;ray;ygbl;? raxmufcHygbl;vdkU uwday;cJUwJU trwf 26
a,mufyJ &Sdw,f? 'DtxJu wpfcg t[Gwf... t[Gwf..}}
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odkUyif ajy;0ifvmMuavonf/
- 385 -
]]tJ'D 26 a,mufxJu 5 a,mufu t,kHtMunfr&SdtqdkrSm nGefUaygif;tpdk;&bufu

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twefMumatmif NidrfaeMuonf/ pufuwfaMu;oH w&Syf&Syfom Mum;&onf/ udk<u,fum;

oifwkef;"m;BuD;udk udkifí olUEIwfcrf;arG;ESifh yg;odkif;arG;rsm;udk &dyfvsufaeavonf/
udkbusL;uyif pum;wkdifjyefonf/
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tvkyform; oydwfaygif;pkH awmif;qdkcsufawGudk ay;EdkifrSmwJUvm;/ awmifolv,form;
awG&JU awmif;qdkcsufawGaum}}
- 386 -
udk<u,f\ tar;pum;rsm;um; olUvufxJrS oifwkef;"m;toGm;vdk xufjrufvSay\/

,if;tar;pum;wkdUonf uRefawmfhtonf;ESvkH;udk xd&SoGm;\/ uRefawmfh OD;aESmufxJ
rSmum; tajzray:vSm/ uHtm;avsmfpGm pufuwfaMu;\ zdwGef;rIaMumifh Zufpif;acgif;ikHUí
cHae&av&m wpfpkHwpf&mjyefajym&ef rvdkovdk jzpfaeayonf/ udkbusL;u udk<u,ftm;
jznfhpGufavonf/
]]zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIawGujzifh jyif;xefNrJjyif;xefaewmygyJ? rEÅav;rSm aoewfypfcH&olawG

vnf; aq;&kHrSm xyfaojyefowJU? NyD;awmh aoewf'Pf&moufomwJUvl 4a,mufudkawmh
aq;&kHuaeNyD; axmifxJac:oGm;w,f? w&m;pGJcsufwifxm;w,f}}
odkUjzifh udk<u,fESifh udkbusL;onf Mum;orQowif;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef zvS,fajymqdkae

Muavonf/ ocifvSa<u acgif;aqmifaom yifv,ful;oabFmBuD; vkyfom;rsm;
oydwfwGif bkef;BuD;rsm; yg0ifí oydwfwm;&m ykvdyfu ESdrfeif;ykHrsm;? rEÅav;
aoewfypfrItwGuf uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh ppfudkif;bufrS vl 1000 Adkvfauy,fí
acgif;wkH;wkH;MuykH? uwGefuRJNcHrS ocif ocifr 500 oxkHodkU csDwufvmNyD; &kH;ESifh
axmifrsm;udk 0dkif;um zrf;xm;aom ocifcspfvIdiftm; vTwfay;&ef awmif;qdkykH? rEÅav;
tmZmenf romcs&mwGif vlpnfum;ykH? pkHaeatmif olwkdUtcsif;csif; ajymaeMu&m
uRefawmfhrSm cGusaomar;cGef;rsm;rS vGwfuif;pGm qHyifnSyfjcif; tNyD;odkUwdkif a&mufcJU&
avawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkUonf qHyifnSyfqdkifrS xGufcJUMuNyD; bl;oD;aMumfqdkifodkU oGm;Muavonf/
a':vkH;wif\ bl;oD;aMumfqkdifum; tif;pdefvrf;rBuD;ab; ajrmif;ezl;ay:wGif wnf&Sdav

onf/ trkd;tumr&Sd/ taMumfzdk\ b,fbufwGif ESD;aMumzsmrsm; cif;xm;NyD; 4if;wdkU
tay:wGif pm;yJG0dkif;rsm;&Sd\/ ajrmif;wpfzufurf;&Sd wpfxyftdrfuav;um; a':vkH;wif\
tdrfyifjzpf\/ tdrfESifh bl;oD;aMumfqdkifudk Murf;jym;BuD;wpfckjzifh wHwm;ul;xm;avonf/
uRefawmfu ESD;aMumzsmay:wGif wifysOfacGí xdkifvdkuf\/ udk<u,furl aqmifhaMumifh

xdkifvdkufavonf/
- 387 -
a':vkH;wifum; touf 40ausmf? orD; tysKdjzef;uav; 2a,muf\rdcif rkqkd;rjzpf\/

a':vkH;wif\ xl;jcm;csufrSm iSufaysmzl;ESifhwlatmif acgif;ao; atmuf&SL;NyD; tv,f
azmif;onfh udk,fcE¨m&Sdjcif;wnf;/ MunfhygOD;? þudk,fcE¨mBuD;ESifh taMumfzkdteD; zifxdkifckH
uav;ay:wGif zifcsxdkifvsuf ajcESpfzufudk um;qif;xm;NyD; a&SUuZvkHwGif rkefUESpf
e,fae&m ckHuav;ESifhrqHUatmif wifyg;zifom;rsm;u ydkaeojzifh ab;wGif tdqif;
aeonf/ vufu vIyf&Sm;oavmuf udk,fcE¨mu rvIyf&Sm;aomfvnf; ao;i,faom
acgif;uav;u avavsmhaeaom Muufaygif;ap;&kyf\ OD;acgif;vdk [dkonf,drf;xdk;vsuf
&Sdonf/ yg;pyfwGifum; aq;ayghvdyfBuD;udk cJxm;onf/
a':vkH;wifonf udk<u,ftm; vifvkyfvdkonfrSm vlodewfMum;jzpf\/ udk,f<u,fu

wkHUjyefírBudKuf/ odkUaomf udk<u,fonf a':vkH;wiftm; tcifrysuf? ulnDapmifrp&m
&SdvQif ulnDapmifr\/ olUtm; a':vkH;wifu vdkufpm;vdkvm;onfudkvnf; rawmfrw&m;
tjrwfrxkyfay/ xdkUaMumifh olwkdUqufqHMuykHrSm vGefpGmyif &if;ESD;Mu\/
orD;tBuD; jrMunfrSm touf 16ESpfrQ &SdNyD; tkyfvkH;odrf;p jzpfonf/ vkH;BuD;aygufvS

tom;jzLjzL rsufESm0dkif;0dkif;? ESmacgif;jym;jym;ESifh Munfhaysmf&Iaysmfaom rdef;uav;wpf
a,muf jzpf\/ ti,fjr&DrSm 13ESpfausmfausmf 14ESpfeD;yg;? qHawmufzm;pjzpf\/ olum;
tarESifhvnf;rwl? tpfrESifhvnf;rwl? ydefydefyg;yg;? ESmacgif;cRefcRef? rsufvkH;jyL;jyL;
jzpf\/ jrMunfu taMumfaMumfvsuf&SdNyD; jr&Donf bl;oD;aMumfpm;vmolrsm;tm; pm;yJGxdk;
vsuf &Sd\/
uRefawmfwdkU xdkifvkdufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf rjr&Du-
]]OD;av;wdkU b,fuavQmufvmovJ? taMumfpm;ygOD;vm;}}
udk<u,fu-
]]pm;r,fvdkU xdkifwmaygh[}}
- 388 -
udk<u,fajymvdkufonfudk a':vkH;wif Mum;vkdufonf/ ZvkHudkifxm;aomvufjzifh yg;pyf

xJu aq;vdyfudk xkwf,lxm;vdkufNyD;-
]]udk&if<u,fu rpm;&if rxdkifawmhbl;wJUvm;}}
]]'Dvdkvnf; r[kwfygbl;Asm? 'DaeUawmh pm;zdkU wrifvmvdkUyg? a[m'Du armifwifxGef;

npmrpm;&ao;wmeJU}}
jr&Du 0ifpGufvdkufonf/
]]OD;av;udkwifxGef;wdkUrsm; rjrif&wm MumvSNyD}}
onfaumifruav;onf uRefawmhftm; udk<u,fESifhwGJodojzifh OD;av;[k a&mac:aejcif;

jzpfonf/ odkUaomf olu OD;av;ac:wdkif; uRefawmfu cHjyif;onf/ uoduatmuf
jzpfonf/ uRefawmfhrSm olvdkt&G,fu OD;av;ac:&eft&G,fr[kwf[k ,lqxm;onf/
]]rjrifwmMumNyDqkd? igu NrdKUrausmif;XmecsKyfudk oGm;ae&wm;udk;uG}}
]]bmaMumfxnfhcJU&rvJ OD;av;}}
udk<u,fu taMumfzdkqDodkU vSrf;Munfh&if;-
]]&SdwmxnfhvmcJU[m/ rvkH;wif 'Dem;rSm aumifnSif;aygif;jzpfjzpf? rkefUaygif;jzpfjzpf r&Edkif

bl;vm;}}
a':vkH;wifonf rkefUESpfxJodkU bl;oD;acsmif;uav;rsm;udk jznfhxnfh&if;-
]]pmwkdufem;u r,fcifhqDrSm aumufnSif;aygif;usnfawmufawG jrifcJUw,f? &SifhorD;udk

t0,fvTwfvdkufygvm;}}
- 389 -
]]&SifhorD;}} qdkonfrSm jr&Dudkqdkvdkonf/ olwkdUrSm 'Dvdkcsdwfjcif;rsKd;um; &dk;aeNyD/ orD;awG

udkvnf; &Smp&mrvdkMuawmhNyD/ udk<u,fu-
]][JU-orD; jr&Da& oGm;0,facs[m? usnfawmufESpfacsmif;avmuf}}
udk<u,fu ydkufqHxkwfay;onfudk jr&Du r,l/ olwkdUu 0,fauR;rnf[k qkdum

cyfokwfokwf xGufoGm;avonf/
uRefawmfonf jrMunfbufodkU Munfhvdkufonf/ jrMunf\rsufESmum; rD;&SdefaMumifh

eD&Jae\/ olonf taMumfrsm;udkxnfhNyD; uRefawmfwdkUa&SUodkU vmcsonf/ 4if;aemuf
vufzuf&nfMurf;tdk; vmcs&if;-
]]udkwifxGe;fwkdU ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHawG NyD;awmhrSmvm;}}
jrMunfurl uRefawmfhtm; OD;av;[k rac:awmhay/ wpfcgu oluvnf; uRefawmfhtm;

OD;av;[k ac:ao;\/ ]]ighudk OD;av;vdkU rac:ygeJUuGm}} [k wpfcgwkef;u olUtm;ajym&m
olu twefMumawGaeNyD;rS b,fvkdt"dyÜm,f aumufoGm;onfrod? &Sufudk;&Sufuef;
vkyfvsuf ]]aemufrac:ygbl;}} [k ajymum vSnfhxGufoGm;avonf/ w[d[dvnf; &,f
oGm;vkdufavonf/
]]rNyD;ao;ygbl;}}
]]91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkwm zsufrS NyD;rSmayghaemf}}
]]tif; tif;}}
uRefawmfu cyfayghaygh ]at;} [k ajzvdkufrdaomfvnf; csufcsif;yif jyefjyifí ajymvdk

aomaMumifh twdtus b,fvdkajz&yghrvJ pum;p&SmaepOfyif jrMunfonf taMumfzdkodkU
oGm;avonf/ bl;oD;aMumfrsm;udk wkwfacsmif;uav;ESifh vSefay;aeavonf/
- 390 -
udk<u,fu-
]]udk,fhvl&? 91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;[m vG,fvG,feJU ysufyghrvm;uG}}
]]tJ'gaygh cufaewm? vlawGu vG,fvG,feJU ysufr,fxifaeMuw,f/ uRefawmfwdkU

uvnf; xifcJUwmyJ/ wu,fzsufMunfhawmh rvG,fbl;As? yxrtqifhjzpfwJU nGefUaygif;
tpdk;& jzKwfcs&wmuyJ b,fhavmufcufovJ/ aemufwpfqifhrSm b,ftrwfrS &mxl;
vufrcHatmif vkyf&r,fqkdwm 'guvnf; vkyfvdkUrjzpfao;bl;/ &mxl;vufrcH&kH tpdk;&
tzJGU zJGUrjzpf&kHeJU 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; ysufoGm;rvm; roGm;bl;vm; qkdwmawmh uRefawmf
rodbl;/ ocifacgif;aqmifawGeJU owif;pmwcsKdUuawmh &mxl;vufcHwJUvlr&SdvdkU tpdk;&
zGJUrjzpf&if ysufrSmyJvdkU ajymaeMuw,f/ udkvSa&TwkdU? wufbkef;BuD;udkodef;az wdkUuawmh
rysufbl;wJU? bk&ifcHBudKufovdk tkyfcsKyfoGm;rSmyJwJU}}
jr&Donf aumifnSif;usnfawmufBuD;rsm;udk wpfzufwpfacsmif;udkifí ckefaygufajy;vTm;

vm\/
]]EdkU bmvkyfMurSmvJ}} [k udk<u,fu tm;rvkdtm;r&toHjzifh ar;avonf/
]]uRefawmfawmh rajymwwfygbl;Asm}}
]]EdkU rif;wkdUXmecsKyfu cPcP aMunmaew,fr[kwfvm;? tmPm&Sif udkvSa&Tr[kwfvm;?

91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsufypfr,f? wpfjynfvkH; tdrfajcav;oef; vIyf&Sm;oGm;r,fh
vkyfief;pOfawG csr,fvdkU ajymw,fr[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,f? ajymw,f}}
]]ajym&if tJ'gu bmvkyfief;pOfvJ}}
]]uRefawmfawmh rajymwwfbl;}}
- 391 -
]][if rif;wdkUu txufuaeNyD; rajymwwfwmawG ajymaeovm; udk,fhvl&JU}}
uRefawmfhrSm cGusaejyefygNyD/ taMumfpm;vdkuf aumufnSif;pm;vdkufESifh vkyfNyD; Nidrfae

vdkuf&ygonf/
udk<u,fonf twefMum NidrfaeNyD;aemuf qufajymjyefavonf/
]]bmajymajym wdkif;jynfuawmh ckeu jrMunfxifovdkyJ? rif;wdkUwpfawG[m 91Xme

tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ysufatmif zsufMuvdrfhr,fvkdU xifaew,f/ oydwfawGvnf; qufarSmuf
aeMuw,f? tiftm;jyyJGawG qufvufvkyfaew,f? awmifolv,form;awGu NrdKUwufNyD;
&kH;awG? *gwfawG? axmifawGudk 0dkif;NyD; ta&;qkdaew,f? tJ'gawG b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ}}
]]uRefawmf rajymwwfbl;? uRefawmf OmPfrrDbl;}}
]]'gjzifh udkvSa&TwdkU? udkodef;azwkdUu bmajymovJ}}
]]udkvSa&Tuawmh bmrSrajymbl;? onfhjyifacgif;aqmifawGvnf; bmrSajymoH rMum;

ao;bl;/ udkodef;azuawmh &oavmuf tcGifhta&;awG,lNyD; wdkufyGJawGudk &kyfodrf;&
rSmyJwJU/ 'Dpum; olu odyfajymaevkdU ocifacgif;aqmifawGu olUudk rauseyfMubl;}}
]]'Dtwdkif;qdk&if udkodef;azudk ocifacgif;aqmifawGu rauseyfwm rSefwmyJvdkU xifw,f/

wdkufyGJawG b,fhES,fvkyf&yfrvJ? tpdk;&uvnf; b,favmufESdyfpufaeovJ? rif;todyJ
r[kwfvm;}}
]]'gjzifh cifAsm;txif wdkufyGJawG b,fxdquf&if aumif;rvJ}}
udk<u,fonf rajzEdkifawmhacs/ olvnf; uRefawmhfvdkyif aumufnSif; pm;vdkuf? taMumf

pm;vdkuf? vufzuf&nfusKdufcsvdkuf vkyfaeayawmhonf/
- 392 -
a':vkH;wifu jrMunftm;-
]]jrMunf vufzufwpfyef;uef xnfhNyD; ay;vdkufygOD;}}
jrMunfonf taMumfzdkrSxí a':vkH;wifu taMumfzdkwGif xdkif&pfonf/
taMumfzkdESifh wpfvHuGmavmufwGif pifuav;wpfck&Sdonf/ pifuav;ay:ü zefbl;BuD;rsm;

&Sd\/ þum; olwkdUom;trd zGifhxm;aom vufzuf? csif;okyf qdkifuav;yifwnf;/
jrMunfu vufzufxnfhaepOf uRefawmfonf rwfwwfxvdkufonf/
]]uJ-udk<u,f oGm;MupdkUAsm}}
a':vkH;wifu cifus,fus,f-
]]aeMuOD; aeMuygOD; vufzufjyifaew,f? [J jrMunf jrefjrefvkyfav}}
]]uRefawmf rpm;csifawmhbl;As? ntdyfraysmfbJaerSm pdk;w,f}}
udk<u,fu xkdif&mrS rxbJ-
]]aeOD;av? enf;enf;jzpfawmh pm;OD;rSaygh? udk,fu cyfrsm;rsm; pm;ypfvdkufyghr,f}}
vufzufyef;uefudk vmcsaom jrMunftm; uRefawmfonf pdkufMunfhaeonf/ uspfuspf

vspfvspf jzLjzLazG;azG; udk,fcE¨muav;wGif wyfrufpdwfrsm; a&mufoGm;ay\/ ,if;odkU
aom tjzpfudk udk<u,f &dyfrdoGm;[ef&Sd\/ jrMunfonf olUtvkyfol vkyfaeaomtcg
uRefawmfhtm; udk<u,fu toHwdk;wdk;uav;jzihf-
]]'Daumifrav;awGvnf; yifyef;&Smw,f? wpfaeukefwpfaecef; rkd;a&maEGa&m tm;&w,f

r&Sdbl;/ aps;a&mif;wJUtcga&mif;? aq;vdyfwJUtcgvdyf? 'geJUvnf; xrif;eyfrSef pm;&&kHyJ
- 393 -
&Sdw,f/ qif;&Jawmh BuHrdBuH&m BuHwmyJarmif&if? olUtar ukkvm;eJU ay;pm;r,fvkdUwJU

wpfaeUu ajymw,f}}
]]aMomf [kwfvm;? jzpfrSjzpf&avAsm}}
]]olUtaru udk,fhudkwdkifyifw,f? udk,fu zsufxm;&w,f? uGm-ukvm;eJU ay;pm;r,fh

tpm; ArmqDrSm r,m;i,ftjzpf tyf&wmu aumif;OD;r,f}}
]]'gvnf; raumif;ygbl;Asm}}
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aumif;uiftmumjyifxJwGif ai;armaeav\/ vxufjcrf;onf ukuúdKyifxdyfzsm;rSm
yGifhvif;ae\/ uRefawmfonf vxufjcrf;ay:ü wifyg;vTJxdkifum tmumjyifxJwGif
vGifhaerdonf/ tajzray;Edkifaom jyóemtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqkdifae&aom ta&;awmfykHESifh
a0;onfxuf a0;&modkU vTifhMunfhonf/ qif;&Jjcif;aMumifh ukvm;r,m;i,f jzpf&rnf
qdkaom jrMunfwdkUESifh a0;&m? onfhxufonf a0;&modkU vTifhaerdavonf/ odkUaomf odyf
Mum&SnfvTifhraeEdkifyg/ vxufjcrf;ay:rS jAKef;ceJvdrfhusvmygonf/
taMumif;um; vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif vli,fwpfpkonf oDcsif;oHNydKifqdkí b,fnmnDpGm

csDwufvmMuaomaMumifhwnf;/
&J&Jawmuf wkdUArmajy/
owÅdcJawG
&mZ0if xdk;avmufatmif pGefUay?
Armhvuf&kH; wyfawmfom;ay?
tmZmenfaoG;awG?
t&dk;aMuaMu?
- 394 -
wkdUajy wkdUajr?
acwfaqG;udk ajymif;jyef?
wufacwfudk pDrH?
wkd;wufatmif pdwfoef?
nDapaemf?
ppf&Jarmf?
csDwufMupdkU aysmfaysmf/
b,fnmb,fnm/
Armajy igwkdUajy?
Armajr igwkdUajr?
cifcifrifrif trsKd;apmifhMu?
b,fnm b,fnm?
(onfcsdefcg) Armajy
ZmwdaoG; ta&mifwifap?
Armqdk *dkPf;uPpdwf aysmufzkdU awmfNyDav/ /
uRefawmfwkdUonf csDwufoGm;aom vuf&kH;wyfom;rsm;udk ai;Munhfusef&pfpOf udk<u,fu

uRefawmfhvufarmif;udk udkifvdkufNyD;-
]]Mum;vm;? vlwdkif;udk csDwufMupdkUvdkU ac:aewkef; rif;wdkUu aemufqkwfr,frsm;

rBuHeJUaemf}} [k owday;avonf/ /
- 395 -
37
xdk;csifaomqif aemufwpf vSrf;qk wf
tJ'DtawmtwGif; okH;av;&uf uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf &ifwzdkzdkESifh aeMu

aom&ufrsm; jzpfonf/ wpfckckudk rqkH;jzwfbJr&/ bmyJjzpfjzpf ZGwfESpfí a&SUudkom
csDwufrnfavm/ xdk;csifaomqif aemufwpfvSrf;qkwfqkdaom pum;uJUodkU tcsdefaumif;?
tcGifhaumif;udk apmifh&if; aemufodkU wpfvSrf;qkwfrnfavm/
pdwf"mwftm;jzifhqdkvQif ta&;awmfykHBuD; a&SUqufcsDwufa&;wGifom csdefcGifnSm omae

onf/
odkUaomf tajctaetjzpftysufrsm;u aemufrqkwfvQif rjzpf/
pdwf"mwfESifh tajctae twdkuftcHjzpfaeMuavonf/ tpmtiwfcH wkdufyGJuwnf;u

qufí BuHUBuHUcHEdkifaom ausmif;om;ta&twGuf enf;vmonfrSm odomonf/
uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm; xifovdk trwfrsm;tm; &mxl;vufrcHatmif rwm;qD;

EdkifMu/
t*FvdyftmPmydkifrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkU\ tmPmpuf,EÅ&m;um; pufukefarmif;aewkef;jzpf\/

wpfurÇmvkH;tajctaeESifh uyfMunfhvQif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUtmPmonf NydKysuf&ef tvm;
tvm r&Sdao;/ ab;usyfeHusyf rjzpfao;/ rD;ukef,rf;ukef tMurf;zufí uRefawmfwkdU\
ta&;awmfykHudk wkdufckdufrnfom jzpf\/ &mxl;vufcHrnfUolr&Sdu bk&ifcHwpfOD;wnf;
tkyfpdk;vdrhfrnf/ Oya'jyKvTwfawmfudk zsufodrf;vdrfhrnf/ odkUaomf uRefawmfwkdUtm;
tavQmhay;vdrfhrnf r[kwf/
- 396 -
uRefawmfwdkUrSmum; vufeufqkdí "m;rwdkwpfacsmif;rQr&Sd/ pnf;&kH;a&;uvnf; pcgp

&Sdao;onf/ EdkifiHjcm;tultnD qkdonfrSmvnf; arQmfvifhEdkifaomt&mr[kwf/ EdkifiHjcm;
rsm;ESifh tquftoG,fyif r&SdMu/
uRefawmfwkdU acgif;aqmifrsm;onf þtajctaersm;udk vlxktm; todray;Mu/ vlxk\

pdwf"mwfudkom enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jrifhwifay;xm;Muavonf/ xkdUaMumifh vlxku ]]nDap
aemf ppf&Jarmf? csDwufMupdkU aysmfaysmf? b,fnm b,fnm? Armjynf igwkdUajy}} [k
oHNydKifqdkí vuf&kH;qefUwef;aeMupOf ]]&mxl;vufcHa&; tvkdr&Sd}}? ]]nGefUaygif;tpdk;&
jyKwfNyD;&if aemufxyftpdk;& rwufapESifh}}? ]]91Xme tkyfcsKyfa&; wkdufzsufypf}} paom
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk atmfaeMupOf *kPfrysufaom aemufqkwfa&;udk a&S;&Iíom
xGufayguf &SmaeMu&avonf/
xkdtwGif; bk&ifcHu qmay:xGef;udkyif eef;&if;0efcefUí tpdk;&zGJUapawmhrnf[k

owif;rsm; ysHUvGifhvmavonf/
xdkowif;udk uRefawmfwkdU\ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf acR;wvkH;vkH;jzifh pOf;pm;

Muonf/ udkvSa&T? udkodef;atmif? udkat;ausmf? udkpdk;armif? udkxGef;&Sdef? udkausmfjrifh?
ukdbpH? udkoef;wif? udkaomif;cif/
olwkdUESifhtwl tjyifrS EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ocifEk? ocifatmifqef;?

wufbke;fBuD; udkodef;az? udkausmfNidrf;? udkcspf polwkdUvnf; acgif;csif;&dkufMuonf/
qmay:xGef; eef;&if;0efrjzpfatmif[laom enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpfjzifh atmufygpmudk OD;oGif

xHodkU a&;vdkufMuavonf/
OD;oGif
txufvTwfawmftrwf
- 397 -
OD;rif;cifAsm;
(1) uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhwuG

wdkif;jynfwGif rausreyfjzpfaeaom tcsufrsm;udk auseyfpGm &&Sdatmif
OD;udk,fwdkif eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk vufcHrS jzpfEdkifrnf[k ,kHMunfygvQif
eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk vufcHí txufyg awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk
aqmif&Guf ay;yg/
(2) tu,fí txufygtcsufrsm;udk oifhavsmfaomtcsdefwGif

uRefawmfwdkU auseyfavmufatmifr&cJUaomf eef;&if;0ef&mxl;rS
xGufcJUyg/
(3) tu,fí txufyg tcsufrsm;udk &&SdNyD;aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;

qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ toif;trIaqmiftzJGUtaeESifh OD;onf
&mxl;qufvuf vufcHaejcif;tm;jzifh wkdif;jynftusKd;rrsm;[k oabm
&&Sdí txGufckdif;aomtcg &mxl;rSxGufcJUyg/
(ykH)vSa&T
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ trIaqmiftzGJU/
uRefawmfwkdUonf OD;oGif\ orm"dESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tay:wGif xm;tyfaom apwemudk

vkH;0 ,kHMunfMuonf/ OD;oGifonf rnfonfh EdkifiHa&;*dkPf;*PwGifrQ rygaomaMumifh
vnf; udk,fusKd;riJU &mxl;rwG,faom tpdk;&tzGJUudk zGJUjzpfEdkifonf[k xifMuonf/
,if;uJUodkUaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwkdU\ pD&ifcsufudk uRefawmfwdkUonf toifhavsmf
qkH;ESifh tvkyftjzpfEdkifqkH; tpDtpOf[k ,kHMunfcJUayonf/ xdktawmtwGif; OD;ykonf
tpdk;&tzJGUopfzJGU&ef bk&ifcHtm; uwday;vdkufNyDjzpfaMumif; owif;rsm;ygavonf/
- 398 -
NrdKUrdNrdKUzvl BuD;tcsKdUonf jrefrmukefonfBuD;rsm;toif;wdkufü pn;fa0;MuNyD; atmufyg

aMunmcsufudk xkwfvkdufavonf/
(1) ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufonf oifavsmfonf[k uREfkyfwdkU

oabm&&Sdonfhtwdkif; rnfonfhtzJGUacgif;aqmifrqkd tpkd;&opf
rzGJUpnf;rD ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsufudk ay;tyfrnf[k bk&ifcH
xHrSm a&S;OD;pGm 0efcHcsuf&&Sdap&ef aqmif&GufoifhaMumif;/
(2) bk&ifcHxHrS xdk0efcHcsuf r&&SdvQif tpdk;&tzGJUopfzGJUpnf;&ef vkyfief;

wm0efudk rnfonfhygwDurQ vufrcH&ef wdkufwGef;aMumif;/
(ykH) OD;oGif
/ OD;vSbl;
/ OD;nGefU
/ OD;bdk;aAsmh
/ OD;jrifh
/ OD;bkd;atmif
/ OD;xGef;OD;
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm; aMunmcsufESifh ra&S;raESmif;yif pDtifeftD;ac: trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpD

uvnf; tvm;wlyif aMunmavonf/
OD;ykonf tpdk;&zGJU&ef BudK;pm;\/ OD;baztm; tpdk;&tzJGUwGif 0efBuD;wpfOD;tjzpfjzifh

vufcH&ef OD;yku zdwfonf/ olU ig;yGGifhqdkif *sDpDbDatuvnf; vufcH&ef wdkufwGef;onf/
OdD;bazu vufrcH/ bmhaMumifh vufrcHonfudkvnf; r&Sif;/ OD;ykonf OD;apmtm;
vufcH&ef qJG\/ OD;apmum; vlodewfMum; vufrcHyg/ nGefUaygif;tpdk;&udk zsufNyD;aemuf
- 399 -
aemuftpdk;&wufvQif raxmufcHbJ 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; zsuf&efudkom vkyfrnf[k

aMunmNyD;jzpf\/ ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾udkvnf; uwdvufrSwf a&;xdk;ay;NyD;jzpf\/
okdUaomf ,cktcg avoHajymif;vmonf/ OD;oGifpaom NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;\ toHudk vkdufvm
onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;awmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsmatmifvkyfygrnf[k OD;yku 0efcHvQif
&mxl;vufcHrnf[k qkdavonf/
aemufqkH; OD;ykonf ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk at;atmif NyD;jywfatmif aqmif&Gufygrnf[k

qdkavonf/
OD;oGifpaom NrdKUrdNrdKUz ukefonfBuD;wkdUuvnf; ausmif;om;ta&;ay;&rnf/ ausmif;om;

rsm;ESifh ausat;&rnf/
pDtifeftD; trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpDwdkUuvnf; ausmif;om;ta&; ay;&rnf/

ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ausat;&rnf/
*VKefOD;apmuvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;awmif;qdkcsuf ay;&rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh ausat;

&rnf/
OD;ykuvnf; ausmif;om;wkdUta&; NyD;jywfausat;atmif aqmif&Gufygrnf/
uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;awGuvnf; v,form;tvkyform;ESifh tusKd;xyfwl aqmif&Guf

&rnf[k a<u;aMumfNyD; ta&;awmfykHBuD;udk pcJUMuaomfvnf; ckawmh ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;
NyD;jcif;wGifom tm&kHpdkufaeMuavNyD/ tvkyform; v,form;wkdU awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk
rarhaomfvnf; awmifrif; ajrmufrif;ru,fEdkif jzpfNyD/ udk,fhta&;udk,f NyD;jywfatmif
vkyfMu&kHom &Sdawmhonf/
xdkUaMumifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh eef;&if;0efOD;ykwkdUonf OD;oGiftdrfü

azazmf0g&Dv 24&ufaeUwGif wpfBudrf 25&ufaeUwGif wpfBudrf awGUqkH aphpyfa&;
vkyfMuavonf/ 24&ufaeU tpnf;ta0;wGif eef;&if;0ef OD;ykESifh OD;oGif? OD;bkd;aAsmh?
- 400 -
OD;nGefUpaom NrdKUrdNrdKUz vlBuD;rsm;ESifh udkvSa&T? udkodef;atmif? udkoef;wifpaom

ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; wufMuavonf/ 4if;jyif ocifEkESifh a'gufwmxifatmif
wkdUvnf; wufMu\/ 25&ufaeUrSmum; txufygvlBuD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;tjyif *VKefOD;apmESifh ocifatmifqef;wkdUvnf; wufa&mufMuonf/ xdkodkU
ausmif;om;ta&; ausat;NyD;jywf&ef aqG;aEG;aeMupOf ae&mtESHUtjym;rSmum; eef;&if;0ef
&mxl;udk qufcHoGm;aom OD;yktm; &IwfcsoHrsm; ay:vmayonf/ Od;ykrSm &rnf;oif;
tv,fydkif; rJqEé,frS trwfjzpfav&m &rnf;oif;tv,fydkif; rJqE´&Sifrsm;u csufcsif;
tpnf;ta0;vkyfNyD; OD;yktm; &Iwfcsavonf/ tpnf;ta0; OuúXvkyfolrSm OD;yk\wl
awmfol ysOf;rem;ocifjr jzpfay\/ olwkdUonf &efukefta&mufcsDwufum uefUuGufMu
rnf[k qkH;jzwfavonf/ tpdk;&opfudk awmxkwfjcif;vnf; jyKavonf/ &efukef wdkUArm
tpnf;t&kH;uvnf; OD;yk tpdk;&opfzJGUjcif;udk uefUuGuf&ef tpnf;a0;ac:\/
aocgeD;rS &du© m,l
tbdZÆmxlum iyk iyk/

nGefUaygif;vufopf &mxl;,l
wkdif;jynfql&if olwkdUaMumifhyJ/
ArmjynfBuD; epfzdkUzef
uvdrfOmPfESifh iapm iapm/
iapmrdkU wufvdkUvm
olUrsufESm t&Sufr&Sd/
nmwm0g' vSdrfhvdkUzef
rsKd;cspfOmPf[m barmfvdkyJ/ /
- 401 -
bwfpfum;rsm;jzifh vSnfhí oHcsyfxdk;olu xdk;Muavonf/
OD;yktpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaeaom 2&uftwGif; uRefawmfhrSm aerxdxdkifrom jzpfaeayonf/

vnfyif;w&Snf&SnfESifh xGufvmrnfhtajzudk apmifhae&if; XmecsKyfrSm tNidrfraeEkdif/
25&ufaeU nae udkvSa&TwkdUvlpk OD;ykESifhaqG;aEG;&ef OD;oGif\tdrfodkU xGufcGmoGm;Mu&m
uRefawmfonf a&ausmf rcifopfwdkUtdrfodkU xGufvmcJUrdavonf/ oufouf *emrNidrfvdkU
vrf;&Smum xGufvmrdoavm? odkUr[kwf rcifopfuav;tm; awGUcsifpdwfaygufvmí
xGufvmcJUrdoavm? odkUr[kwf olwdkUwpfawG txl;ojzifh q&mazESifh q&muawmf
a':nGefUwkdUESifh eD;pyfaom jrefrmausmif;q&mESifh ausmif;om;wkdU\ tajctaeudk pkHprf;
avhvmvdkí xGufvmcJUrdoavm/ udk,fwdkifcJGjcm;rodyg/
rcifopfwkdU\ tdrfatmufxyf&Sd aq;qdkifwGif uRefawmfrjrifzl;ao;aom rdef;rBuD;

wpfa,mufonf rcifopfxdkifavh&Sdaom uGyfyspfwGifxdkifvsuf aq;ayghvdyf rSdef;aeav
onf/ xdkrdef;rBuD;tjyif b,folrQr&Sd/ xdkrdef;rBuD;rSm q&maz\ t&yftarmif;avmufyif
&Sdí q&maz\ rsufESmESifh cRwfpGyfwlavonf/ acgif;rSm qHyifjzLtenf;i,fESifh ezl;jyif
wGif ta&;okH;aMumif;xifatmif ta&wGefUaeNyDjzpfí q&maz\ tpfrBuD;jzpf&rnf[k
uRefawmf wyftyfwGufvdkufayonf/
]]q&meJUa':a':wdkU &SdMuygovm;cifAsm}}
rdef;rBuD;onf &kwfw&uf rajzao;bJ uRefawmfhtm; pkHprf;onfhoabmjzifh aphaphMunfh

aeao;onf/
]]r&Sdbl;? rif;ub,fuvJ}}
]]uRefawmfu ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾uyg cifAsm? rcifopfaum &Sdygovm;}}
rdef;rBuD;onf uRefawmfhtm; {nfh0wfysLiSmvnf;rjy? ae&mxdkifcif;vnf; ray;? pkHprf;onfh

tMunfhjzihfom aphaphqwfMunfhNyD;aemuf-
- 402 -
]]b,fausmif;u or*¾vJ}}
]]wuúodkvf ausmif;om;or*¾ygcifAsm}}
bmaMumifhrSef;rod? ,dkU,dkUuav; NyKH;aerdonf/ twefMumrS-
]][kwfuJU? uRefawmf'Dtdrf cPcP a&mufzl;ygw,f/ rcifopfeJUvnf; aumif;aumif;

odygw,f}}
]]opfopfwpfa,mufawmh tay:rSm&Sdw,f? awGUcsif&if wufoGm;ayawmh}}
bmaMumifhrSef;rod? uRefawmfonf tay:xyfwufzkdU cyfawGawG jzpfaeonf/
]]wufoGm;av wufoGm;}}
avSum; yxrqkH;txpfudk wufvdkufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf wokefokefvGifhvmaom

apmif;oHoJUoJUuav;udk Mum;vkduf&avonf/ Nidrfhanmif;om,maom apmif;aumufoH/
wpfxpf? ESpfxpf? okH;xpf wufíwufíoGm;vQif apmif;oHoJUoJUuav;onf ydkí ydkí

yDopGm &dkufcwfvmonf/ em;axmifcsKdat;aom oDcsif;qdkoH cyfwdk;wkd;uvnf; apmif;oH
vIdif;udk pD;í vdkufygaeonfr[kwfavm/
uRefawmfonf tay:xyfa&muf&ef avSum;okH;xpfom vdkaomae&mwGif &yfaeNyD;

em;axmif aevdkufonf/
Nidrfhanmif;aom apmif;oHESifh csKdat;aom BudK;oDcsif;oHudk taESmifht,Suf jzpfroGm;apvdk/
rcifopfonf rdcifu om;i,ftm; ydkufxm;ovdk apmif;udk &ifcGifrSm ydkufxm;NyD;

oG,faysmif;onfh vufacsmif;uav;rsm;udk BudK;rsm;ay:wGif upm;aeavonf/
- 403 -
tdrfa&SUbufodkU rsufESmrlxm;NyD; tmumjyifjymvJUvJUxJokdU ai;pdkufumMunfh&if; csKdat;

onfh toHvIdif;rsm;udk vTifhaeavonf/
]]apmif;awmfod*Fg at;at;nSif;nSif;/ jrnfoHomvS rSef&mwGif;? xHaygif;aw wsmoGif;?

omjcif; omjcif;? vGefom,mpG wD;bJGUvufoHrSm? yef;yGm;yef;yGm;? a0qmqm?
a&Tvuf&dk;i,f wkd;udEé&m? vufoH vufoH vufoH &Sdefjyif;? omwnfhom bdjcif;i,fESifh?
okH;,H oef;acgifwGif;ayrdkU? wHrTmwH&Snf nSif;ygvdkU apmif;rif;yOöodefavwnfhrS apmif;rif;
yOöodef}}
rcifopfonf oDcsif;qkH;aomfvnf; twD;r&yf? tjcm;BudK;oHrsm;udk qufaeavonf/

rsufESmudk apmif;ay:wGif ikHUxm;NyD; wpfudk,fvkH;rSm tm&kH[lorQudk apmif;BudK;ESifh
vufacsmif;uav;rsm;qDodkU vTwfxm;[ef &Sdayonf/
uRefawmfwdkUwpfawG a,muf,ufcwfaecsdefwGif rcifopfum; Nidrf;at;oufom &SdvS

ay\/ trsm;wumu a<u;aMumfoHawG atmfaeMucdkuf rcifopfu Nidrfhanmif;aom
apmif;oHESifh csKdat;nifomaom BudK;oDcsif;oHwkdUwGif epfjrKyfvsuf&Sd\/ uRefawmfonf
&kwfw&ufawmh rcifopftm; tHUMord\/ okdUaomfawG;Munfhawmh tHUMop&mr[kwfyg/
uRefawmfonfvnf; urm&GwfoGm;í yef;rsm;tMum;wGif vdyfjymuav;rsm;ESifhtwl 0JysHae
cJUonf/ waygif;v\ naecif;tvSwGif epfjrKyfaecJUonf/ vxufjcrf;ay:pD;í
aumif;uifjymvJUvJUwGif vGifhaecJUao;onf/ rtHUMo&kHruao;? rcifopfESifh uRefawmf
onf OmOfwlonf? 0goemwlonf[kyif atmufarhrdao;\/
]]wufoGm;av? wufoGm;? [JU-opfopf {nhfonfvmaew,f}}
[laom rdef;rBuD;\ us,favmifaomtoHonf avSum;ajc&if;rS tay:odkU wufvm

av&m uRefawmfhrSm 'dwfceJyif jzpfoGm;awmh\/ onfawmhrS rcifopfvnf; uRefawmfh
bufodkU Munhfvdkufavonf/ tHUMooGm;aom rsufESmrSm cPtwGif; csKdoGm;onf/
odkUaomf NyKH;íom EIwfqufNyD; vufuawmh BudK;NyD;atmif qufwD;aeay\/
- 404 -
uRefawmfonf ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;wGif 0ifxdkifvkdufonf/ wD;NyD;onfhwdkifatmif olUrsufESm

av;udk wpdrfhpdrfh Munfhaevdkufonf/ rsufESmay:wGif xif;ceJ 0if;yvmaom tNyKH;onf
awmfawmfESifh aysmufroGm;/ apmif;BudK;rsm;ay:wGif vufuav;rsm; aomhvdkufaomtcg
qHawmufuav;onf vkyfvJUvkyfvD jzpfaeayonf/
]]q&meJUa':a':wdkU b,foGm;MuovJ rcifopf}}
]]azazu bwfpfum;oydwfvSefr,fh tpnf;ta0;wufzkdUwJU? OD;av;OD;bcsKdeJU OD;av;Ek

wkdUu ac:oGm;w,f/ araruawmh vGwfvyfa&;trsKd;orD;tzGJU&,f aq;vdyfckHtrsKd;orD;
awGeJUtwl bwfpfum;awGeJU xGufoGm;Muw,f/ OD;apm &mxl;,lr,fvdkU uefUuGufqE´jyzkdU
wJU}}
]]'Dwpfcg rcifopfawmh vkdufroGm;bJudk;}}
]]aumif;aumif; aeraumif;wmeJU vdkufroGm;bl; q&m&JU}}
]]ckeuqkdwJU BudK;[m odyfaumif;wmyJaemf? rcifopf apmif;wD;wmuvnf; odyf

aumif;wmyJ}}
]]tif;? [efrygayvdkUomaygh opfopf&,f? [efomyg&if}}
rcifopfonf apmif;udk ckHay:wifxm;vdkufNyD; cyfvSrf;vSrf;u ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;rSm

xdkifvkdufonf/
]]q&mu *Dw0goem rygbl;aemf}}
]]b,folu ajymovJ}}
]]tdk-t&ifwpfcgwke;fu q&myJajymw,f r[kwfvm;}}
- 405 -
]]tif; [kwfom;yJ? opfopfu w,frSwfrdwmudk;}}
uRefawmfonf rcifopfuav;u uRefawmfajymcJUzl;onfh pum;udk rSwfom;xm;ojzifh

auseyfNyD; tNyKH;BuD;NyKH;aeonf/ bmaMumifhrSef;rod? rcifopfuvnf; NyKH;íaeonf/
]]ckeuBudK;[m apmif;awmfbJGUBudK;wJUq&m&JU/ apmif;BudK;&JUtoH? apmif;wD;ol&JU vufoH

om,mykHudk csD;usL;zGJUqdk&kHwifru apmif;BuD;rSm yef;yGm;awGeJU b,favmufa0qmw,f?
wdk;&kyf udEé&m&kyfawGu b,fae&mrSm ygw,fqdkwmawGudkvnf; azmfjyxm;w,f/
A[kokwvnf; jzpfapwJU BudK;aygh q&m&,f}}
]]'gxuf opfopfudkwpfck owday;&OD;r,f}}
rcifopf\rsufESmrSm pdk;&drfjcif;jzifh ndKoGm;onf[k xif&onf/
]]wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? apmif;wD;wJUtcgrSmav tdrfa&SUbuf rsufESmrlNyD; rwD;apcsifbl;/

tvif;a&mifawGu wkduf&dkufrsufpdudkxkd;awmh rsufpdudk xdckdufrSmpdk;&w,fodvm;}}
xdktwGif; tdrfa&SUwnfhwnfh vrf;ay:rS us,favmifpGm oHNydKif[pfvkdufaom a<u;aMumfoH

rsm;onf uRefawmfhpum;rsm;udk ydwfypfvdkufygavonf/
*VKef *VKef OD;apm OD;apm

vdrfwm vdrfwm olyJ olyJ/
tkyfcsKyfa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;
wdkufzsufMu wkdufzsufMu/
OD;apmvdrfwm olUtBuH
igwdkUrcH bmxifvdkUvJ/
&mxl;i,fwJU armif*VKef
- 406 -
tBuHukefvkdU *VKefqm;csuf/
oHNydKifatmfMuNyD;aemuf trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufu ]]*VKef&SufzG,f}} [k [pfvkdufonf/ tjcm;

wpfa,mufu ]]v'&SufzG,f}} [k atmfaomtcg tjcm;wpfa,mufu ]]ESHjynfpkwf
&SufzG,f}} [k [pfjyefavonf/
rcifopfonf jywif;aygufqDodkU oGm;Munfh&if;-
]]a[m-ararwkdU jyefvmMuNyD}}
uRefawmfum; xdkifNrJomxdkifaeonf/ tcsKdUtrsKd;orD;rsm; bwfpfum;ay:rS qif;MuoHudk

Mum;&onf/ atmufxyfwGif uRefawmfawGUcJU&aom rdef;rBuD;ESifh bwfpfum;ay:rS
rdef;rBuD;wpfa,muf tjyeftvSef atmfus,f[pfus,f pum;ajymMuoHudkvnf; Mum;vdkuf
&ayonf/
rdef;rBuD;-
]]b,fhES,fvJa[h? *VKeftdrf a&mufcJUMu&JUvm;}}
]]a&mufvnf;a&mufcJUyg? a<u;aMumfoHawGvnf; atmfcJUygw,f&Sif}}
]]'gjzifh jyD;a&mayghat}}
]]rNyD;bl;trda&U? *VKeftdrfu aumifawGaumifrawGu vSefjyvdkufMuw,f/ wkdUu

*VKefom t&Sufr&Sdbl;xifw,f? ckawmh oif;wkdU wpfrsKd;vkH;wpfaqGvkH; t&Sufudkr&Sdwmudk;
trd&JU}}
xkdUaemuf bwfpfum;xGufoGm;avonf/ rMumrDyif a':nGefUonf tay:okdU wufvmav

onf/ uRefawmfu rwfwwf&yfNyD; qD;BudKaeonf/
- 407 -
]]aMomf armifwifxGe;f? a&mufaewmMumNyDvm;}}
]]odyfrMumao;ygbl; a':a':}}
]]xdkifyguG,f xdkifyg? opfopfa& ararhudk a&wpfcGufay;prf;uG,f}}
a':nGefUonf ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;wGif 0ifxdkifvdkufonf/ awmfawmfyif armvmcJU[ef

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]]OD;apmeJU&,fvdkU r[kwfygbl; a':a':? OD;ykeJU aphpyfaqG;aEG;aewmyg}}
]]twlwleJU tElElayghuG,f? a':a':wkdUoabmuawmha[h oydwfvSefwmudk rBudKufbl;uG?

91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; rysufrcsif; oydwfrvSefapcsifbl;}}
rcifopfonf olUtar\ab;rSm rwfwwf&yfvsuf uRefawmfbmajymrnfudk odvdkaZmESifh

apmifhMunfhaeavonf/ uRefawmfum; &kwfjcnf; bmrQjyefrajymEdkif/ tawmf uefUuGuf
acsy&ef cufaom pum;rsm;aywnf;/
]]a':a':wkdUuawmha[h NrdwfNrdKUu ausmif;om;rdbawG&JU qkH;jzwfcsufudk BudKufouJGU/

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uRefawmfu; bmrQrajymEdkifawmhacs/ a':':onf olUorD;tm; armhMunfhNyD;-
]]orD;a& tarqmNyDuG,f? uJ-aemufaz;oGm;NyD; xrif;jyifzkdUajym? orD; azaztwGuf

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]]rpm;ygbl; a':a':}}
- 408 -
]]bmvdkUrpm;wmvJuJGU? 'gxuf armifvSa&TwdkU OD;ykeJUaphpyfaeMuwm bmawGrsm; &owJU

vJ}}
]]tNyD;owf rqkH;jzwf&ao;bl;wJU a':a':&JU? 'Dawmh uRefawmfvnf; bmrS rnfrnf&&

rodao;bl;/ udkvSa&TwdkUvnf; 'DaeUnaeyJ OD;oGiftdrfudk oGm;Muav&JU? olwkdU tJ'D
oGm;Muwke;f uRefawmf 'DudkvmwmyJ}}
a':a':onf bmrQrajymbJ ai;aeonf/
uRefawmfvnf; Nidrfíaevdkufonf/
tawmfMumaomtcg rcifopfu xrif;pm;vmac:ojzifh a':a':onf xdkif&mrSx&if;-
]]vmavuG,f armifwifxGef; xrif;pm;oGm;ygvm;}}
]]rpm;awmhygbl; a':a':? q&mawmh awmfawmfeJU jyefrvmao;bl; xifw,faemf}}
]]rajymwwfbl;? bwfpfum;orm;awG&JU tpnf;ta0;udk q&mOD;bcsKdeJU vkdufoGm;wmyJ/

bwfpfum;oydwfawGuawmh vSefMurSmxifyg&JU? q&mOD;bcsKdwdkU 0ifaphpyfvdkU awmif;qdk
csufawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;yJ&w,f/ aumfzDaomufygOD;vm;}}
uRefawmfvnf; xdkif&mrSxvdkufNyD;-
]]raomufawmhbl;a':a':? uRefawmfoGm;awmhr,f}}
]]oGm;awmhrvm; at;at;}}
a':a':htm;Munfh&onfrSm tawmfyif yifyef;EGrf;e,faeykH&onf/ qmuvnf; tawmfqm

aeonf/ uRefawmfhtm; rvTJomí {nfhcHajymqkdae&aomfvnf; uRefawmfoGm;awmhrnf
qdkaomtcg tawmfoufom&m &oGm;onf[k xifonf/
- 409 -
NrdKUrausmif;odkU uRefawmfjyefa&mufaomtcg udkvSa&TwkdUvlpkum; jyefra&mufMuao;/
,aeU aphpyfa&;tpnf;ta0;odkU udkvSa&T? udkat;ausmfESifh udkpdk;armifwkdUom vkdufygoGm;

NyD; useftrIaqmifrsm; ae&pfcJUMuonf/ olwkdUum; udkvSa&TwkdUtvmudk warQmfarQmfESifh
apmifhaeMuonf/ tcsKdUu pmzwfaeMuonf/ tcsKdUu tdyfaeMuonf/
uRefawmfum; ajcukefvufyef;usaeonf/ pum;0dkif;odkU r0ifcsif/ pmvnf; rzwfcsif/

aysmfoGm;atmifom tdyfypfvdkufvdkayonf/ odkUaomf þvkd *emrNidrfEdkifatmif apmifh&
arQmf&aom tcsdefrsKd;ü vSJvdkufvQifvJSvdkufcsif; tdyfaysmfEdkifonf r[kwfay/ ppfajrjyifwGif
oJoJrJrJ wkdufaeMuqJ tdyfvdkí acgif;csvdkufvQif tdyfaysmfoGm;wwfonfqdkaom
ppfolBuD; eydkvD,Hudk ajy;owd&rdavonf/
uRefawmfonf acgif;tkH;wpfvkH;ESifh owif;pmwpfapmifudk qJG,lNyD; tcef;wpfcef;wGif;odkU

0ifavonf/ yufvufvSefvSJí aq;ayghvdyfESifh Zdrf,laeaom udkxGef;&Sdefudk awGU&
avonf/
]]jyefrvmMuao;bl; r[kwfvm;}}
uRefawmfu olUab;rSm acgif;tkH;cs&if;-
]]rvmMuao;bl;? olwkdUjyefa&mufavmufNyDqkdNyD; uRefawmfjyefvmwm}}
]]udk,fhvlu b,fujyefvmwmwkkH;}}
]]a&ausmfu q&mazwkdUtdrfu}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf aq;ayghvdyfudk vTifhypfvkdufNyD;aemuf-
]]olwkdUqDu bmxifjrifcsufawGrsm; ay;MuovJ}}
- 410 -
]]q&muawmfuav 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;ysufrS oydwfvSef&r,fwJU/ Nrdwfu NrdKUrdNrdKUzawG

qkH;jzwfcsuf? [dk vGwfvyfa&;r&rcsif; oydwfarSmuf&r,f qkdwmav/ tJ'gudk
q&muawmfu oabmusaew,f}}
uRefawmfonf tdyf&mrS vSJvdkufonf/
udkxGef;&Sdefu olUbmomol ajym[efESifh uRefawmfMum;avmufatmif-
]]tif; cufawmhwmyJ}}
uRefawmfonf owif;pmzwfí aevdkufavonf/
]]ykodrfnGefUqm;*dka'gifwGif xnfhxm;aom vufeufrsm;udk w&kwfNynfodkU wifydkUvdkufNyD}}
]]jyifopftpdk;&onf pydefjynfolykef z&efukdtpdk;&udk todtrSwfjyK&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufjcif;}}
]]ynmawmfoif&ef *syefjynfoGm;csifovm;}}
þ aemufqkH;acgif;pOfrSm owif;r[kwf? aMumfjimjzpfonf/ xdkaMumfjimudk xnfholrSm

rnfolygvJ/ International Students Institute, Tokyo ESifh quf&rnf [k
qkdxm;onf/ *syefjynfuaeNyD; þaMumfjimudk rydkUwef&m/ ArmjynfrSm *syefudk,fpm;vS,f
&Sdwef&m\/
uRefawmfonf owif;pmzwf&if; pOf;pm;cef;0ifaeckduf udkxGef;&Sdefu-
]]udk,fhvl&JU oli,fruav;aum awGUcJUao;ovm;}}
]]b,folUudk ajymwmvJAs}}
]]q&mazhorD; rcifopfav}}
- 411 -
]]'DvdkrajymygeJUAsm? uRefawmf pdwfawmifrul;rdao;ygbl;}}
]][kwfuJUvm; udk,fhvl? wu,fpdwfrul;wmvm;? 'Dvkdqdk&if udk,fwdkUawmif NydKifyGJ0ifEdkif

ao;wmaygh}}
]]wu,f pdwfrul;ao;ygbl;? aumifrav;u i,fi,fuav; &Sdao;w,fAs}}
]]awmufwD;awmufwJU b,fi,f&rSmvJ? 15ESpfawmh ausmfa&maygh? udk,fhvl [efaqmif

raeeJU? ab;vltjzpfeJU tuJcwfMunhfawmh udk,fhvl[m aumifrav;udk bmuvdkwdkwkd
jzpfaeNyD [J [J}}
uRefawmfuvnf; bmrQrajymawmhbJ [J [J ESifh toHxGufí NyKH;aevdkufygonf/
olajymcgrS rcifopfuav;tm; jrifa,mifaeonf/ tvSBuD;vSonf r[kwfaomfvnf;

usufoa&&Sdonf/ csKdonf/ cspfp&maumif;onf/
owif;pmudk qufzwfonf/
]]vm;&Id;ESifhcsKHuif; av,mOfysH tNrJoGm;awmhrnf}}
rcifopfuav;[m i,fayr,fh vdr®mw,f/ rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdw,f/
]]*syef BuKH;0g;oHudk zwfyg}}
rcifopfuav;[m uAsm*DwrSm t&G,feJUrvdkufatmif awmfw,f/
]]*syefwdkif;owif;pmudk zwfyg? ta&SUtm&StaMumif; em;vnfyg}}
owif;pmudk &ifbwfay: csxm;vdkufonf/
- 412 -
rcifopf? w&kwf? *syef? rcifopf? z&efudk? csdefbmvdef? rcifopf? rsufpdxJrSm axG;vkH;

&pfywf ay:aeonf/
tdyfaysmfoGm;vdkufonfrSm reuf5em&DcGJavmuf udkxGef;&SdefvmEId;rS Edk;awmhonf/
]]udkvSa&TwdkU jyefvmMuNyDvm;}}
udkxGef;&Sdef\rsufESmrSm tqDawG0if;aeonf/ rsufwGif;vnf; tenf;i,f a[mufaeykH

&onf/
]]MumvSNyD jyefa&mufwm}}
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udkxGef;&Sdefonf olUxufxJu pm&GufawGudk uRefawmfhtm;ay;&if;-
]]tJ'gawGyJ/ udk,fwkdU raeUnu 2em&DrSmrS tpnf;ta0;vkyf&w,f/ udkvSa&T?

udkodef;atmif? udkat;ausmf? udkpdk;armif? udkausmfjrifh? udkaomif;cif? udkbpH?
NrdKUrudkoef;wifeJU udk,fwkdU wufMuw,f/ wdkUzdwfMum;csuft& tjyifuwufwJU vlawG
uawmh ocifEk? ocifatmifqef;? ocifodef;az? udkausmfNidrf;eJU udkcspfwdkUjzpfw,f/
udkvSa&TwkdUvlpku eef;&if;0efOD;ykeJU aphpyfaqG;aEG;csuf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk wifjyMu
w,f/ wpfnvkH; aqG;aEG;NyD; vufcHMuzkdU qkH;jzwfw,f/ ckyJ tpnf;ta0;NyD;w,f}}
]]oydwfvSefzkdU qkH;jzwfNyD;NyDvm;}}
]]tif;? qkH;jzwfNyD;NyD/ tJ'gawGudk udk,fhvl vufESdyfpufvkyfay;OD;rSyJ/ csufcsif; owif;pm

wdkufawGudk ydkU&r,f? [kwfvm;}}
pm&Gufrsm;udk,lí [dkvSefonfvSef tay:,HvQHíMunfh&if; uRefawmfu-
- 413 -
]][kwfNyDav vkyfwmaygh}}
]]udk,fawmh tdyfvdkufOD;r,f}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf uRefawmfhacgif;tkH;udkyg olUtdyf&mokdU ,loGm;NyD; acgif;tkH; 2vkH;Mum;rSm

acgif;udkxm;í wapmif;acGum tdyfaeavonf/
oydwfvSefvdkufNyD/
uRefawmfonf þowif;udk tNidrfraeEdkifatmif apmifhaecJUaomfvnf; Mum;&awmh

rtHUMo? arQmfvifhaeNyDjzpfonf/ 0rf;vnf;rom 0rf;vnf;renf;/
awmif;qkdcsufawGaum tNidrfraeEdkifatmif apmifhaecJUaomfvn;f Mum;&awmh rtHUMo?

arQmfvifhaeNyDjzpfonf/ 0rf;vnf;rom? 0rf;vnf;renf;/
awmif;qdkcsufawGaum b,fhavmuf&vdkU b,fhavmufr&ovJ/ OD;yktpdk;&eJU uRefawmfwdkU

acgif;aqmifawG bmawGrsm; oabmwlnDcJUMuovJ/
uRefawmfonf tcef;xJrS pBuFodkUxGufcJUNyD; pBuFwHwdkif;ay:wGif vufydkufí tjyifodkU

ai;Munfhaeonf/ jrif;NydKifuGif;a[mif;BuD;xJwGif jrLawGqdkif;aeonf/ aerif;um; rxGuf
ao;/ ta&SUaumif;uifrSm ESif;qDa&mifpdkUaeonf/ a&Twd*kHapwDawmfBuD;um; jrLrsm;
Mum;wGif *Grf;EkvTmMum;u a&TawmifBuD;vdk wnfaeavonf/ iSufrsm;onf O'[dk
ysHoef;&if; eHeufoDcsif;rsm; usL;&ifhaeMu\/ OMowGefoHonf &ifwGif;rSm pdrfhoGm;atmif
om,mat;jronf/
ausmif;ydwfcsdefygwum;/
odkUaomf ausmif;awGudk oydwfvSefvkdufayNyD/
- 414 -
twefMum eHeufcif;tvSudk eHeufcif;avnif;ESifhwuG &SL&IdufNyD;aemuf oufjyif;csí

&ifav;rIudk ayghapNyD; wdkufyf&dkuf&rnfh pm&Gufrsm;udk zwfvdkufonf/
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rif;wdkUonf ausmif;om;rsm;udpöESifhywfoufí

atmufyg tcsufrsm;udk oabmwlnDMuNyD jzpfaMumif;/
jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;u 4if;wdkU

vufatmuf&Sd ausmif;om;tm;vkH;udk atmufygtcsuftvufrsm;udk
vdkufemap&rnf/
(u) w&m;Oya'ESifh qefUusifaom trIrsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;rSjzpfap?

tm;ay;jcif;rSjzpfap? a&SmifMuOfMu&rnf/
(c) ,ck vuf&Sd wuúodkvfausmif;ESifh pmoifausmif; oydwfarSmufjcif;

rsm;udk &yfpJ&rnf/
tpdk;&u atmufygtwdkif; aqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif;/
1/ tpdk;&udk tMunfndKysufatmif a[majymjcif;? tMurf;jyKvkyfjcif;?

tMurf;jyKvkyfatmif vIHUaqmfay;jcif; yg0ifaom trIrsm;rSwpfyg;
,ckvuf&Sd qlyloydwfarSmufrIESifh ywfoufí zrf;qD;jcif;? odkUr[kwf
ppfaMumpD&ifí tjypf'Pfay;jcif;cH&aom wynfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
vTwfrnf/
tpdk;&tm; tMunfndKysufatmif a[majymjcif;? tMurf;jyKvkyfjcif;

tMurf;jyKvkyfap&ef vIHUaqmfay;jcif;rsm; ryg0ifonfh trIrsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í w&m;&kH;awmfwGif tppfaq;cHae&olwdkUtwGufrSm tpdk;&rif;
wdkUu pD&ifpke,f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;tm; qdkif&mtrIvdkuf a&SUaeESifh
wdkifyifí trIudk &kyfodrf;cGifhjyK&ef oifhroifhudk pOf;pm;&eftwGuf
- 415 -
ajymMum;vdrfhrnf/ þtcsufü w&m;Oya't& w&m;&kH;awmfu

qkH;jzwfonfhtwdkif; wnfrnf/
2/ ,aeUrwdkifrD vuf&Sd pmoifausmif;ESifh wuúodkvfausmif; oydwf

arSmufjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí usL;vGefMuaom trIrsm;twGuf
usL;vGefonfhtrIonf tMurf;jzpfap? &mZ0wfrIjzpfap? rusL;vGefvQif
wynfhausmif;om;rsm;tm; ausmif;pnf;urf;t& ta&;,lvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/
4/ ausmif;pm;ar;yGJESifh ywfoufí ,ckvuf&Sd oydwfudk vSefNyD;aemuf

tenf;qkH; okH;vcGmí aemufxyf pmar;yJGrsm; usif;yvdrfhrnf/ 4if;
pmar;yGJtwGuf 0ifcrsm;rSm pmar;yGJ0ifonfhausmif;om; ajzqkdrnfh
bmom&yftwGuf tcsKd;us ay;&vdrfhrnf/ wuúodkvfausmif; pmar;yGJ
twGufvnf; xkdenf;twl ta&;,l&ef tpdk;&u qdkif&modkU axmufcH
tBuHay;vdrfhrnf/
5/ 1938-ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 20&ufaeUwGif twGif;0efrsm;&kH;teD;ü

ykvdyfrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfyGm;onfhudpötwGuf pkHprf;a&;
aumfrwDBuD;wpfck cefUxm;vdrfhrnf/ 4if;tzGJUü tpdk;&t&m&Sd
r[kwfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; ydkrkdyg0ifvdrfhrnf/
(ykH) armifyk? eef;&if;0efBuD;
26-2-39
(ykH) OD;oGif? NrdKUrdNrdKUztzJGU OuúX
26-2-39
- 416 -
(ykH) vSa&T? jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾toif;
26-2-39
]txufyg vufrSwfxdk;aompmwrf;udk xyfrHí t"dyÜm,frsm; ay:vGifatmif &Sif;vif;jy

aomtcg atmufyg tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk axmufxm;í em;vnfMu&rnf
jzpfaMumif;} [kqkdum 23&uf? 25&ufaeUu tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;
avonf/
xkdrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf rauseyfaom tcsufrsm;udk awmif;qdk\/

&oifhaomtcsdefwGif r&í tMurf;rzufbJ tEkoufoufjzifh oydwfarSmufcJUaomf?
odkUr[kwf oydwfwm;cJUaomf rw&m;[k rqdkEdkifaMumif;/ ]tpdk;&tm; tMunfndKysufrI}
qkdaom pum;ygaomfvnf; tMunfndKysufrIESifh tMurf;zufrIwkdUjzifh zrf;qD;jcif;?
ppfaq;jcif;? tjypfay;jcif; cH&aomtrI wpfckrQ r&SdaMumif;/ bk&ifcH\ wpfcsufvTwf
&efukefNrdKU vwfwavmvkHNcKHa&;Oya'ESifh tjcm; jynfolUvGwfvyfrIudk csKyfcs,faom?
Oya'rsm;udk jyefí&kyfodrf;&ef tpdk;&tzGJUu bk&ifcHtm; wkdufwGef;rnfjzpfaMumif;/
4if;tjyif wpfjynfvkH;wGif yk'fr(107)? (108)? (144) ykvdyfOya'ESifh bk&ifcH wpfcsuf
vTwf Oya'rsm;t& w&m;pGJcH&í tjypf'Pfay;cH&aom ausmif;om;r[kwfolrsm;tm;
ausmif;om;rsm;enf;wl vTwfypf&ef tpdk;&tzGJUu bk&ifcHtm; wkdufwGef;rnfjzpfaMumif;?
&efukefrEÅav;wkdUü ykvdyfESifh ppfykvdyfwdkUu wkwfESifh&dkufjcif;? aoewfESifhypfjcif;paom
udpörsm;udk pkHprf;&ef zJGUaom pkHprf;a&;aumfrwDrsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; auseyfaom
[dkufuGwfw&m;olBuD; wpfa,mufudk xnfh&ef eef;&if;0efOD;yku oabmwlaMumif;/
ausmif;om;rsm;ta&; ay:onfhaeUrSpí trsKd;rsKd;aom tultnDay;aom ausmif;q&m
q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;rsm;ay:wGif vkH;0tjypfr,lygaMumif; ponfrsm;ygavonf/
- 417 -
4if;jyif yk'fr144 xkwfxm;aom NrdKUaygif; 16NrdKU&SdcJU&m aphpyfcsufjyKaom tcsdefwGif

3NrdKUrSmom xkwfxm;onfjzpfNyD; usef3 NrdKUwGif vlrsKd;a&;t"du&kPf;&Sdaeojzifh r&kyfodrf;
&jcif; jzpfaMumif; OD;yku ajz&Sif;xm;avonf/
uRefawmfwdkU\ ausmif;om;rsm;onf a&eHajroydwfrsm;udk ulnD&efoGm;Muaom

udkb[def;ESifh udkAaqGwdkUtm; tpdk;&wdkUu zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk zDqefyGJ? tiftm;jyyGJrsm;
vkyfcJUonf/ oydwfarSmufcJUMuonf/ jynfolwkdU\ vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; 'Drkdua&pD tcGifh
ta&;rsm;twGuf wdkufyJG0ifcJUMuonf/ ,ck xkdudpörsm;wGif tpdk;&u tawmftwef
tavQmhay;&ef oabmwlnDcJUNyD r[kwfygavm/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; oydwfvSef&ef qkH;jzwfjcif;onf wu,fawmh t&IH;ay;jcif; r[kwfyg/
xdkUaMumifh trIaqmiftzGJU\ qkH;jzwfcsufudk uRefawmfhtaeESifh auseyfpGm vufcHayonf/
okdUaomf uRefawmfwkdUonf
]]tvkyform;? v,form;ESifh ausmif;om;wdkU aoG;pnf;NyD; ta&;awmfykHBuD;

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]]ArmhvGwfvyfa&; t&,lMu}}
paom aqmifyk'frsm;udk trsm;qkH; azmfxkwfxm;Muonf/
jynfolvlxkrsm;uvnf; uRefawmfwkdU\ ta&;awmfykHonf xkdaqmifyk'frsm;udk csufcsif;

taumiftxnfazmfawmhrnf[k xifMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh-
tvkyform;v,form;wkdUta&; rat;bJESifh ausmif;om;u cJGNyD; bmvdkU aphpyfat;Nidrf;

&rnfvJ/
- 418 -
91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; rysufbJ bmvdkU oydwfvSef&rSmvJ[laom ar;cGef;rsm;onf ysHUESHU

vmay\/
oHo,rsm;onf &IyfaxG;pGmay:vmay\/ vGwfvyfa&;&rS oydwfvSef&rnf[k wkdufwGef;

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- 424 -
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ray:/ udkvSa&Tu NyKH;íMunfhaeonf/ udkb[def;u NyKH;íajymjyefonf/
- 427 -
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udk,fwm udpöawGbmawG xnfhwGufaewm[m &JabmfwifxGef;twGuf obm0rusbl;/
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olwdkUESpfa,muf qif;Muavonf/
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'dkdbDay;NyD; &SyfvufwdkESifh yef;a&mifydk;ESifh teD&ifha&mifcsnfudk tuGufi,fuav;rsm;
azmfum &ufxm;aom ydk;a&mcsnfygvkHcsnfudk xkwf,lavonf/ acgif;NzD; t0wfvJ&if;
udkvSa&TwdkUtm; vdrfcJUonfwkdUudkom owd&aeavonf/ olwdkUay;aom wm0efudk
jiif;y,fcJUrdí pdwfraumif;jzpfaeonf/ NrdKUxJoGm;vnfzkdUyif pdwfrygUwyg jzpfaeay\/
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- 428 -
ajrmufawG; awG;&if;jzifh rjrrSDxHodkU tvnfoGm;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufayonf/ ukvm;Arm

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rjrrSD? oGufcgyg' vdkufaeaom vifonftwGuf pdwfqif;&J&&Smaom rjrrSD/ ,ck
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- 429 -
bmblonf [if'Dpum;jzihf oGm;awmhrnf[k EIwfquf&if; xavonf/ olUazmif;<uaom

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vdkU odcsifwmeJU}}
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- 430 -
rjrrSDonf '&dkifbmudkac:NyD; um;tqifoifhvkyf&efESifh uRefawmfhtwGuf zmvl'gwpfcGuf

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udkom aphaphpyfpyfyif zwfMunfhaerdavonf/
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aeMuonf/ [pfwvmESifh wuGaom emZDacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u *smrefvlenf;pkudk
0ifa&mufu,fq,f&efrS wpfyg; tjcm;vrf;r&Sdawmh[k BuKH;0g;aeMuavonf/
w&kwfArmvrf;rBuD;rSaeí w&kwfjynfodkUwifydkUaom "mwfqD? a&eHqD rsm;udk taumuf

awmfcGef yvyfvdkufaMumif;udkvnf; awGU&ay\/
ukvm;wpfa,mufu zmvl'gwpfcGuf vmcsojzifh owif;pmudk ypfcsNyD; zmvl'gudk

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avmuf zwfvdkufrdaom EdkifiHjcm;owif;rsm;twGuf &ifrat;Edkif jzpfaeayonf/
tdE´d,jynfrSmvnf; trsKd;om;uGef*&ufOuúX qlbwfpfcsef'&mbkdUpfu ]NAdwdoQwkdUtm;

vGwfvyfa&; ay;ray; ,wdjywfar;í &mZoHay;oifhNyDjzpfaMumif;? tdE´d,jynfolwkdUonf
tqkH;owfvGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyGJudk qifEGJ&eftajctaeodkU qdkufa&mufaeNyD jzpfaMumif;}
ajymqdkavonf/
- 431 -
]]aMomf? 'gaMumifhvnf; a'gufwmbarmfu olUjzKwfcszdkU t,kHtMunfr&Sdtqdkudk ajzMum;

&mrSm qlylaewm[m urÇmESifht0Srf; qlylaewm? ArmjynfrSmom r[kwfbl;? 'ghaMumifh
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okdUjzifh uRefawmfrpOf;pm;vdkaom EdkifiHa&;rsm;udk pOf;pm;OmPfa&mufaejyefavonf/

a&SUquf rpOf;pm;awmhbl;[k udk,fhpdwfudk,f xdef;vdkufNyD; aemufaz;cef;qDodkU arQmfMunfh
vdkufpOf rjrrSD xGufvmavonf/
rjrrSD\qHxkH;rSm wpfywfvQKdbD;pdkuf aemufuGJqHxkH;jzpfojzifh cyfaMumhaMumhjzpfonf/

apmapmu ajymifwif;aeaom ezl;jyifay:wGif eHUomjc,fxm;&kHru AsmygqHEkuav;rsm;
csxm;ojzifh ,Ofppjzpfonf/ EIwfcrf;udk obm0a&mif qdk;xm;ojzifh £ajEé&aom
tvSudk aqmifaeayonf/ 0wfxm;aomvkHcsnfrSm tjym&ifha&mif pl&wDvkHcsnfjzpfí
tjzLajymufuav;rsm;rSm azmif;<uwufaeonf[k xifrSwf&ay\/
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uspfvspfpdkjynfonfh e*dkaetwGif;oP²mefudk rlrSefaom aumufaMumif;rsm;ESifh ykHrysuf
apbJ ajyjypf,Ofaus;pGm rGrf;rHay;onfh tqiftjyif jzpfayonfwum;/
uRefawmf pl;pdkufMunfhaeonfudk rjrrSDonf 0rf;ompGmESifh owdjyKrd[ef wlavonf/

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pum;rsm;udk &Smaeonf/
- 432 -
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]]zdk;atmif uefawmfBuD;udkarmif;a[h}}
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rjrifhOD;om &efukefrSm&SdvQif olESifhom &kyf&SifMunfhaeayvdrfhrnf/ tckvdk rjrrSDESifh
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wrf;wovkvdk jzpfvmay\/
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rr MunfhNyD;NyDvm;}}
- 433 -
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tcg rjrrSDu-
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xm;Muayonf/ avjynfrSmvnf; vwfqwfonfomru oif;aeonf[k xif&ay\/
- 434 -
uRefawmfwkdUonf ab;wdkufavQmufoGm;Muonf/ tcgwdkif; rjrrSDtm; uRefawmfhxuf

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- 435 -
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uRefawmfwdkUvnf; bkwfuvyfteD; a&mufMuavNyD/ orÁefwpfpif;udk iSm;Mu\/
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orÁefOD;udk ausmay;vsuf rjrrSDudk rsufESmrlum xdkifonf/
qnf;qma&mifjcnfonf tawmfyifvif;wkef; jzpfonf/ Munfvifaom aumif;uifjyif

uvnf; awmufyaeayonf/ avnSif;uav;u wokefokef wdkufcwfvsuf&Sd\/
rjrrSDonf &TifNyKH;vmjyefNyD; vufudk a&xJrSmcsí upm;aeonf/
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*gbdkeJU csm;vfbGdKif,m? *&dwm*gbdkavmuf aumif;wJUrif;orD; uRefawmfawmh wpfcgrS
rawGUzl;ao;bl;}}
- 436 -
rjrrSDonf avnif;uav;u qGojzifh yGaeaom r[mezl;qHprsm;udk oyf&if;-
]]Zmwfvrf;udk ajymjyygOD;uG}}
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wrf;wrf;pJG vdkufydk;NyD; odrf;ydkufw,f/ y&'g&uHusL;vGefwJU Zmwfvrf;rdkU oifcef;pmu
raumif;bl;rr&JU}}
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rjrrSDonf bmrQrajymbJ eD;uyfvmNyDjzpfaom tv,fuRef;qDodkUom ai;íMunfhaeonf/

olUrsufvkH;rsm;onf a&SUuxdkifaeaom uRefawmfhudkyif jrif[efr&Sdawmhacs/ uRefawmf
ajymvdkufrdwm rSm;oGm;avNyDvm;/ uRefawmfonf þZmwfvrf;udk roefU&Sif;aom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ajymonf[k rru xifoGm;avNyDvm;/
- 437 -
rr\ESvkH;tdrfwGif pufqkyfjcif;? &GHrke;fjcif; ponfwkdU csif;eif;0ifa&mufoGm;avNyDvm;/

odkUr[kwf rr\ESvkH;tdrfwGif Mumcdkaom Zmwfvrf;cif;NyD; arSmifBuD;usaeNyDavm/
uRefawmftzdkUum; xdkZmwfvrf;okdU &nf&G,fcsufr&SdbJ a&mufoGm;onfrSm trSefjzpf\/

xdkcPxdktcdkufxd rjrrSDtay:wGif uRefawmfxm;cJUaomarwÅmrSm &dk;om;pifMu,f&dk; {uef
rSefygonf/ tu,fwd rjrrSD\ &lyg&kH *E¨m&kH ponfwdkUwGif uRefawmf ,pfrl;cJUygrl
obm0"r® rvGefqefEdkifíom jzpfygonf/ rjrrSD\ &kyftqif;u vSayoudk;? vlrSefvQif
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vlrSefvQif wyfrufp&mudk wG,fwmonf r[kwfygvm;/ rjrrSD tjc,ftrIef;wdkUu arT;BudKif
ayoudk;? vlrSefvQif *E¨m&kHwGif ,pfwwfonf r[kwfygvm;/ odkU&mwGif uRefawmfh
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wpfqifhwufí pdwfrupm;? umrydkifvif&Sdonf[laom todESifh toufuGmjcm;rIwkdUu

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Zmwfvrf;udk ajymrd&mrS MumcdkaomZmwfwGif pdwfupm;MunfhaerdavNyD/ r&dk;rom;
awmawG;awmifawG; awG;rdavNyD/ uRefawmfhwpfudk,fvkH;onf acsmufcsm;vm\/
uRefawmfhpdwfonf npfnL;vm\/
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uRefawmfhykckH;udk udkifNyD; wufvdkufavonf/ urf;ay:a&mufaomfvnf; uRefawmfhyckH;rS
vufudk awmfawmfESifhrvTwf/ vIyf&Sm;apaom &lyg&kHESifh *E¨m&kHwkdU tay:wGif r&dk;r&G
jzpfaeaom azXAÁm&kHu o&zlaqmif;ay;vdkufjyefavonf/ uRefawmfum; pdwfvIyf&Sm;
oavmuf vlu Nidrf&yfaeonf/ bmvkyf&? bmudkif&rSef; rod/ ,kwfpGtqkH; tkyfavSum;
tqifhuav;awGwGif wufoGm;&rnfudkyif rod jzpfygav\/
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- 438 -
tay:a&mufaomtcg rjrrDSonf xdkifckHuav;wpfckay:wGif xdkifNyD; ab;u0ifxdkif&ef

uRefawmfhtm; udk,ftrlt&mjzifh ae&may;aeavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf
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uRefawmfum; 0rf;enf;tm;emjzpfoGm;um olUab;u 0ifxdkifNyD; NyKH;wkH;wkH; vkyfaevdkuf
avonf/
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vufudkifyk0gjzihf ,yfcwfaejyefonf/ [dkrSm wpfwJG? 'DrSm wpfwGJ? [dkrSm okH;a,muf? 'DrSm
okH;av;a,muf wpfajzmufajzmuf awGU&ao;aomfvnf; vl&Sif;pjyKavNyD/ qnf;qm
a&mifjcnfum; wpfwpfp rSdefcJUavNyD/
rjrrSDonf aygifwpfvkH;ay: wpfvkH;xyfNyD; cg;udkaumhvsuf xddkifckHausmrSDay:wGif wtm;

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aexdkif[efyifwnf;/ xdkoP²mefodkU uRefawmfhrsufpdtpkHonf tarSmif&dyfrsm; wpfvTmNyD;
- 439 -
wpfvTm usa&mufvmavav &pf0Jrdavav jzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&drfojzifh uRefawmfonf

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]]rra&? oGm;MupdkU arSmifvmNyD}}
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tuJrcwfwwfay/ rronf xdkifckHrS oGufvufpGmxNyD; uRefawmfha&SUuyif avQmufESifh\/
- 440 -
uRefawmfu aemufuvdkufae&m udkuf 50 avmuf a&mufMuvQif rronf uRefawmfhtm;

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qdkNyD; uRefawmfhudk &efawGUw,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfuvnf; rcHcsifwmeJU ]wufwufpif
- 441 -
&dk;ygvsufu,fESifh? uvufwufwuf xifol&,f? wpfrsKd;o'¨grysufapESifh? tydk;0goem

bufudkwJU uGif;orkdUy,f? jiif;vdkUuG,fEdkifyg&JU ajzmifhpGmoabm? rif;wdkUt&G,fudkjzifh
ausmif;wum rapm} qkdwJU ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;&JU av;csKd;BuD;wpfyk'fxJu aumufEkwfNyD;
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- 442 -
odtyfaom vQKdU0Suftyfonfh ausmufrsuf&wemuav; awGUxm;onfhozG,f oabmxm;

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- 443 -
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- 444 -
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rronf olU[mol oabmusaeonf/ rr\ oJUoJU&,faeoHonf uRefawmfhtm;

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- 445 -
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- 446 -
39
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]]uRefawmfhta':wpfa,mufyg}}
- 447 -
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apmapmu uRefawmfhrSm ab;xGufxdkifaevdkaomqE´ tjyif;txef jzpfcJUonf/

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ayonf/ ckawmh cspfvSpGmaom udkat;aiGu tvkyf&Sdonfqdkum NrdKUxJodkUac:jyefay&m
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avmufatmif wdkaom Adkvfau&Sday\/ udkpHyrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;\
azmufonfjzpf&kHru rdwfaqGvnf; jzpfaeayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&vQif &Jabmf&Jbuf
ozG,fvnf; jzpfaeum uRefawmfwkdU\ ta&;awmfykHwGif pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm yg0ifae
avonf/
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- 448 -
]]owif;pmwkdufawGudk}}
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ponf/
jrefrmhtvif;wGif t,f'Dwm OD;cspfarmifESifh awGU&avonf/ OD;cspfarmifonf

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]]b,fhES,fvJ pkHpkHnDnD wufyghrvm;}}
]][kwfuJU? pkHpkHnDnDwufatmif BudK;pm;aeMuwmygyJ/ &efukefuqdk&if oydwfvSefwJU

uRefawmfwkdUbufu udk,fpm;vS,f 2a,muf? oydwfqufarSmufaecsifwJU udkoef;wifwkdU
bufu udk,fpm;vS,f 2a,muf wufcGifhay;xm;wmyJ/ udkoef;wif[m ArmjynfvkH;qkdif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ toif;csKyfBuD;&JU tvkyftrIaqmifwpfOD;taeeJU wuf&OD;rSmyJ}}
- 449 -
OD;cspfarmifu aMunmcsufudk cyfaomhaomhzwfaeonf/ uRefawmfwkdUu xGufcGmMuawmh

rnf vkyfaepOf avjynfwkdufovdk nifompGmESifh olu ajymjyefonf/
]]at;Asm uRefawmfwdkUuawmh nDnGwfapcsifwmygyJ/ vTwfawmfBuD;u oydwf tvSef

tarSmuf? trSeftrSm;udpö? udkoef;wifwkdU cGJxGufoGm;wJUudpö 'gawGudk ckHorm"dozG,f
pOf;pm;&rSmygyJ/ ausmif;om;vTwfawmfrSm trsm;qEéJU qkH;jzwfwJUtcgrSm wnD
wnGwfwnf; vkdufemaqmif&GufMu&if nDnGwfMurSmygyJ}}
]]udkb[def;wkdUuvnf; 'DrlcsNyD; vkyfaeMuwmygyJ}}
]]'gxuf udkodef;azwpfa,muf b,fa&mufaeovJ odMu&JUvm;}}
]]udkat;aiGu tHUMooGm;aom rsufESmjzifh acgif;cgNyD;-
]][if rodbl;? uRefawmfu &efukefrSmyJ &Sdaew,fxifaewm}}
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oGm;MunfhykH olaqmif;yg;a&;ydkUvdkufw,f}}
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udkcspfarmifu NyKH;Munhfusef&pfonf/ olUrsufrSefxlBuD;rSm vufaeonf/
tjcm;owif;pmwkdufrsm;odkU oGm;NyD;aemuf uRefawmfhtm; qmavmifjcif;u zdpD;aeNyD

jzpfavonf/
]]udkat;aiG uRefawmf xrif;rpm;&ao;bl;}}
]]apmapmu NrdKUxJa&mufwkef;u udk&ifhta':u rauR;vdkufbl;vm;}}

- 450 -
]]auR;awmh auR;yg&JU? uRefawmfu tm;emaewmeJU rpm;cJUbl;}}
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]]ta':wpfa,mufvkH;rsm; tm;emae&ao;ovm;}}
]]ckavmufvnf; rqmao;vdkU tm;emwmayghAsm? uJ w&kwfwef;oGm;Mur,faemf}}
]]r*dkvrf;rSmyJ pm;&atmif}}
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onfudk rjrrSDjrifoGm;&if tajz&usyfaeayvdrfhrnf/ olu pm;zkdUac:wkef;uawmh bmvdkU
vdkufrpm;ovJ/
]]uJygAsm? w&kwfwef;udkom oGm;pm;&atmif? udkpHy w&kwfwef;udkAsKdU}}
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avQmufMu&ao;onf/ w&kwftpmudk uRrf;usifem;vnfpGm rSmwwfaom udkat;aiGonf
bJuif? 0ufacgufuif? 0uftlacsmif;wkdU csdwfqGJxm;&m a&SUrSm&yfNyD; aygufazmfBuD;ESifh
tvkyfrsm;aecdkuf tanSmfESifh a0;EdkiforQa0;aom pm;yJGwpfckrSm uRefawmfu oGm;í
xdkifaeavonf/ rsufESmudk vrf;bufodkU rlxm;aomfvnf;? rsufpdrSmum; udkat;aiGxHodkU
vnf;aumif;? uRrf;usifoyf&yfpGm ckwfvSD;aeaom w&kwfvlBuD;xHodkU vnf;aumif;?
taMumftjyKwfwdkUudk aysmfaysmfBuD;vkyfaeaom w&kwfvlvwfxHodkU vnf;aumif;? to,f
tydkUESifh tac:trSmrsm;udk rem;wrf;vkyfae&aom w&kwfvli,fxHodkUvnf;aumif;
wpfvSnhfpD a&mufaeayonf/ em;xJrSmvnf; awmufawmufpOf;oHESifh &SJ&SJaMumfoHudkom
Mum;ae&pOf-
- 451 -
]]a[h armifwifxGef;}}
[laom uRrf;0if&if;ESD;rItjynfhygaom toHwpfoHudk xl;jcm;pGm Mum;&avonf/ toH

vm&modkU Munfhvdkufaomtcg wpfqdkifjcm;qdkifa&SUwGif uyf&yfxm;aom um;ay:rS
0if;xGufaeaom rjrrSD\ rsufESmudk tHUMopGm jrif&avonf/
uRefawmfu rjrrSDxHodkU taomhoGm;NyD; uav;qdk;yrm NyKH;í&yfaerdonf/
]]vmcJU rif;awmhrdaeNyD rrac:wkef;uawmh vkdufrpm;bl;/ odef;a& 'Doli,fudk rSwfrdvm;}}
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rodef;odef;rSm rjrrSDESifh &G,fwljzpfaMumif; odNyD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ odkUaomf rjrrSDvdk &kyf&nf

rysKdrspf/ 0vnf; twefi,f0vGef;onf/ rsufpdarS;onf/ tom;rSmrl rjrrSDuJUodkUyif
jzL0if;onf/
rodef;odef;u udkifxm;aom a<uZGef;udk um;ay:rSmwifxm;aom Murf;jym;ay:&Sd [if;csKd

yef;uefwGif xnfhvdkuf&if;-
]]jrifzl;ovdkvdkawmh &Sdw,fxifw,f? aumif;aumif;rrSwfrdbl; jr&JU}}
]]ukvm;Arm t"du&kPf;jzpfwkef;u aumvdyfausmif;om;uav;awG jrudk odef;wkdUtdrf

vdkufykdUwm rSwfrdw,fr[kwfvm;}}
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rjrrSDuvnf;-
]]'Dqdkif ajymif;pm;ygvm;uG}}
- 452 -
]]uRefawmfholi,fcsif;u rSmaeNyDrr&JU? [dkrSmawGUvm;}}
udkat;aiGonf uRefawmfxdkifcJUaom pm;yGJodkU jyefa&mufaeNyD; uRefawmfwkdUqDokdU vSrf;

Munfhaeavonf/
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oli,fcsif;eJU csufcsif;xGufcJU&w,f/ ck owif;pmwkdufawGu udpöNyD;vdkU qmvmwmeJU
0ifpm;Muwm}}
rjrrSDu NyKH;í em;axmifaeonf/ aemuf bmrQrajymao;bJ acgufqJGudk qufpm;aepOf

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tjzpftysufav? r,m;u xrif; &kwfw&ufcl;rauR;vdkU a'gyGNyD; r,m;EIwfcrf;udk
oifwkef;"m;eJU vSD;ypfwJU ukvm;trI}}
]]bmrSawmh aemufxyfrMum;cJUbl;cifAs? tvkyfvufrUJjzpfaevkdU pdwfnpfnpfeJU tdrfjyef

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zrf;xm;NyD}}
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]]'gjzifh [dkowif;aum}}
- 453 -
rjrrSDu aigufqwfqwfjzifh 0if[efUvdkuf\/
]]tkd odef;uvnf;uG,f tvkyfr&Sdwdkif; owif;pmawGzwf? aemufqkH;owif; avQmufar;?

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om qufpm;avawmh\/ uRefawmfhrSm rjrrSDtpm;yif tm;emoGm;ao;\/
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uRefawmfonf pm;yGJodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg udkat;aiG\ tar;udk arQmfvifhNyD;om;

jzpf&kHru ]NzD;} &ef tqifoihfvnf; jzpfonf/
]]udk,fhvludk ckeifu vdkufydkUwJUum; r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,f}}
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rMumcifyif olvnf; vdkufavG;&avawmh\/
- 454 -
rjrrSDwdkUqDodkU pum;jyefra&mufatmif uRefawmfu udkat;aiGtm; NrdKUrudkoef;wifwdkU\

tiftm;tajctaeudk ar;vkdufavonf/
]]t&nfrvnfcifom enf;enf;tm;&Sdaewmyg/ 'Dvdk pdwf"mwfjyif;xefaewJU tcsdefBuD;rSm

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tajctaeudk vdyfywfvnfvmatmif jrifr,fqdk&if oef;wifwkdUudk axmufcHr,fhvl
&SdrSmr[kwfbl;}}
]]ausmif;om;vTwfawmfus&if b,fvdkaer,fxifovJ}}
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vGwfvyfa&;r&rcsif; arSmufae[? raorcsif; arSmufae[qdkwJU vrf;pOfrsKd;[m vufawGU
r&bl; qdkwm e,fudk,fpm;vS,fawG jrifvmrSmygyJ}}
]]rjrif&if b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ}}
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a&pkefrarsmr,f/ ckvdk arSmufolvSefol z&dkz&Jjzpfaer,f? ckvdk aoG;cGJa&;orm;awG t&rf;
uma&m r[kwfwmawG ajymaewm vTrf;rdk;aer,fqdk&if tEÅ&,fodyfBuD;w,f/ ta&;awmfykH
vkyfief;wpfckvkH; trsm;BuD;emr,f? vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJvnf; tawmfyJemr,f/ 'Dawmh ckvdk
tEÅ&,fBuD;aewJUtcsdefrSm udk,fwkdUwpfawGu ydkvkyfMu&vdrfhr,f/ rSefwJU vrf;pOftwGuf
raMumufr&GHU tm;remyg;rem udk,fusKd;riJUbJ vkyfoGm;&r,f}}
udkat;aiGum; r&nf&G,faomfvnf; uRefawmfhtm; wdkuf&dkufqkH;raeonfESifh wlayawmh\/

pdwfysufcsifaeaom uRefawmfhtm; aoG;xdk;ay;aeonfESifh wlay\/
xdktckduf '&dkifbm zkd;atmifonf uRefawmfwdkUqdkif&Siftm; aiG 5 usyfwef xkwfay;&if;

uRefawmfwkdUpm;yGJudk vufnSKd;xdk;jyaeonfudk jrif&avonf/
- 455 -
]]a[h uddkzdk;atmif bmvkyfwmwkH;}}
]]rru cifAsm;wkdUtwGuf ydkufqHay;&r,fqdkvdkU}}
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uRefawmfu pm;ae&mrSxNyD; rjrrSDxHoGm;í EIwfqufOD;rnf vkyfao;onf/
odkUaomf um;uxGufavNyD/ rjrrSDuvnf; NyKH;í vufjyEIwfqufaeavNyD/
udkat;aiGu-
]]a[hvl? 'Dbufuxdkifaewm b,folvJvdkU ar;aewm rajymao;ygbJuvm;}}
]]'gu uRefawmfhtpfrayghAsm}}
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r[kwfbl; &Jabmf}}
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avonf/ ausmif;om;vTwfawmftwGuf tm;wufoa&m 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufjyefygonf/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfonf ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;udk wnfaqmufrnf r[kwfygavm/
odkUjzifh 1939 rwf 8&ufaeUwGif ausmif;om;vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;BuD; usif;ycJUonf/
- 456 -
1939ckESpf? rwfv8&ufaeU/
EdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;vTwfawmf usif;yaomaeU/
eHeuf 10em&D wdwdrSm pavonf/
aeUrSm 0if;xdefom,maeonf/
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aeonf/ "mwfykHorm;u jriforQ zrf;&dkufaeonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
xrif;pm;aeMuykHudkyif "mwfykH&dkuf,lMuao;\/
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raeMuawmhbJ vkH;0uif;pifoGm;ygavNyD/
uRefawmfum; oydwfvSef&onfh taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk tprStqkH; em;vnfayonf/

rSefonf[kvnf; vufcHonf/ odkUaomf qefUusifbuf tiftm;pktrsKd;rsKd;\ avjyif;
rkefwdkif;Mum;wGif xdktrSefudk r,drf;r,dkifatmif rxdef;udkifEdkifjcif;om jzpf\/ okdUaomf
udkb[def;? udkvSa&T paom acgif;aqmifrsm;\ &JabmfpdwfESifh pdwf&SnfpGm azsmif;zs
ay;jcif;ESifh udkat;aiGpaom &Jabmfrsm;\ az;rac:,ljcif;jzihf trSefudk xdef;udkifEdkif
cJUavNyD/
ausmif;om;rsm;vTwfawmfodkU udk,fpm;vS,fwpf&mausmfrQ wufa&mufonfhtjyif ocifEk?

NrdKUr q&m[defESifh NrdKUrdNrdKUz 38-OD;aumfrwD\ udk,fpm;vS,f vlBuD; 3 OD;vnf;
wufa&mufí tuJcwfavonf/
- 457 -
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ udkb[def;u tpnf;ta0; obmywdtjzpfjzifh

aqmif&Gufí twGif;a&;rSL; udkAaqGu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpfjzifh aqmif&Gufavonf/
udkb[def;u obmywdrdefUcGef;udk ]ausmif;om;rsm;[m nDnGwfpGmESifh wpfoHwnf;[pfNyD;

twwfBuD;wufcJUjyD;rS tckvdk oydwftvSefwGif ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; tenf;i,f
oabmuGJvJGMuvdkU 0rf;enf;ygw,f}} [laom pum;jzihf pwifavonf/
udkb[def;u vuf&SdjrefrmjynfwGif wu,fhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJudk wdkufaeonfh

tpnf;t&kH;BuD;rSm 2-ckom&Sdí wpfckrSm wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;ESifh tjcm;wpfckrSm
ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ tpnf;t&kH;BuD;om jzpfaMumif;? rdrdwkdUrSm rSefudkaxmifí wufae&
ojzifh tvGefcufcJpGm vkyfaqmifae&ojzifh wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh r&EdkifbJ wjznf;jznf;
wufvSrf;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? ,ck ausmif;om;udpörSm tmPmukefvTJtyfxm;onfh trIaqmif
rsm;u aumif;w,fxifojzifh vkyfaqmifvdkuf&m uefUuGufp&mrvdkaMumif;? trIaqmif
rsm;udk rauseyfu jzKwfypftyfaMumif;? pifppfrSm oydwfvSefola&m? arSmufola&mrSm
jrefrmjynf\ &J&Jawmufuav;csnf;jzpfojzifh twlwlyifjzpfaMumif;? ,ck uGJ&onfh
ta&;rSm pdwfwuf<uvGef;íom jzpfay:vm&aMumif;? ,ck ausmif;om;vTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;rSm ckHorm"dozG,fjzpfí xdkufoifhovdk ta&;,l&efjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh
ajymoGm;avonf/
trIaqmiftzJGU\ tpD&ifcHpmudk udkvSa&Tu wifoGif;NyD; &Sif;vif;csufrsm; jznfhpGuf

ajymqdkavonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;wdkufzsuf&mü tpu trwfrsm;tm; txifBuD;NyD; vkyfief;pOfrsm; cscJUonf/

odkUaomf trwfrsm;tm; txifBuD;jcif;rSm trSm;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ jrefrmtrwf 90teuf
67a,mufu oabmwlrnf xifaomfvnf; trwf 26a,mufom vufrSwfxdk;cJUonf/
t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqdkoGif;aomtcg xdk 26a,mufxJrS 5OD;onf tpdk;&bufrS rJay;NyD;
2OD;rSm Mum;xkdifaecJUonf/ a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& jyKwfusjcif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;
tpmiwfcHNyD; qlylcJUojzifh jzpfonf/ tpmiwfrcHvQif nGefUaygif;tpdk;&yif jyKwfcsifrS
jyKwfayrnf/
- 458 -
]]'DtajctaerSm tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdufzsufzkdU qufvkyfrvm;? awmif;qdkcsuf 5-csufudk ,lNyD;

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owÅd paomt&mrsm; tvGefvkdw,f? ck 'D[mawG bmrS rjynfhpkHao;bl;/ ausmif;om;
awG&JU pdwftm;xufoefrIawmifrS tpuvdk r[kwfawmhbl;? wjznf;jznf; ausmif;om;
tiftm; enf;vmwmudk awGU&w,f/ 'Dtcsufudk tjypfwifzdkU r[kwfbl;/ tdkif,mvef[m
vGwfvyfa&;&atmif tESpf 500 wdkuf&w,f? 'gawmifrS ckxd vkH;0 vGwfvyfa&;&NyDvdkU
rqdkEdkifao;bl;/ &k&Sm;jynfrSm Zmbk&ifESifh "e&SifBuD;rsm;vufatmufrS vGwfatmif
b,favmufMumatmif wkduf&ovJ Munfh? ckrSyJ vGwfvyfa&;&Muw,f}} p onfjzifh
udkvSa&Tu tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdufzsufonfqdkjcif;rSm t*Fvdyfvufatmufu vGwfajrmufatmif
wdkuf&jcif;yif jzpfaMumif;? vGwfvyfa&;tm; vG,fvG,fESifh oabmrxm;EdkifaMumif;?
xkdUaMumifh ,ckta&;awmfykHwGif oydwfwdkufyGJrsm;udk vGwfvyfa&;ppfyGJBuD;twGuf wdkufyGJ
uav;rsm; tjzpfjzifhom ,lq&rnfjzpfaMumif;? xkdUaMumifh tajctaeudkMunfhí ,ck
oydwfudk awmif;qdkcsuf 5-csuf&&kHjzihf tEdkifESifhydkif;&jcif;omjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyavonf/
]]usKyfwdkUtrIaqmifu oydwfvSefzkdU qkH;jzwfwJUtcgrSm ausmif;om;rdbrsm;udk bmhaMumifh

rwdkifyifovJvkdU ar;Muw,f/ oydwfarSmufwkef;u rdbrsm;udkwdkifyifNyD; arSmufwmr[kwf?
rdbrsm;u wkdufwGef;vdkUvnf; arSmufwmr[kwf? 'gaMumifh wkdifyifzdkUrvdkbl;/ wcsKdUu
oydwfvSef&mrSm ausmif;om;vTwfawmfac:NyD; bmvdkUrwdkifyifovJvdkU ar;Muw,f/ yxr
tcsufuawmh tcsdefr&vdkU ausmif;om;vTwfawmfrac:Edkifbl;/ 'kwd,tcsufuawmh
oydwfarSmufaepOfu usif;ycJUwJU ausmif;om;vTwfawmfu tvkyftrIaqmifudk oydwf
vSefvdku vSefzdkU tmPmtjynfhtpkH ay;tyfcJUMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh rwdkifyifwmygyJ/
trIaqmiftzGJUrSmvnf; wpfa,mufruseff oabmwlwJUtwGuf oydwfvSefcJUw,f/
uRefawmfwkdUu barmftpdk;& jzKwfcsNyD; armifyktpdk;&udk bmaMumifh rjzKwfovJvdkU
ar;Muw,f/ trIaqmiftzGJUvkyfief;twdkif; ,aeU rjzKwfaomfvnf; eufjzef jzKwfcsif
jzKwfr,f/ jzKwfr,f rjzKwfbl;qdkwm ,wdjywf uRefawmf rajymEdkifbl;}}
þodkUajymNyD; udkvSa&Tu tcsKdUowif;pmrsm;u olUtm; r[kwfwrf;w&rf; a&;aeMuykHrsm;

ajymjyavonf/
- 459 -
]]ckvdk r[kwfrw&m; pGyfpGJaeMu&mrSm cdkifvkHpGm taxmuftxm;ESifh ajymqdkifEdkifvQif

uRefawmfwkdU trIaqmifwpfzGJUvkH;udk owfypfcsifvQif owfypfyg/ cifAsm;wkdUu qkH;jzwfyg}}
[k udkvSa&Tu &J&JBuD;ajymvkdufaomtcg udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u tm;wufoa&m Mobmay;
Muavonf/
uRefawmfonf udkvSa&TajymaepOf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ rsufESmudk tuJcwfMunfhonf/

udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkonf trIaqmiftzGJU\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk oabmaygufaMumif;
xif&Sm;aeayonf/ udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pk\ axmufcHrIudk trIaqmiftzJGUu &&SdNyD[k
uRefawmf,kHMunfvmonf/ uRefawmfhrSm rsm;pGmtm;wufvmonf/ rSefrSef;odvsuf
qefUusifa&;orm;wkdU\ uefUuGufoH avjyif;rkefwdkif;Mum;wGif rwfrwfr&yfEdkifcJUaom
uRefawmfhtjzpfudk &Sufyif&Sufrdygonf/
4if;aemuf udkodef;atmifu pmar;yGJudk a&TUqdkif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaom tcsufrsm;udk

&Sif;jyavonf/ pmar;yGJudk tmPmydkifwkdUu a&TUay;onf/ yxrpmar;yGJwGif usolrsm;
onf ZGefvwGif usaombmomü ajzqdkcGifh&rnf jzpfavonf/
e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; ar;cGef;ar;cGifhjyKaomtcg e,fudk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;yif ar;jref;

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vSefjcif;udk vufcHxm;NyD; ar;jcif;om rsm;ay\/ oydwfvSefjcif;udk vufcHxm;NyD;
ar;olrsm;rSm oabmwlnDcsuft& zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk b,fawmh
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vTwfouJUokdU zrf;qD;xm;aom tvkyform;rsm;? v,form;rsm;? aps;olaps;om;rsm;tm;
vTwfrnfvm; paom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIESifhywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;? twef;trsKd;rsKd;twGuf
pmar;yGJtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh ywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;? ausmif;vcay;a&;ESifh ywfoufaom
ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;Muonf/
tcsKdUrSm oydwfvSefjcif;taMumif;&if;rsm;udk em;vnfaomfvnf; e,fjyefoGm;vQif &Sif;jyzdkU

cufonf[k ,lqMuonf/ olwdkUrSm uRefawmfuJUodkUyif qefUusifa&;orm;rsm;\
uefUuGufoH avrkefwdkif;Mum;wGif trSefudk xdef;udkifrxm;Edkifolrsm;om jzpfavonf/
- 460 -
ajrmif;jrudk,fpm;vS,fu e,fjyefa&mufí &Sif;jyvsuf e,fausmif;om;awGu rauseyfvQif

b,fvkdvkyfrvJ[k ar;avonf/
udkb[def;u ]]cifAsm;[m cifAsmhe,ftay:rSm MoZm&Sdr,fvkdUxifw,f? cifAsm;e,fu

vlrsm;udk em;vnfatmif ajymjyEdkifr,fh t&nftcsif;&Sdr,fvkdU ,lqw,f? cifAsm;udk
udk,fpm;vS,fvTwfwm[m cifAsmhe,fu trsm;pku ,kHMunfvdkU vTwfvkdufw,fvkdU
,lqw,f}} ponfjzifh &Sif;aomfvnf; xdkolonf udk,fhudk,fudk ,kHMunfpdwf ayguf[ef
rwlao;/
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aeNyD; oHykH;wD;r,fwJU}}
udkb[def;ESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;u þausmif;om;vTwfawmf qkH;jzwfcsufudk e,fu

vufcH&rnfomjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyaomfvnf; olonf pdwfat;[efrwl/ aemufqkH; olu-
]]e,fu rauseyfvQif 'DuulNyD; &Sif;ay;rvm;}}
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tcsKdUu e,fudk rwdkifyifjcif;udpö xyfar;Muonf/ wpfa,mufu tpmiwfcHí vlawG

aoukefvQif wdkif;jynfydk tusKd;r&Sdaybl;vm;[k ar;onf/ tcsKdUu ausmif;om;awG
tm;avsmhoGm;onf qkdaomtcsufudk apm'uwufMu&m NrdKUrudkoef;wifu xdkolwkdUtm;
axmufcHNyD;-
- 461 -
]]tpmiwfcHaeMupOfu aemufvkyfief;twGuf udkvSa&Tu vl 200 vdkw,fvkdU ajymygw,f/

pm&if;,lawmh 1000 &ygw,f/ 'gudk b,fvdkajymrvJ}}
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xkdtcsdefwGif udkvSa&TESifh udkoef;wiftm; axmufcHolwpfpkwdkU tjyeftvSef wpfa,muf

wpfayguf pum;rsm;aeMu&m tif;pdefrS udkarmifarmifu OuúXtm; rqdkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;
udk vufrcHbJ ausmif;om;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udkom cGifhjyKzdkU
wkdifMum;&m MobmoHBuD; qlnHpGm xGufay:vmavonf/ udkoef;wifwkdU aoG;cJGa&;orm;
pkudk &Iwfcsaom MobmoHaywnf;/
wpfa,mufaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufu-
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aumif;rvJ}}
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- 462 -
]]OuúXoabm odyg&ap}}
udkb[def;-
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xkdtcg MobmoHBuD; qlnHpGmay:vmavonf/ ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u udkb[def;

udkomru wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;udkyif Mobmay;jcif; jzpfayonf/
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OD;rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmavonf/
4if;aemuf udkvSa&Tu-
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NrdKUrudkoef;wifu tenf;i,f&Sif;NyD; uefUuGufavonf/ udkoef;wiftm; tmvH
udkaomif;vSu axmufcHonf/
puúLwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;í rJay;jcif;pepfjzifh rJcGJNyD; udkb[def;u oufaoav;OD;a&SUwGif

a&wGuf&m oydwfvSef&ef trIaqmif\ tqdkrSm 87rJ&NyD; uefUuGufonfhbufrS 23rJ
&avonf/ xkdtcg wpfcJeufMobmoHBuD; ay:vmjyef\/
udkb[def;u ausmif;om;vTwfawmf\ trsm;qEúdk tm;vkH;u vdkufemum ausmif;om;

nDnGwfa&;udk qufvufcdkifNrJatmif vkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif; nDnGwfa&;rdefUcGef;jzifh tqkH;
owfavonf/ aemufqkH; wkdUArmoDcsif;jzifh ed*kH;csKyfvkdufMuavonf/
]]ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;}}
- 463 -
þonfum; ausmif;om;vTwfawmf\ aemufqkH;owday;vdkufaom aqmifyk'faywnf;/
odkUaomf udkoef;wifwkdUvlpkum; aoG;cJGa&;pum;ESifh tvkyfrsm;udk r&yfpJMuay/
olwkdUtm; tjcm;owif;pmrsm;uvnf; tm;ay;aeMuao;onf/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfwGif olwkdUvlpkonf vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifhr&[k qdkMuavonf/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmfwGif or*¾trIaqmif\ oydwfvSeftqkd atmifjrifatmif

udkb[def;u vdr®myg;eyfpGm BudK;udkifoGm;onf[k axhMuavonf/ tcsKdUowif;pmu
udkb[def;onf onftwGufESifh onfrQ yg;eyfvdr®mjcif;rSm olUt&nftcsif; oufouf
[kwf[efrwl? tjyifu ocifEk? ocifatmifqef;? ocifodef;az polwdkU\ oGefoifcsuf
yg[efwlonf[k a&;Muonf/
okdUaomf olwdkUonf ausmif;om;tzJGUtpnf; pifNydKifaxmif&efum; tm;r&SdMuay/

qefUusifbuf rJay;cJUolrsm;xJrSyif ausmif;om;vTwfawmf trsm;qkH;jzwfcsufudk vufcHí
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&Sdaom ausmif;om; 34OD;onf ausmif;xGuf&ef qkH;jzwfNyD; owif;pmrsm;wGif aMunmcsuf
wpf&yf xkwfavonf/
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wdkUvnf; ,kHpm;NyD; okH;cJUMuonf/ <um;oavmuf tvkyfrygojzifh ta&;awmfykH &IH;cJUNyD/
axmifuscH&wm? atmifausmfao&wm? rEÅav;tmZmenfawG aoewfESifh typfcH&wmawG
tcsnf;ESD;jzpfNyD ponfjzifh olwkdUaMunmcsufu nnf;nL\/
- 464 -
odkUaomf ausmif;om;tjzpfjzifh pifNydKifraxmifbJ ausmif;rSxGufum EdkifiHa&;vkyfawmhrnf

[k qkd\/ usefausmif;om;wkdUudk ausmif;rsm;odkU jyefwufMuyg[k wdkufwGef;\/
aemufrsm;rMumrSD owif;wpf&yf ay:xGufvmavonf/ udkoef;wifwdkUvlpkrS ausmif;om;

ausmif;oltcsKdUonf oydwfvSefaomaMumifh pdwfysufNyD; xGufoGm;Mu&m b,faysmufae
onfrod[k qdkavonf/ udkoef;wifu owif;pmrSaeí jyefcJU&efac:onf/ olwkdUvlpk
vkduf&SmMuonf[kvnf; Mum;&onf/ aemuf bmjzpfonfudkum; rod&awmhacs/ uRefawmf
wkdU vlpkMum;rSmum; jyufvkH;xdk;p&m jzpfaeayawmh\/
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onfhtwdkif; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf uRefynmudkyif ]opfr&SdcifpyfMum; 0g;ul}
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ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHBuD; rvkyfcJUbJae&if taumif;om;? vkyfcJUaomaMumifh
ausmif;om;awG emcJUMuonf/ 'g igwdkUtjypfygyJ[k qdk\/
axmifusaeaom ausmif;om;tcsKdUonf ]xdkifaetaumif;om;? xoGm;rS tusKd;rSef;od}

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qkH;jzwfMuavonf/
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vufrcH[k qdkonf/
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avonf/
ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*¾ tvkyftrIaqmiftaejzifh atmufygnTefMum;csufudk

xkwf&avonf/
- 465 -
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or*¾toif;csKyfBuD;
uRefawmfwkdUonf ausmif;om;tm;vkH;u vTwfawmfqkH;jzwfcsufudk vufcHvmatmif

tjyif;txef BudK;pm;Mu&onf/ aoG;cJGolwdkU\ 0g'jzefUjcif;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh acsy
&Sif;vif;&onf/ e,fodkU vlrsm;vTwfí oydwfvSef&ef qkH;jzwfcsufudk &Sif;vif;jyNyD;
ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;udk wnfaqmufMu&\/
(pD&ifovdkcHrnf)
udk,fusKd;twGuf aiG,lonf? &mxl;,lvufcHonf? acgif;ykHjzwfonf?

udk,fusKd;&Smonf[k ckdifvkHpGmjyEdkifvQif pD&ifovdkcHrnf/
(ykH) vSa&T? odef;atmif? at;ausmf? pdk;armif?
ausmfjrifh? aomif;cif? bpH? boef;? xGef;&Sdef
þodkUvnf; &J0HUpGm vkyfMu&onf/
jynfolwkdUxHrS tvSLcHaiGpm&if;ESifh tokH;pm&if;rsm;udkvnf; rnfolrqkd vma&muf ppfaq;

EdkifaMumif; zdwfMum;vdkufayonf/
- 466 -
tHUMop&mESifh csD;usL;p&m taumif;qkH;aom t&mrSm uRefawmfwkdU\ ausmif;om;

acgif;aqmif tcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,kHMunfrI jzpfayonf/ ,kHMunfEdkifavmufatmif
vnf; r&dk;om;rIESifh udk,fusKd;&SmrI uif;Muonf/ axmifxJrSm usaecJUaom udkb[def;ESifh
udkAaqGwkdUonf wu,fqdkvQif tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh uif;uGmaecJUí
tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;tay:wGif ouFmruif;jzpfp&m ay:vmrnfqdkvQif ay:Edkifonf/
odkUaomf axmifxJuaeí axmifjyifu&Jabmfrsm;udk ,kHMunfonf/ olwdkU xGufvmaom
tcg igwdkUr&SdvkdU rif;wdkU'DvdktrSm;awG vkyfaew,f [laom a0zefcsufrsKd;? tjypf&SmrI
rsKd;vnf; rawGU&/
þvdk tcsif;csif; ,kHMunfrI&Sdaeaom &JabmfwkdU\ todkif;t0dkif;rS uRefawmfonf

b,fenf;eJUrQ rypfcGmEdkif[k qkH;jzwfvdkufjyefonf/ /
- 467 -
40
&nf;pm;pum;awG odyfrajymMuESifhOD;
tif;vsm;a&rsufESmjyifwGif wdrfoavmuif;pifaom aumif;uifjyif rdk;jym xif[yf

aeojzifh ywf0ef;usifwpfckvkH;onf jymEka&mifjzifh 0if;vufaeonf/ aeUv,fcif;
a&mifjcnfonfyif jymEka&mifaMumifh Munfvifat;jraeonf[k xifrSwf&\/ avnif;
uav;u wdkufcwfaeaomaMumifh vIdif;uav;rsm; wa&;wa&; wjznf;jznf; wGefUoGm;
aeMu\/ &GufopfwdkUjzifh pnfum;aeaom opfyifBuD;rsm;uvnf; t&dyftm0go
tpGrf;ukef ay;aeMuonf/
]]trsKd;orD;wdkU? ewfa&uef&Sifh?
ZD0uxHrSm? <ua&mufpkHprf;/
b&PDrdk;ewf? BudK;jywfykH&Sifh?
orD;awmfcif&kH? aq;uvGefpGrf;}}
udkat;aiGu cyfaMumifaMumiftoH rawmfrwnfhqdk[efjzifh oDqkdaeavonf/ olonf

tusÐvkHcsnfcRwfNyD; ydwfabmif;bDwkduav;ESifhjzpf\/ uRefawmfu tusÐcRwfNyD; ykqdk;
cg;awmif;usKduf&if;-
]]a[hvl b,fuoDcsif;udk qdkaewmvJAs? taygufvnf; rwnfhbJESifh}}
]]&wmqdk&wmyJav? orD;awmfcif&kH aq;aMumfjimwJUAs/ owif;pmawGxJrSm r'DumwGef;&kyf

awGeJU cPcP awGUaevdkU 'DoDcsif; tvGwf&awmif aeNyD}}
- 468 -
pGyfus,fvufjywf npfwD;npfywfESifh ykqdk;wdkwkd0wfum zifcsxdkifp&mae&m&Smaeonfh

udkxGef;&Sdefu-
]]qdkcsif;qdk&ifuGm jrpf{&mBudK;uav; bmuav; qdka&maygh}}
uRefawmfwdkUonf tif;vsm;uef bJGUESif;obifcef;rESifh bkwfuvyfMum;&Sd uRef;qG,f

uav;wpfckwGif a&csKd;&ef vma&mufcJUMujcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fpifppf aysmfyGJpm;xGufonf
[kvnf; qdkEdkifonf/ EGm;EdkUykvif;rsm;ESifh udwfrkefUrsKd;pkHudk ,lcJUMuonf/
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]uJav a&rcsKd;cif pm;MuOD;pdkU&JU}}
uRefawmf-
]]a&csKd;NyD;rS pm;&if raumif;bl;vm;}}
udkat;aiG-
]]taumif;qkH;uawmh a&wpfcsDul;NyD; EdkUykvif;wpf0ufaomuf? rkefUwpf0ufpm;/ NyD;awmh

a&xyful;? a&ul;&mu wufawmhrS usefwmpm;}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]'Ddvdkvkyf? a&rcsKd;cif okH;ykHwpfykHpm;? a&csKd;&if; tv,faumifrSm wpfykHpm;? aemuf

a&csKd;NyD;awmh usefwmpm;? 'gtaumif;qkH;yJ}}
udkxGef;&Sdef\ tBuHay;csufudk vufcHNyD; uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufonf olUtm; 0J,mNcHvsuf

xkdifMuavonf/ wpfa,muf EdkUykvif;wpfvkH;pD aumufudkifMuavonf/
- 469 -
uRefawmfwkdUonf EkdUykvif;udk armhíaomufaeMupOf a&SUwGif ,ufcsfac: t*Fvdyf

&GufavSuav;wpfpif; jzwfoGm;onfudk jrifMu&onf/ 4if;ay:wGif a&ul;t0wfESifh
rsufESmjzLpkHwGJ ygavonf/
udkat;aiG-
]]'DaumifawG? aumifrawGawmh b,fvdkZdrfcH&r,fqdkwm em;tvnfqkH;ygyJuGm}}
uRefawmf-
]]tif; ZdrfyJ? [dkaumifru rsufrSefteufBuD;wyfxm;vdkUaygh? EdkUr[kwf&if [dk[mawmif

jrif&OD;r,f}}
udkat;aiG-
]]bmvJuG}}
]]rsufpduav; rSdef;xm;wmav}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf EdkUykvif;okH;ykHwpfykHudk ukefNyDjzpfojzifh csxm;NyD; rkefUwpfckudk aumuf,l

&if;-
]]wkdUArmxJrSmvnf; olwkdUavmufeD;yg; Zdrf,lwJUaumifawG rif;wdkUod&JUvm;}}
udkat;aiG-
]]qkdprf;ygOD;? b,folawGvJ}}
]]rif;wkdifyiftrwfawGayghuG? zmeJU ZdrfcHwJU rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfa,muf zmu

ajcmufvkH;jyL; ,lupm;vdkU aygif ajcmufvkH;jyL;rSefoGm;wm rSwfrdao;vm;/ trwf
- 470 -
OD;cspfazrSmawmh olrsm;r,m; pdefpdefudk cdk;,laygif;oif;rIeJU w&m;pJGcHae&w,f/

vTwfawmftwGif;0ef OD;jrodef;rSmawmh pm;p&dwf trIjzpfaew,f}}
uRefawmf-
]]tif; owif;rxGufbJeJU wdwfwdwfZdrf,laer,fh trwfawGeJU 0efBuD;csKyfawGvnf;

trsm;BuD; aerSmayghAsm? uJ a&ul;MuOD;pdkU}}
uRefawmfESifh udkat;aiGwdkUonf a&xJajy;qif;NyD; awmfawmfa0;atmif ul;Muonf/

udkxGef;&Sdefum; pGyfus,fcRwfNyD; rwfwwf&yfum a&xJqif;&ef [efjyifaeonf/ vkHcsnfrSm
'&D;'&GwfESifh/
uRefawmfwkdU a&ul;&mrS jyefvSnfhvmonfhwdkifatmif udkxGef;&Sdefonf a&xJodkU rqif;ao;/

a&csKd;&rSm aMumufovdkvdkvkyf&if; ausmESifhaygifwkdUudk wjzif;jzif;ukwfaeavonf/
udkat;aiG-
]]a[hvl qif;av? a&csKd;rSm csKd;wmr[kwfbl;}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf vkHcsnfcg;awmif;usKdufNyD; qif;vm\/
twefMum a&upm;MuNyD;aemuf ukef;ay:wufí EdkUaomufrkefUpm; vkyfMujyef\/
t*FvdyfpkHwGJ\ &GufavSuav;onf uRefawmfwdkUa&SUwGif jyefvSnfhjzwfoGm;jyefavonf/
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]t*FvdyfawG rMumcif acsmufusawmhr,f? olwkdUudk [pfwvmu tkyfawmhrSmuG/

csdefbmvdefwdkUvlpku vlvnfvkyfNyD; qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;eJU wdkufay;zkdU [pfwvmwkdUvlpkudk
vufoyfarG;vmw,f/ wkdUbufrvmeJU? &k&Sm;bufoGm;wdkufacs qkdNyD; tpmacsmhauR;w,f/
- 471 -
ckawmh udk,fxifw,f? [pfwvmudk acsmhr&awmhbl;? t*Fvdyfbuf jyefcsrSmyJ/

aumif;w,f? t*Fvdyfudk vlEdkifay:rS aumif;w,f/ 'DawmhrS wkdUcsufaumif;jzpfw,f}}
uRefawmf-
]][kwfuJU? t*Fvdyfudk Edkifr,fhvlay:vmwmawmh aumif;yg&JU? odkUayr,hf [pfwvmwkdU

vlpk[m vlaumif;awGr[kwfawmh uRefawmfwdkU tm;ay;zkdUcufw,f/ ck Munfhprf;
b,favmuf apmfum;ovJ? csdefbmvdef&JU oabmwlnDcsufeJU qla'wefe,fudk odrf;,lcJU
w,f/ 'Dwifr&yfbl;? aemufqkH;owif;t&awmh csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;rSm [pfwvmu
olarG;xm;wJU zufqpfawGeJU *smrefvlenf;pkawGudk tqlcdkif;w,f/ olUvl zufqpf
acgif;aqmifawGudk csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; tpdk;&tzJGUxJrSm xnfh&r,fvkdU awmif;w,f/ ck
qlqlylyl jzpfvmawmh csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;rSm Law and order r&Sdawmhbl;? toufeJU
pnf;pdrfawG rvkHNcKHawmhbl;qkdNyD; emZDwyfawGudk t0ifckdif;w,f/ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;udk
odrf;vdkufw,f/ *dk;tm;&if;u csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiH[m r&Sdawmhbl;vdkU aMunm
w,f}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]'g[m t*Fvdyft&Idufudk xdk;wmyJ}}
]][kwfygw,f? t*Fvdyft&Idufudk xdk;wmygyJ/ odkUayr,fh vufiif;cH&wmuawmh

csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; jynfom;awG/ *smreDu usL;ausmfapmfum;NyD; olwkdUuRef
vkyfvkdufwm/ 'Dvdk uRefvkyfvdkufvdkU t*FvdyfMoZmysufoGm;wm rSefw,f? odkUayr,fh
emZD*smreD[m olusL;ausmfcsifovdk usL;ausmfcGifh&NyD; a&SUavQmuf &rf;OD;r,f/
&k&Sm;bufudk 0ifr&rf;bl;vdkUvnf; rqdkEdkifbl;}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
- 472 -
]]&k&Sm;0if&rf;&if olUudk tkyfvTwfrSmaygh/ wpfaeUu pwmvifu ajymw,fqdk r[kwfvm;?

tcsKdUu qdkAD,ufeJU *smreDjynfudk &efwkdufay;wJUoabmeJU qdkAD,uf ,lu&def;jynfudk
*smrefawGu wdkufckdufodrf;ydkufzkdU BuHpnfaew,fvdkU ajymaeMuw,fwJU/ *smreDrSmvnf;
tJ'Dvdk odrf;ydkufzkdU pdwful;aewJU t&l;rsm;&Sdw,fvdkU olem;vnfxm;ygw,fwJU/ odkUayr,fh
tJ'Dt&l;rsKd;awG qdkAD,uf,lu&def;xJ 0ifvm&if 0wfay;zdkU Strait-jacket awG trsm;BuD;
&Sdygw,fwJU}}
udkat;aiG-
]]tdkifaq; px&dwf *sufuufqdkwm bmvJuG}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]tusÐwpfrsKd;ayghuGm? tJ'gudk 0wfay;xm;&if wpfudk,fvkH; vIyfr&awmhbl;wJU/

pwmvifu pum;vkH;ajymifw,fuG? 'gaMumifh rif;[pfwvm &k&Sm;buf roGm;&Jygbl;/
tm;&Sd&if t*Fvdyfbufom oGm;rSmyg}}
uRefawmf-
]]ck emZDawGu &lar;eD;,m;udk awmif;qdkcsuf xkwfvkdufjyefNyD/ &lar;eD;,m;[m

pufrIvufrIxlaxmifa&;awG rvkyf&bl;wJU/ vkyfvufp[mawGudkvnf; &yfvkduf&r,fwJU/
&lareD;,m;[m pdkufysKd;a&;bufrSmom tm&kHpdkufNyD; xGuforQ aumufyJoD;ESHeJU
ukefMurf;awGudk *smreDudk a&mif;&r,fwJU/ b,favmuf qkd;0g;&rf;um;wJU emZDawGvnf;
qkdwm 'gyJ pOf;pm;Munfhayawmh}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]tif; 'gvnf; t*Fvdyfudk xdwmyJ? &lar;eD;,m;qkdwm t*Fvdyf"e&Sif&JU t&if;tESD;

trsm;qkH; jrKyfESHxm;&m a'oyJ}}
- 473 -
udkat;aiG-
]]'Dawmh 'gawGudk t*Fvdyfu Munfhaeovm;}}
uRefawmf-
]]udk,fhtwwfeJU udk,fhjyefpl;wmayghav/ &k&Sm;bufoGm;NyD; wdkufvdrfhr,f ,kHMunfcsufeJU

vufoyfarG;cJU? tpmauR;cJU? tavQmhay;cJUorQ olUjyefxdaewmaygh/ ckawmh t*Fvdyf
eef;&if;0ef csdefbmvdefu ajymw,f/ [pfwvm[m olUudk jrLepfcsf rSmwkef;u qla'wefudk
odr;fjcif;[m aemufqkH;ygyJ/ aemif wpfckckjzpf&if t*Fvdyfudk today;yghr,fvkdU uwd
ay;cJUw,fwJU/ tJ'Dwkef;u ay;cJUwJUuwdawGtm;vkH; zsufw,fwJU/ ck csufudkpvdkAuf
uD;,m;udk odrf;wm[m rawmfrw&m; vkyfwmwJU? &yfwef;u r&yf&if t*Fvdyfu
jyifopfeJU wkdifyifNyD; ta&;,lawmhr,fwJU}}
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]'Dawmh [pfwvmu t*Fvdyf*smref a&wyfbufqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufudk zsufodrf;r,f?

avwyfudkvnf; csJUr,fqdkwJU avoHvTifhNyD; Ncdrf;ajcmufvkdufw,f/ *smrefa&wyf[m
t*Fvdyfa&wyf&JU 35&mckdifEIe;fom xm;&r,fqdkwJU oabmwlnDcsufudk zsufypfawmh
rSmaygh}}
uRefawmf-
]]tif;? ppfBuD;uawmh jzpfvmawmhrSmygyJ rMumygbl;? urÇmol urÇmom; awGawmh

'ku©ygyJAsm}}
udkxGe;f&Sdef-
- 474 -
]]ppfjzpf&if udk,fwkdU csufaumif;aygh? e,fcsJUppfyGJudk wkdUvGwfvyfa&;ppfyGJjzpfatmif

vkyf&r,f}}
udkat;aiG-
]]uJ ppf&dyfppfaiGUawGu ylvSNyD? a&pdrfMuOD;pdkU&JU}}
udkat;aiGonf xkdif&mrSxvdkufonf/ uRefawmfonf EdkUykvif;ukd axmifNyD; ESpfusKduf

okH;usKduf aomufvkdufonf/
udkxGef;&Sdefum; xdkif&mrSrvIyfao;bJ-
]]cktcsdefrSm £ajEét&qkH;uawmh pwmvifyJ/ olajymwJUpum;awG b,favmuf tqDyg

ovJ? 17-Budrfajrmuf uGefjrLepfuGef*&ufrSm ajymwmav/ ]igwkdU[m Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk
tvkd&Sdw,f? e,fpyfwljzpfwJU tdrfeD;csif; wkdif;jynfBuD;awGeJU wpfOD;eJUwpfOD; twkHUtvSnfh
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; zGHUNzdK;apvdkw,f? usL;ausmfwkdufckdufjcif; cHae&aom vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh
udk,fhwkdif;jynfudk,f vGwfvyfatmif BudK;pm;aewJU vlrsKd;wkdUudk ulnDaxmufyHUvdkw,f/
igwkdUe,fpyfudk usL;ausmfapmfum;ol? ppfjzpfatmif vIHUaqmfolawGudk EdSrfeif;zdkU
toifh&Sdw,f} wJU}}
udkat;aiG-
]]udkif; q&mwkdU? urÇmBuD;udk arhMuOD;pdkU&JU? at;jrMunfvifwJU tif;vsm;a&uefxJu

ig;awGeJU ajy;wrf;vkdufwrf; upm;MuOD;pdkU&JU}}
ukdxGef;&Sdefu xdkif&mrSx&if;-
]]tif;? wkdUrSmawmh ig;eJUyJ ajy;wrf;vkdufwrf; upm;aew,f}}
- 475 -
udkat;aiG-
]]ydkaysmfp&maumif;rSmuawmh rDeDqufwkdUvdk tif;vsm;aqmifu a&ul;r,fawGeJU ajy;wrf;

vkdufwrf; upm;&&if ydkaumif;rSmaygh}}
uRefawmf-
]]'Dpum;awG ajymaeawmh uRefawmfu &mreJUoDwm a&upm;Muwm owdoGm;&w,f/

&mrrif;om;u oDwmrif;orD;udk olUjynfaqmif,loGm;pOfu vrf;rSm MumrsKd;ig;rnfeJU
wifhw,fwJU uefwpfckudk awGUw,fwJU/ tarmtyef;ajy udk,fvuf vef;qwfjcif;
jzpfatmif uefxJrSm a&qif;csKd;Muw,fwJU/ 'DvkdcsKd;Mu&if; oDwma'0Du ]pdefac:awmhr,f?
armifawmfbk&m; ESrawmfudk vkduf&Smygawmh} qkdNyD; a&rSm ikyfvQKd;NyD; MumyGifhawGMum;
ykef;aeowJU/ &mrrif;om;vnf; t&Sm&cufoGm;w,f? 'Dawmh &mrrif;om;u ]tdkESrawmf
oDwma'0D? MumyGifhawGMum;u MumyGifhudk armifbk&m; b,fvkdvkyfNyD; &SmEdkifyghrvJ} vdkU
wrf;wa<u;aMumfvkdufowJU/ MumvdkvS MumvdkarT; Mumvdkvef;qwfwJU oDwmu ]0g;}
ceJvkyfNyD; ]tkd armifawmf&mr? tjcm;tjcm;aom MumawGu ysm;ydwkef;wkdUom
0wf&nfpkyfrSD0J&m jzpfygw,f? ESrawmfoDwmuawmh armifawmf&mr 0wf&nfrSD0J&m
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &SmrawGUEdkifp&m taMumif;r&Sdyg bk&m;} vdkUqkdNyD; tzrf;cHawmh
owJUAs}}
udkat;aiGonf ]pdef} [k atmfNyD; jzef;ceJ a&xJqif;ajy;avonf/
udkxGef;&Sdef-
]]udk&ifhbmomudk&if pdefayawmh? b,folrS vkdufzrf;rSm r[kwfbl;/ a&uefxJ rdausmif;

&Sd&ifawmh zrf;vkdufrSmyJ}}
uRefawmfwkdUonf ckefaygufjrL;xl; a&ul;Mujyefonf/ tm;&atmif a&upm;NyD;rS

wufMuonf/
- 476 -
opfyif&dyfrSmxdkifNyD; usefaeao;aom rkefUrsm;udk pm;aomufMuavonf/ b,ft&omESifhrQ

rwlatmif pdwfMunf&TifoGm;Mu\/ udk,fcE¨m vef;qwfayghyg;oGm;Mu\/ tm;opfawG
wufvmovdkvnf; xif&ayonf/
udkat;aiGonf aemufqkH;tBudrf EdkUykvif;udkarmhcsNyD;-
]]tif; w,faumif; w,faumif;? a&ul;vdkUvnf;aumif; pm;vdkUvnf;aumif; aomufvkdU

vnf;aumif;}}
udkxGef;&Sdefonf pdkaeao;aom qHyifrS a&rsm;udk rsufESmokwfy0gjzifh okwfae&mrS-
]]ayghvdyfawmhrygbl;? *dk;vfzvdwfwpfbl; 0,fcJUw,f}}
uRefawmfu vG,ftdwfxJrS pD;u&ufwpfbl;ukd xkwf,lNyD; zGifh,lay;onf/
udkxGef;&dSef-
]]tif; udk,fwdkUawmh 'DaeU w,fNyD; blZ0gqefaeMuwmyJ}}
pD;u&ufudk okH;a,mufpvkH; aomufaeMuaomfvnf; uRefawmfum; tazmfaumif;þom

zGmaejcif; jzpfayonf/
udkxGef;&Sdefu pD;u&ufudk rSdef;&if;-
]]udk,fawmh 'D'kwd,ywfrSmvnf; yxrodef;qkBuD;udk vGwfoGm;jyefNyD/ odef;xDayguf&if

b,favmufaumif;rvJ}}
xkdtcg udkat;aiGonf wcpfcpf&,fíaeonf/ uRefawmfESifhudkxGef;&Sdefu olUtm;MunfhNyD;

,m;usdusd uoduatmuf jzpfaeMuonf/
- 477 -
uRefawmf-
]]bmrsm; 'Davmuf &,fae&wmvJAs}}
udkat;aiGonf ar;awmhrS [m;wkdufí &,fcsvkdufonf/
]][m; [m;? udk,fu odef;qkeJUywfoufNyD; pdwful;eJU&l;cJUrdwm wpfck&SdvdkUyg/ udk,fu

odef;qkudk arQmf&kHrubl;? [m;[m; xDaygufawmh ewfwvif; raiGjrqdkwm aygufoGm;
w,fqdkawmh pdwful;,OfMunfhvdkufw,f/ udk,fwkdU[m ydkufqH&SdrS EdkifiHa&;udk pdwfcsvufcs
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uRefawmf-
- 478 -
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udkxGef;&Sdef-
- 479 -
]]oufouf em;rvnfvkdU ajymwm/ pdwf"mwfr&ifhrmol? em;a0;ao;wJUvlawG xGufxdkif

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okH;a,mufom; udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,fawG;&if; NidrfaeMuavonf/
- 480 -
av&l;wokefokef aqmfjrL;vmonf/ vIdif;vkH;uav;rsm;onf wzsyfzsyf &dkufcwfaeMu\/

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uRefawmfwkdUonf pum;wajymajymESifh or*¾taqmufttkHodkU t"dywdvrf;twdkif;

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- 481 -
41
rvSefao;aom tvkyform;oydwftm;
ausmif;om;oydwfBuD;udk vSefvkdufNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdUvkyfief;rSm ravsmhacs/
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rsm;udk oydwfwm;Muonf/ oydwfwm;olrsm;udk tpdk;&u tpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf zrf;qD;
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oydwfvSefvdkufjcif;udk tjrwfxkwfum tvkyform; oydwfwm;rsm;udk rJí ESdyfpufonf
- 482 -
[kyif xifp&mjzpfayawmh\/ &efukefNrdKUwGif rwfv 14&ufaeU wpfaeUwnf;üyif

tvkyform; 300 zrf;qD;cJUavonf/
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t&l;axmifodkU ydkUxm;cJUavonf/
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rSm tESHUtjym; ay:aeonf/ armfvNrdKifuRef;odkU aus;&Gmrsm;pGmrS v,form; 1000
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vmum tpdk;&rif;rsm;odatmif qE´jyMuavonf/
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vSnfhvnf0g'jzefUMu&m *VKeftiftm; NydKavonf/
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]igwdkUonf r[momuDrif;rS qif;oufaom rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f rif;aoG;&Sdolrsm;jzpfí &dk;&dk;
wef;wef; ac:jcif;jzifh rvdkufEdkif/ a0g? a>c&H ponfwkdUESifh vmac:rS vkdufrnf} [k
ocifjroef;u ajymvTwfvkdufNyD; &kH;udk oydwfarSmufaeMuavonf/ aemuf tmPm
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0dkif;í vTwfypf&ef qlylMuavonf/
- 483 -
odkUuvdk wpfjynfvkH; vIyf&Sm;aecsdefwGif uRefawmfonfvnf; vIyf&Sm;aeayonf/

uRefawmfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;\ pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif aZmufcsí vkyfae&if;u
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pdwfr0ifpm;bJ raeEdkifyg/
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oydwfwm;rsm;udk MunfhaeMuaom y&dowfBuD;rSm vrf;ab;wGif jynfhnSyfae\/
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trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; acgif;aqmifí oydwfwm;Muavonf/
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olwkdUbmom tvkyfrsm;ae&m uRefawmfonf cyfvSrfvSrf;rS tuJcwfí Munfhaeavonf/
a':nGefUonf 'eftdk;BuD;wpfvkH;wGif vdkif;r*sL;pfazsmf&nf azsmfaeonf/ rcifopfu

olUtarteD;rSm rwfwwf&yfí Munfhaeonf/ tjcm;trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm a&cJcJGolcGJí
- 484 -
zefcGufaq;olu aq;aeMu\/ tdyfvsufwpfzkH? &yfvsufwpfenf; oydwfwm;aeMu

avonf/ xD;rdk;ay;olay;í t0wfumay;oll ay;aeMu\/
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- 485 -
]]at;? 'Dpma&;q&mrudk ykvdyfu tvdk&Sdaew,fMum;vdkU a&Smifaew,f}}
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acgufwkHUacgufjyef tvkyfrsm;aeavonf/
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ajrmufwifvdkawmhonf/ olwkdUtm; azsmf&nfvkdufwkdufaeaom rcifopfESifh uRefawmf
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teD;rSm &yfae&mrS a':a':u uRefawmfhtm; armhMunfh&if;-
]]a':a':u opfopfudk rvdkufcJUzdkU ajymw,fuGJU? ajymr&bl;}}/ tjcm;wpfOD;u aoG;aq;

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- 486 -
rMumcifwGif rcifopfonf trl;aysmufoGm;NyD; acgif;udkifxm;aom vufESpfzufudk

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]]udpör&Sdygbl; arar&m? aysmufoGm;ygNyD}}
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armf&pf(p)um;pdrf;uav;udk pD;NyD; a':a':wdkUqD jyefa&mufaomtcg rcifopfonf
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rcifopfonf uRefawmfhaemufrS cyf,dkU,dkUvdkufvmavonf/
- 487 -
rcifopftm; um;aemufckHrSm txdkifckdif;NyD; uRefawmfonf a&SUckHwGif udkpHyab;u xdkifí

vdkufayonf/
uRefawmfu aemufvSnfhí-
]]ckb,fhES,f aeao;ovJ opfopf}}
]]bmrSrjzpfawmhygbl; q&m&JU}}
]]aeuvnf;yl yifudkuvnf; tm;enf;awmh rl;wmaygh opfopf&,f? tyifyef;vnf;

odyfrcHeJU? tm;&Sdatmifvnf; tm;wdk;aq;uav; bmav; rSefrSefpm;rSaygh}}
]]topf pwkr"l rSefrSefpm;aew,f}}
]]udk,fvufvIyf&Sm; usef;rma&;vnf; rvkyfbl;vm;}}
]]rvkyfbl;q&m}}
]]tdk vkyfrSaygh? bmrSrupm;wwf&if vrf;avQmuf&r,f? opfopfudk Munfh&wm aexd

rcHwJU rdef;uav;vdkyJ}}
]]ukodkvfuHaygh q&m&,f}}
]]tdk opfopfuvnf; t&m&mrSm uHudkypfrcs&bl;/ uH? pdwf? Owk? tm[m& vdkU qdkw,f
r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfuJU? taMumif;av;yg; nDnGwfatmif BudK;pm;yghr,f}}
opfopfu ryGifhwyGifhNyKH;aeonf/ a&ausmfvrf;xJodkU um;csKd;0ifcJUNyD/
- 488 -
]]opfopfwkdUtdrfu ta':BuD;u b,folvJ? opfopftaz&JU tpfreJUwlw,f}}
]][kwfw,f q&m&JU/ q&mu &kyfudkzrf;NyD; rSef;w,fxifyg&JU/ opfopfta':BuD;&JU

emrnfu ra&TopfwJU/ opfopfarG;awmh oluyJ rcifopfvdkU emrnfay;cJUwmwJU}}
]]aMomf[kwfvm;? udkpHy a[m[dktdrfa&SUudk &yfAsKdU}}
rcifopfwkdUtdrfa&SUwGif ra&Topfu qD;BudKaeonf/
]]tvdkrcifopf jyefvmNyDvm;? nnf;taraum b,foa0xdk;usef&pfcJUovJ}}
opfopfonf olUta':BuD; b,fbufvufudk udkifqJGxm;vdkufNyD;-
]]oydwfwm;&mrSm ae&pfw,f a&Ta&T&JU? opfopfav ckeifrl;aevkdU? 'geJU araru

tdrfjyefawmhqdkNyD; a[m'Du udkwifxGef;udk tydkUvTwfvkdufwm}}
uRefawmfu a':a&Topftm; ta&m0if azmfa&GpGm MunfhNyKH;aeonf/ a':a&Topfum;

uRefawmfhudk pdrf;pdrf;BuD; Munfhaeav&m uRefawmfhpdwfwGif olUwlrudk uRefawmfhtm;
tyfvTwfvdkufaom a,mufrudk tjypfwifaejcif;ayavm? odkUr[kwf onft&G,f oli,fr
uav;ESifh onft&G,f oli,fuav;wkdU ta&m0ifonfudk tm;ray;vdk oabmrusvdk
ojzihfavm[lí odkUavmodkUavm jzpfaeavonf/ uRefawmhftm; pdkufMunfhaeonfudk
rcHEdkifatmif jzpfaeNyD; rsufESmvTJum jyefoGm;awmhrnfh[ef jyifvdkufonf/
]]'Doli,f tdrfudka&mufzl;w,f xifw,f}}
uRefawmf-
]][kwfygw,f? tacgufacguf a&mufzl;ygw,f/ ta':eJUvnf; awGUzl;ygw,f}}
]]at; at; rSwfrdNyD}}

- 489 -
]]uRefawmfjyefawmhr,f}}
]]tdk aeOD;avuG,f? cP0ifygOD;vm;? [JU-opfopf ac:av}}
]]q&m tdrfay:wufygOD;}}
uRefawmfum; rqGwfcifu nGwfcsifygonf/
uRefawmfonf udkpHyxHoGm;í aiGokH;usyfxkwfay;NyD; jyefcsifvQifjyef&ef ajymonf/

wpfaeUvkH;iSm;vQif 8usyfESifh "mwfqDzdk;om ay;&av&m 3usyfonf &ufa&maomay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ udkpHyu-
]][m 'DeJU'D bma0;wmvdkufvdkU? r,lygbl;/ 'DuaeNyD; ausmif;jyefrvm; vkdufydkUr,fav/

b,fawmhavmuf jyefcJU&rvJ}} [k qdkavonf/
]][maeygap? uRefawmf 'Dtwdkif;jyefyghr,f}}
udkpHy xGufoGm;aomtcg rcifopfaemufodkUvdkufí tdrfay:odkU wufcJUavonf/

a':a&Topfu aemufqkH;rS vkdufvmonf/
]]wufMu? wuf wuf? ig eHuxdkifawG vkyfxm;w,f? auR;&OD;r,f}}
avSum;rSwufNyD; xdyfwdkuf{nfhcef;odkU a&mufvQif rcifopfu-
]]xdkifygOD;q&m}} [k ukvm;xdkifwpfckudk &dkaopGmnTefjyNyD; aemufaz;cef;qDodkU 0ifoGm;

onf/ uRefawmfonf vrf;buf ausmay;vsufxdkifum AE¨Kv*sme,fudk qGJzwfvkdufonf/
acgif;BuD;ydkif; pmrsufESmudk vSefvkdufonfqdkvQifyif uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf txl;vkyfNyD;
azmfjyvkdufaom awmif;yefpmodkU rsufpda&mufoGm;ayonf/
awmif;yefjcif;
- 490 -
AE¨Kv*sme,f 23-2-38 aeUxkwfwGif 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdtm; w&kwfrsm;u

aiGwpfodef;ay;onf[k acgif;pOfwyfí a&;om; yg&Sdaom owif;rSm
tvQif;rrSefaom owif;jzpfí OD;bcsKdtm; *kPfoa&udk rsm;pGm
xdcdkufaeonfhtwGuf uREkfwdkUu rsm;pGm 0rf;enf;ygaMumif;/
xdkowif;udk &kyfodrf;vdkufygaMumif;/
(ykH) bkd;rif;
AE¨Kv
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdonf *syefppf0g'DwkdUu w&kwfNynftm; usL;ausmfwdkufckdufonfudk

uefUuGuf&IwfcscJU\/ ckcHwkdufckdufaeaom w&kwfjynfbufrS 'D;'kwf*sme,fwGif tm;ay;
a&;om;&kHru t&yf&yfwGif w&m;a[mpifwufívnf; a[majymao;onf/ *syef
usL;ausmfrIudk uefUuGufaomtm;jzifh *syefukefrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&efvnf; vIHUaqmfcJU
onf/ AE¨Kv*sme,fum; a'gufwmbarmf\ qif;&Jom;ygwDwGif acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol
OD;pdef\ *sme,fjzpfavonf/ OD;bcsKdonf a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&tm; qefUusifolvnf;
jzpfavonf/ xdkpOfu *syeftm; tm;udk;vdkvm;aeaom olwkdUonf *syefusL;ausmfrI
qefUusifa&;vkyfolrsm;udk rvkdrkef;xm;aeMuonf/ *syefusL;ausmfrIudk wdkuf&dkuf raxmuf
cH&JbJ *syefusL;ausmfrI qefUusifolwkdUtm; yk*¾dKvfa&;pGyfpGJcsufrsm;jzifh tremy a&;om;
ajymqdkMuavonf/ OD;bcsKdtm; w&m;tm;xkwfol (w&kwftm;xm;ol) [k oa&mfMu
onf/ AE¨Kvurl w&kwfrsm;u aiGwpfodef;ay;onf[kyif pGyfpGJavonf/
yDrdk;eif;\ 0w¬Kwpfyk'fudk zwfaepOf rcifopfjyefxGufvm\/ rcifopfum; rsufESmopf

vmcJUonf/ rsufESmopfNyD; aygif'guav;rQ rwkdUcJUojzifh rsufESmrSm ajymifwif;aeonf/
ukyfay:ESifh qHawmufNrdwfrsm;wGif a&pdkvsufyif &Sdao;onf/ ESma&mif tenf;i,f
aumufonf xifrdojzifh rsufESmudk aphaphMunfhvdkufaomtcg ESma&mifaumufjcif;\
t&dyfta,mifudkyif rawGUawmhacs/ vef;qwfaom rsufESmonf csKdNyKH;jcif;jzifh xGef;y
aeonfudkom awGUae&awmhonf/ uRefawmf aphaphMunfhonfudk rcifopfonf Mum&Snf
- 491 -
cHEdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh rsufvTmcsí vufrxdyfjzifh vufoef;vufonf;cGHudk yGwfwkdufae

avonf/
odkUjzihf pum;rajymbJ NidrfaeMu&m twefMumoGm;ayonf/ þodkU rdef;uav;ESifh

a,musmf;av; ESpfa,mufwnf;awGUpOf aphaphMunhfrdMu&mrS rsufvTmcsNyD; pum;rajymbJ
Nidrfaejcif;onf pdwfudk rsm;pGmvIyf&Sm;aponf/ yg;pyfu vIyf&Sm;ay;rS pdwfu Nidrf
oGm;Edkifonf/
xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfu rcifopftm; AE¨Kv*sme,fudk nTef;NyD;-
]]awGUvm; rcifopf? AE¨Kvu 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdudk 0efcsawmif;yefaeNyD}}
]]awGUw,fq&m? owif;pmawGxJrSmvnf; xnfhay;&w,f/ rawmif;yef&bJ aervm;q&m

OD;av;OD;bcsKdwkdUu toa&zsufrIeJU w&m;pGJvdkufwmudk;/ r[kwfwmawG tom;vGwf
a&;xm;awmh AE¨Kv w&m;&IH;zkdUaocsmw,f? avsmfaMu;ay;&zkdU aocsmw,f? 'gaMumifh
awmif;yefwm q&m}}
]]tif; vlawG[m vkyfBuHpGyfpJGwJUae&mrSmjzifh odyfavhMuwmyJ/ udk,feJU oabmt,ltq

rwl&if tJ'D t,ltqrwlMuwmudk "r®'dVmefusus jyefvnfacsyjcif; rjyKwwfMubl;/
yk*¾dKvfpGJ uavmfwkwfzdkUyJ wwfMuw,f? acgifawG;NyD; pGyfpGJcsuftrsKd;rsKd; vkyfMuw,f}}
]][kwfw,fq&m? opfopfjzihf tJ'D yk*¾dKvfpGJeJU uavmfwkwfwmawG tm;BuD;rkef;wmyJ/ ckqdk

MunfhygOD;? ae&mwumrSm uavmfoH pGyfpGJoHawGeJUcsnf; qlaewmyJ}}
]]tif;? udkvSa&Tudk wpfcgwkef;u tmPm&Sif tmPm&SifvdkU ac:oltcsKdU[m tckawmh

cGmem&SifvdkU ac:aeMuw,f/ awhawhqdkifqdkif udkvSa&TwdkU&JU oabmt,ltqudk a0zef
Edkifovm;qdkawmh ra0zefEdkifbl;? udkvSa&T[m 0efBuD;csKyforuf jzpfcsifvdkU qkdNyD;
BuHBuHzefzef pGyfpGJw,f/ wu,fuawmh udk,fwkdU twGif;odyg? udkvSa&TrSm olU&nf;pm;eJU
ol &Sdw,f}}
- 492 -
]]aMomf &nf;pm;&SdowJUvm;q&m}}
xdkokdUajymaeMupOf aemufaz;aqmifqDrS rcifopf\ta': a':a&Topf xGufvmonf/

uRefawmfonf a':a&Topf b,fwkef;u tdrfay:a&mufaeonfudk rodvdkufojzifh tHUMo
oGm;&onfhtxJ rcifopfESifhajym&mwGif &nf;pm;qdkaom pum;vkH;ygoGm;um em;pGefem;zsm;
Mum;NyD; txifvGJoGm;rSmavvm;[kvnf; xdwfvefUrdayonf/ rcifopfrSmrl b,f
taMumif;aMumifhrQ xdwfvefUykHray:ay/
a':a&TopfaemufrS tckdif;tap rdef;rwpfa,mufonf eHuxdkifzefcGuf 2vkH;wifxm;aom

Aef;uav;udk vufESpfzufjzifhudkifum cyfukef;ukef; vkdufcJUonf/ xdkrdef;ronf
uRefawmfha&SU wpfzefcGuf/ rcifopfa&SU wpfzefcGuf csay;aepOf a':a&Topfu-
]]uJ aomufvkdufMu/ opfopf ukefatmifaomufaemf? aeylrdvdkU yifyef;NyD; rl;cJUw,f

r[kwfvm;/ eHuxdkif[m &ifat;r,f? tm;&Sdr,f Mum;vm;/ ukefatmifaomuf? [JU r,fcif
opfopf ukefatmifraomuf&if ighvmajymvSnfh}}
ponfjzifh ajym&if;qdk&if; avSum;xpfrsm;wGif qif;aeavonf/ uRefawmfonf

a':a&Topftm; rsufpdwqkH; vkdufMunfhaerdonf/
]]rcifopfta':[m b,fwkef;u tdrfay:a&mufaewmwkH;? ckeifu udk,fwdkUudkom

tay:wufMucdkif;NyD; olu atmufrSm ae&pfcJUw,f r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfw,fq&m? aemufrS aemufaz;avSum;u wufvmwm}}
]]aMomf tdrfaemufaz;rSm avSum;&Sdao;wmudk;}}
]]'gxuf opfopf&JUta':[m ckxd opfopfudk &dkufwkef;vm;}}
- 493 -
uRefawmfhtar;uRefawmf oabmusNyD; cpfceJyif&,fvdkufrdonf/ rcifopfu tm;yg;w&

NyKH;vdkufNyD;-
]]&dkufawmh r&dkufygbl;? cPcPawmh qlw,f? NyD;awmh ckxd opfopfudk uav;xifaewm

q&m&JU/ uJ uJ aomufvkdufygOD;}}
uRefawmfonf zefcGufaumufudkifNyD; aomufawmhrnfvkyfNyD;rS zefcGufudkyif rudkifao;

aom rcifopftm;-
]]opfopfvnf; aomufav}}
]]aomufygq&m&JU? q&mpaomufyg}}
uRefawmfonf wpfZGef;aomufNyD;-
]]uJav opfopfvnf;aomuf? EdkUr[kwf&if udk,fyJ a':a&TopfqD oGm;wdkifvdkufr,f

odvm; [J [J}}
onfawmhrS opfopfvnf; &,fNyD; zefcGufudk aumufudkifavawmhonf/ uRefawmfu

wpfcGufvkH; aomufNyD;aomtcg opfopfrSm wpf0ufrQ ukefao;onf/ opfopfu
zefcGufudk csxm;NyD;-
]]q&m pmar;yGJ ajzOD;rvm;}} [k rarQmfvifhaomar;cGef;udk xkwfvkdufonf/ uRefawmfhrSm

þar;cGef;udk arQmfvifhrxm;onfomru ajz&eftqifoifhvnf; r&Sdao;acs/ pmar;yGJ
ajzrnfrajzrnfudk vnf;aumif;? ausmif;qufwufrnf rwufrnfudkvnf;aumif;
,wdus qkH;jzwfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;acs/
]]rajymwwfao;bl; opfopf&,f}}
- 494 -
trSefrSm ajz&efpm&if;ay;NyD;jzpf\/ wu,f 0ifajz&ef rajz&efom rqkH;jzwf&ao;jcif;

jzpfonf/
]]uRefynmawG? uReftNrD;bJGUawG? 'D*&DawG &vdkUvnf; tydkygyJq&m&,f/ pmar;yGJ

ajzraeygeJUawmh}}
]]'Dvdkvnf; ykHaoxm;vdkUrjzpfbl;/ cktcgrSm uRefynmqkdNyD; roifbJxm;&if bmrSwwfrSm

r[kwfawmhbl;? uRefynmudkwwfNyD; uRefynmrSef;odzkdUomvdkw,f? tJ'Dvdk odawmhrSvnf;
uRefynmudk ocifynmjzpfatmif vkyfEdkifr,f}}
odkUuvdkajymNyD; rcifopftm; tuJcwfí Munfhvdkufonf/ uav;oli,f ykHem;axmifovdk

em;axmifaeonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfu qufNyD; uRefynm ocifynmrsm;taMumif;?
ausmif; wpfcgwnf; xGufxkduf rxGufxdkuftaMumif;? 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&; rysufrcsif;
oydwfarSmufrnfqkdaomvrf;pOf rSm;aMumif;rsm;udk ajymaeayonf/ opfopfu pdwfyg
0ifpm;pGm em;axmifoavmuf uRefawmfu pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm ajymaeonfr[kwfay/
twefMum ajymNyD;aomf pum;pOf ajymif;Nypfcsifvmavonf/
]]uJ uJ opfopf eHuxdkif ukefatmifaomufav}}
]]aomufrSmyg q&m&JU}}
]]aomufrSmqdk&if aomufrSaygh opfopf&JU? tukefraomuf&if oGm;wkdifr,f aemf [J [J}}
opfopfu eHuxdkifaomufaepOf atmufxyfwGif a':nGefUwkdU jyefa&mufvmMuoH

Mum;&onf/
]]zrf;oGm;jyefNyD ra&Topfa&}} [k rdef;rBuD;wpfa,mufu vSrf;ajymvdkufonf/
- 495 -
]]at;[,f nnf;ygroGm;ao;wm awmfao;wmaygh}} [k a':a&Topfu jyefajymae\/

a':nGefUum; tay:odkUom wufvmaeonf/ opfopfu avSum;0odkUoGm;um tartm;
BudKonf/ uRefawmfu ukvm;xdkifrS rwfwwfxum BudKonf/
]]orD; b,fhES,faeao;ovJ}}
]]vkH;vkH;aysmufoGm;NyD arar}}
a':nGefUonf uRefawmfhbufvSnfhum oGm;BuD;awG azG;ceJay:atmif NyKH;NyD;-
]]orD;wdkU armifwifxGef;udk bmauR;MuovJa[h}}
]]a&Ta&Tu eHuxdkifvkyfxm;w,f arar? tJ'g wkdufNyD;NyD}}
]]tif; tif; aumif;w,f}}
uRefawmf-
]]b,fESpfa,muf zrf;oGm;ovJ a':a':}}
a':a':wkdU oydwfwm;pcef;rSmawmh 30 avmuf zrf;oGm;w,f? wpfNrdKUvkH; qkd&ifawmh

ESpf&mxufrenf;bl; Mum;wmyJ/ &efukefaxmifBuD;vnf; rqHUawmhbl;? a,musmf;tusOf;
orm;awG t&l;axmifydkU? rdef;rtusOf;orm;awGudk om,m0wDaxmif ydkUaew,f}}
]]zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIawGu r&yfwJUtjyif wkd;vmw,fawmifxifw,f? tpdk;&tzJGU ajymif;ayr,fh

'guawmh rajymif;bl; a':a':}}
]]tpdk;&tzJGU ajymif;w,fqdkwmu bk&ifcHu rsufvSnfhjywmudk;uG,fh? uJ uJ opfopfeJU

pum;ajym&pfOD;}}
- 496 -
a':a':onf tdrfcef;xJodkU 0ifoGm;onf/ uRefawmfESifh opfopfonf pum;quf&ef

pum;p &Smr&Muacs/ twefMumaomf a':a':onf tdrfcef;xJrSxGufNyD; aemufaz;cef;odkU
0ifoGm;avonf/
a':a':u aemufaz;rSvSrf;NyD;-
]]opfopfa& cPa[h}}
rcifopfonf xdkif&mrSx&if; awmif;yefonf/
]]cPae&pfOD; q&m}}
]]udk,fvnf; oGm;awmhr,f}} [k ajymNyD; uRefawmfu rwfwwf&yfvdkufonf/
]]tdk...}} [k tmar#dwfoHjyKNyD; rcifopfu uRefawmfhtm; tHhMopGmai;Munfhaeonf/
]]a':a':hudkom EIwfqufvdkufygawmh}}
uRefawmfonf avSum;rSqif;pOf rcifopfonf avSum;xdyfrS pD;MunfhNyD; usef&pfonf/
aemufaz;rS-
]]rcifopfa& cPvmOD;uG,f}}
uRefawmfonf avSum;atmufqkH;xpfa&mufNyD; zdeyfpD;&if; tay:armhMunfhvdkufaomtcg

rcifopftm; rjrif&awmhNyD/ uRefawmfh&ifxJu [mwmwmESifh uRefawmfhtrlt&mrSm
aMumifawmifawmifjzpfoGm;NyD; cPrQawGum &yfaerdonf/
]]jyefawmhrvm;? b,foluG,fh rif;emrnf}}
- 497 -
xdktoHMum;rS a':a&Topftm; xdwfvefUwMum; owd&awmhonf/
]][kwfuJh a':a':a&T? uRefawmfhemrnfuawmh armifwifxGef;ygcifAsm;}}
]]rif;u b,frSmaeovJ}}
]]uRefawmf urm&GwfrSmaeNyD; ausmif;wufygw,fcifAsm}}
]]pmar;yGJ rajzbl;vm;}}
]]rajymwwfao;bl; cifAsm;}}
]]bmvdkUrajymwwf&rSmvJ? ajzrSaygh}}
uRefawmfonf a':a&Topf\ tmPmoHaMumifh tcH&rcuf&kHru NyKH;yifNyKH;rdao;onf/
]]a':a':hwlr opfopfuawmh pmar;yGJ rajzygeJUajymw,f}}
a':a&Topfu uRefawmfhtm; opfopfudk,fpm;xm;NyD; rsufapmif;xdk;vdkufonf/
]][if; 'if;u bmem;vnfvdkUvJ? 'Daumifrav;u olUtar oHa,mifvkdufNyD; ajymaewm/

udka&Tazuvnf; bmrStoGeftoifr&Sdbl;? r,m;a&m orD;a&m 'Dtwdkif;vTwfxm;wm/
oydwfarSmufwJUtcgarSmuf? vSefwJUtcgvSef? ausmif;wufwJUtcgwuf? pmar;yGJajzwJU
tcgajz? ckawmh olwkdUu 'Dvdkr[kwfaygifawmf? tNrJwrf; oydwfarSmufae&r,fwJU}}
a':a&Topfonf armifESifh a,mufrwkdUtm; rnfrQavmufMumMumu rnfrQavmuf BuD;rm;

aomxkxnfjzifh tcJraus jzpfaeonfrod? uRefawmfuom oGm;&ef[efrjyvQif pum;rQif
rjywf/ u&m;a&vGwf wwGwfwGwf jrnfwGefaeOD;rnf xif&onf/
]]cGifhjyKygOD; a':a':a&T}}
- 498 -
]]tif; oGm;awmh}} toH rmausmoavmufawmh a':a&Topf\rsufESm rrmrausmyg/

uRefawmfonf vrf;ay:odkU qif;xGufaeqJ aemufrSaeí a':a&Topfu ac:vdkufjyefonf/
]]oli,f cPaeOD;}}
a':a&Topfonf ajymajymqdkqdk a&mif;&efaq;rsm;xnfhxm;onfh AD&dkqDodkU oGm;NyD;zGifhonf/

aq;tcsKdUudk ,lvmNyD;-
]]a&mh 'Daq;xkyfawG,loGm;? pmaumif;aumif;usuf? okdUayr,fh tanmif;rdNyD; 0rf;rcsKyf

atmif a[m'D 0rf;EIwfaq;udkpm;? npmusufNyD;&if a[m'D aoG;aq;udk uGrf;oD;vkH;
avmufpm;? 'grS ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf tdyfaysmfr,f/ tdyfw,fqdkwm cPom jzpfayr,fh
ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf tdyfaysmf&if aumif;wmyJ Mum;vm;/ pmaumif;aumif;usuf? pmar;yGJudk
atmifatmifajz Mum;vm;}}
,if;odkU MoZmay;onfudk uRefawmfu NyKH;em;axmifNyD; ]]aMomf onft&G,f tysKdBuD;[m

t&G,f&Sdwkef;u a,musmf;&cJU&if olUom;orD;udk onfvdkyJ MoZmay;aerSmyJ}} [k pOfpm;
aerdonf/ ay;aom aq;rsm;udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifpGmjzifh vufcHNyD; ]]aMomf onfrdef;rBuD;
[m pum;taygufqkd;ayr,fh apwemawmh rqkd;bl;}} [k qifjcif&if; xGufvmcJUawmh
ownf;/
- 499 -
42
ta&;awmfykHrS oifcef;pmrsm;
uRefawmfwdkUtzkdUawmh &Sif;aeNyD/ vuf&Sd Oya'jyKvTwfawmftrwfawGudk tm;udk;í 91Xme

tkyfcsKyfa&;udk rzsufEdkif/ odkUaomf tcsKdUrSmawmh r&Sif;Muao;/ OD;yktpdk;&tzJGU jyKwfus
atmif t,kHtMunfr&Sdtqdk oGif;oluoGif;onf/ olwkdUudk,folwkdU ]trsKd;om;tpdk;&} [k
uifyGef;wyfxm;aom OD;yktpdk;&tm;enf;atmif OD;baz &mxl;r,lzkdU ajymolu ajymMu
onf/ OD;baztm; jynfxJa&;0efBuD; vkyfvSnfhyg[k bk&ifcHoabmwlnDcsufjzifh OD;yku
qG,fonf/ trsKd;orD;tpnf;t&kH;u OD;baztdrfokdU aeUa&mnyg 0dkif;xm;NyD; oydwfwm;
xm;onf/ OD;baztm; a&OD;wdkufopfq&mawmfbk&m;u &mxl;vufcH&ef arwÅm&yfcHonf
qkdNyD; OD;bazu &mxl;vufcHonf/ usrf;usdefoGm;&ef trsKd;orD;wkdUu vrf;z,fray;aom
tcg ykvdyftultnDac:í z,f&Sm;NyD; bk&ifcHtdrfoGm;um usrf;usdefavonf/
*VKefOD;apmvnf; ususee taqmifta,miftjynfhjzifh 0efBuD;jzpfoGm;avNyD/ ]]uREkfwdkU

trsKd;om;tpdk;&[m qif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm;udk txl; umuG,faeygw,f}} [k
vTwfawmfwGif ajymNyD; tcGefawmfrsm;udk twif;t"r® awmif;cHaeavNyD/ oydwfwGif
yg&rnfavm[k tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyfxkwfypfaeonfudk Munfhaeavonf/ Oa&my
wdkufom;wkdU\ nOfh0wftay:&kH&SnfBuD;udk 0wfvsuf wGJjzLBuD;pD;NyD; t&yfwumwGif
*VKefwyfom; 3-odef;pkrnf? *VKefavwyfawG xm;rnf? NyD;awmh Armjynfudk jyefay;zdkU
awmif;qdkrnf ponfjzihf [def;a[mufaeavNyD/ onfvkd [def;a[muf&if; olU
*VKefwyfom;rsm;onf 0g;&if;wkwfrsm; aumufudkifaeMuonf/ OD;apmtm; oHykH;wD;í
awmxkwfaeaom ocifrsm;tm; &dkufESuf&ef jyifqifaeavonf/
&mxl;vufrJUjzpfoGm;aom a'gufwmbarmfwkdU vlpkonf tkyfcsKyfa&;wkdkufzsufa&; pum;

ajymonf/ OD;yktpdk;&tzJGUtm; t,kHtMunfr&Sdtqdk oGif;aeMuonf/ olwkdU\
- 500 -
owif;pmrsm; *sme,frsm;rS udkvSa&TESifhwuGaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; oydwf

vSefonfhtwGuf jypfwif&IwfcsMuonf/ pGyfpJGMuonf/
xdkokdUvQif trwftoD;oD;wdkU\ EdkifiHa&;ajcvSrf;udk jrifae&cdkuf udk,fa&;udk,fwm

raumif;owif; rsm;uvnf; zkH;r&atmif ay:aeavonf/ trwfawG vmbfpm;ygonf[k
Oay'jyKvTwfawmfwGifyif trwftcsif;csif; azmfxkwfMuonf/ olrsm; om;r,m; ckd;,l
aygif;oif;rIjzihf vnf;aumif;? r,m;i,fp&dwf ray;rIjzihfvnf;aumif; w&m;pJGcH&aom
trwfrsm;uvnf; [dkav;wausmfausmf jzpfcJUonf/
xkdUaMumifh vuf&Sdtrwfrsm;ESifh vlBuD;ydkif;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;udk uRefawmfwkdUonf

t,kHtMunf r&SdMu/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGwGif olwdkUtm; xnfhrwGuf&kHru olwkdUudk
qefUusifí vkyf&rnf[kyif em;vnfxm;Mu\/
ta&;awmfykH vufawGUoifcef;pmay;aeonfrSm t*FvdyftmPmydkifwkdUonf tpdk;&tzJGU

wpfckNyD;wpfck ajymif;ay;rnf/ Oya'jyKvTwfawmf wpfckjzKwfNyD; wpfcka&G;aumufaprnf/
okdUaomf olwkdU\ wu,fhpdk;rdk;rIudkum; rajymif;/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk t*FvdyfwkdU\
vufxJrSm rvGwfwrf;qkyfudkifxm;onf/ ,if;odkUaom t*FvdyfwkdU\ pdk;rdk;rIudk aemufqkH;
wpfaeUwGif vufeufESifh ykefuefawmfvSefí NzdKzsuf&ayvdrfhrnf/
xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdUonf vufeufudkifEdkifrnfh tzJGUtpnf;rsm;udk zGJUMuonf/ ]&J}

tzJGUudk uRefawmfwdkU txifrBuD;/ ]&J} tzJGUrSm &mxl;EdkifiHa&;orm; trfatOD;armifBuD;\
tzJGUjzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;u Armhvuf&kH;wyf zJGUonf/ uRefawmfwdkU
ausmif;om;rsm;u oHrPdwyfrsm; zJGUonf/ ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾
tvkyftrIaqmifrS oHrPdwyfzJGUpnf;&ef wm0efvTJtyfjcif;cH&aom udkxGef;&Sdefu ]]vufeuf
onf yxr? vufeufonf 'kwd,? vufeufonf wwd,}} [k ajymavh&Sdayonf/
þrQ ta&;BuD;aom vufeufudk b,fu&Murnfenf;/ uRefawmfwkdUbmom vkyfEdkifzkdU

vnf; rjrif/ wdwfwdwfykef; cdk;0Suf0,f,lEdkifonfxm;OD;? 0,f,l&ef aiGtvkHtavmuf &zdkU
- 501 -
rjrif/ xkdUaMumifh tqkH;owf wpfcsdefcsdefwGif EdkifiHjcm;wpfckckrS vufeuftultnD &atmif

,l&rnf[k EdkifiHjcm;udk tm;udk;aeMuayonf/
wpfzufwGifvnf; pnf;&kH;a&; rsm;pGmvdkonf[k oabmaygufaeMuonf/ ,ck

ta&;awmfykHudk onfhxufjywfom;pGm onfhxufydkí raqmif&GufEdkifonfrSm pnf;&kH;a&;
csKdUwJhaeí jzpfonf/ vlrsm;íyJGrpnf jzpfaeonf/ pnf;&kH;a&; tm;enf;ojzifh pnf;urf;r&Sd
wkdufyGJqifjcif;rsm;udk awGUcJU&onf/ ta&;awmfykHwGif;wGif ta&;awmfykH pdwftm;
xufoefrIonf rsm;pGm BuD;rm;cJU\/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh pdwftm;xufoefrIonf rD;ESifh
wlonf/ onfwdkif;xm;vQif avmifcsif&mavmifEdkifonf/ pnf;&kH;a&;onf xkdrD;udk
xdef;odrf;Edkifonf/ avmifapcsifaomt&mudk avmifapEdkifonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfwkdU
txJwGif ]]pnf&kH;a&;onf yxr? pnf;&kH;a&;onf 'kwd,? pnf;&kH;a&;onf wwd,}} [k
ajymqdkolwkdUvnf; &SdMuay\/ ausmif;om;or*¾udk pepfuspGmESifh ydkíus,fjyefUpGm
pnf;&kH;Mu\/ ArmwpfjynfvkH;wGif tvkyform;or*¾rsm;udk pnf;&kH;Mu\/ awmifol
v,form; tpnf;t&kH;rsm;udkvnf; zJGUpnf;Mu\/ ArmwpfjynfvkH;twGuf A[dkXmecsKyfrsm;
vnf; ay:vm\/ wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;uvnf; EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m nDvmcHBuD;udk
armfvNrdKifNrdKUü ac:xm;avonf/ xkdnDvmcHBuD;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm;udk tapmBuD;
BudKwifjyKvkyfMuonf/ rEÅav;rS vuf&kH;wyfrsm;u armfvNrdKifta&muf pufbD;rsm;jzihf
csDwufvmrnf/ vrf;wpfavQmufvkH;&Sd vuf&kH;wyfrsm;u yl;aygif;vdkufygMurnf/
&efukefpD&ifpk? yJcl;pD&ifpk? [oFmwpD&ifpk? rEÅav;pD&ifpk paom pD&ifpknDvmcHrsm; usif;y

MuNyD; EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m wkdUArmnDvmcHBuD;odkU udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;aumufaeMuonf/
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf ocifESpfjcrf;uGJpu qkH;rr&í? aphpyfa&;ratmifjrifí xGufawmh
rnf[k qkdcJUaomfvnf; ,cktcg ocifEk? ocifatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef; paom
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl wpfjynfvkH;vSnhfvsuf wkdUArmw&m;a[mí armfvNrdKif nDvmcH
BuD;twGuf pnf;&kH;aeMuayonf/
ta&;awmfykHrwdkifrDu ocifEk? ocifatmifqef; polwkdUonf ausmif;rSxGufNyD; wkdUArm

tpnf;t&kH;odkU 0ifcJUMu\/ ,ck ta&;awmfykHtwGif;wGif udkb[def;onf ausmif;rSxGufNyD;
wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU 0ifavonf/
- 502 -
uRefawmfonf wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU0ifí EdkifiHa&;vkyf&ef uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf rqkH;jzwf

ao;ay/ ajcvSrf;uawmh wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;xJ a&mufaeayNyD/ udkvSa&TESifh wkdifyifonf/
udkvSa&Tu trfbDbDtufpf (q&m0efpmar;yJG) atmifonfhwdkif ausmif;qufaeOD;rnf[k
qkdonf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI wpfckck&Sdxm;rS EdkifiHa&;vkyfí aumif;rnf[k olu
qdkonf/ uRefawmfonf olUerlemudk tm;usonf/ okdUaomf uRefawmfwkdU bDatrSm
q&m0efvdk vGwfvyfaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIokdU rydkUEdkif/ bDatatmifNyD;
udkausmfNidrf; wdkUvdk? uRefawmfhzcifBuD;u acgif;xJ&dkufoGif;xm;cJhovdk tdkifpDtufpf
ajzvQifajz odkUr[kwf tpkd;&tvkyfwpfckck0ifNyD; uReftBuD;pm; vkyfvdku vkyfEdkifayonf/
þvr;fudkvnf; uRefawmf rvdkufcsifawmhNyD/ bDatatmifvQif bDt,foifí a&SUae
vdkufum vGwfvyfaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIjyKí EdkifiHa&;vkyfrnfavm/ bDt,f
atmif&ef ausmif; 2ESpf qufae&OD;rnf/ ausmif; 2ESpf qufae&efvnf; pdwfr&SdawmhNyD/
uRefawmfha&SUa&;rSm a0cGJír&atmifyif jzpfaeayonf/ pmar;yGJ0ifajzzkdU? rajzzkdUyif
,wdjywf rqkH;jzwf&ao;/
ausmif;om;vTwfawmf NyD;uwnf;u or*¾taqmufttkHrSm wjznf;jznf; ajcmufaoGU

vmonf/ udkb[def;? udkxGef;&Sdef paom EdkifiHa&; ajcpkHypf0ifolwkdUonf NrdKUxJ wdkUArm
tpnf;t&kH;odkU oGm;aeMuonfom rsm;onf/ udkvSa&T? udkAaqG? udkodef;atmif? udkpdk;armif
paom ausmif;rxGufbJ ausmif;om;ta&; NyD;jywfatmif vkyfae&aom trIaqmif vlBuD;
rsm;rSmvnf; oydwfvSef&m ay:xGufvmaom jyóemrsm;udk vdkufaqmif&GufaeMu&ojzifh
or*¾taqmufttkHrSm em;raeMu&/ oydwfvSefNyD; ausmif;jyefwufaom acgif;aqmifrsm;
tm; ausmif;rS vufrcH[k vnf;aumif;? 0efcsawmif;yef&rnf[k vnf;aumif;? 'PfaiG
wpfrsKd;? axmifrS rvTwfao;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vTwfay;zkdU tpdk;&ESifh oGm;í
ta&;qdkaeonfu wpfrsKd;? &J&Jawmuf udkoef;wifwkdU vlpk\ pGyfpJGcsufrsm;udk oGm;a&muf
ajz&Sif;&onfu wpfrsKd;? or*¾rsm; rNydKvJbJ pnf;urf;usus? xlxlaxmifaxmif
&yfwnfEdkifatmif vdkufvHpnf;&kH;ae&onfu wpfrsKd; trsKd;rsKd; tvkyfrsm;um vIyf&Sm;
oGm;vm aeMu&avonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm pmar;yGJajz&ef ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;Mum;
odkU wdk;0ifaeMu&avNyD/
- 503 -
xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfhvdk bmvkyf&rnf ra&&mao;aomoltcsKdUom or*¾taqmufttkHrSm

a,mifcsmcsmESifh usefae&pfcJUayonf/
wpfn 7em&DcJG 8em&DavmufwGif uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf; or*¾ pmMunhfwdkufcef;wGif;

wGif pmzwfvsuf&Sdayonf/ Budrfukvm;xdkifBuD;ESpfvkH;udk rsufESmcsif;qdkifí csxm;NyD;
wpfvkH;rSmxdkifí wpfvkH;ay: ajcwifxm;onf/ tay:wnfhwnfhu rD;wpfvkH; zGifhxm;
onfrSwpfyg; wpfcef;vkH;&Sd tjcm;rD;rsm;udk ydwfxm;onf/
uRefawmfonf ausmif;pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfcsifpdwfr&Sd/ aumufíyif rMunfhrd/ ,ck

uRefawmf pdwf0ifpm;aeaom pmtkyfrsm;rSm bdvyfrSxkwfa0aom vuf0Jpmtkyfuvyf
(Left Book Club) pmtkyfrsm;ESifh e*g;eDpmtkyfrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdnu zwfaeaom
pmtkyfrSm *Refpx&yfcsDa&;aom qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;ESifh vufawGU Theory and
Practice of Socialism jzpfonf/ pmtkyfwpfae&mrSm t&if;&SifpepfvufatmufwGif
ynm&SifwkdU\ tBuHOmPfynmrsm;onf rawmfrw&m; tokH;cscH&ykHudk zwf&NyD;
oabmaygufMunfEl;NyD; {uu©&m usaeaomcPü vlESpfa,muf pmzwfcef;qDodkU
vmaeoH Mum;&onf/ uRefawmfhtay:wnfhwnfhuom rD;a&mifusqif;NyD; ab;bufrSm
cyfarSmifarSmifjzpfojzifh b,folb,f0g jzpfonfudk &kwfw&ufrod/
]]a[h zkd;wifxGef;? wpfa,mufwnf;vm;}}
udkat;aiGyifjzpfonf/ udkat;aiGu uRefawmfhxHvmaepOf olESifhygvmolu wHcg;0rS

awGí &yfaeonf/ xkdol\ oP²mefudk rIwfwdrIef0g;om jrif&aomfvnf; xdkoP²mefudk
uRefawmfhrsufpd usufrdaeonf[k xifonf/ udk,fxnfBuD;rm;NyD; ajcvufu rrQrw
ao;i,faom oP²mefjzpfonf/ ,if;oP²mefudk uRefawmfu pdkufMunhfaepOf
udkat;aiGu-
]]&JabmfwifxGef; wpfa,mufwnf;vm;}}
]][kwfw,f tm;vkH; tjyifoGm;aeMuw,f}}
- 504 -
]]tif; aumif;ygw,f}}
udkat;aiGu olESifhygvmolbufodkU vSnfhí ]]0ifcJUygAs? udpör&Sdygbl;/ 'gu uRefawmfeJU

tifrwef&if;ESD;wJU &Jabmfyg}}
xkdoP²efonf uRefawmfwkdU&Sd&m rD;a&mufqDodkU csOf;uyfvm&m uRefawmf tHUtm;oifh

oGm;avonf/ xkdolum; urm&GwfrS ocifwifBuD;yif jzpfay\/ olonf udkat;aiGu
ac:íom uRefawmfwkdUteD;odkU csOf;uyfvmcJU&aomfvnf; uRefawmfESifh awGU&rSm 0efav;
aeaMumif; odomayonf/
þ ocifwifBuD;rSm wpfcgwkef;u tif'dkcsKdif;em;rSm jrifuGef;rif;om;BuD;ESifh &if;ESD;onf

qdkNyD; uRefawmfwkdUtm; aiGpuúLvkyfay;rnf? vufeufoGif;ay;rnf[k ajymzl;aom
ocifwifBuD;yif jzpfonf/ þ ocifwifBuD;rSm ukvm;Armt"du&kPf; twGif;u
t"du&kPf; vIHUaqmfay;cJUaom ocifwifBuD;yif jzpfayonf/ þ ocifwifBuD;rSm *syef
vdkvm;aom 0g'udk uRefawmfwkdUtm; a[majymcJUzl;aom ocifwifBuD;yif jzpfonf/ þ
ocifwifBuD;um; udk<u,fESifh uRefawmfwkdUu ykvdyfpaomolrsm;ESifh &Iyf&Iyf,Suf,Suf
qufoG,fae[ef&Sdonf[k ,lqNyD; cyfcGmcGma&Smifxm;aom ocifwifBuD;yif jzpfonf/
olonf wkduf&dkufxkd;usaeaom rD;a&mifxJodkU 0ifrvmbJ rD;a&miftjyifbufrSm &yfum

uRefawmfhtm; rNyKH;csifNyKH;csif NyKH;um Munfhaeonf/
udkat;aiG-
]]a[m'gu &JabmfwifxGef;wJUAs? t,kHMunf&qkH; uRefawmfh&JabmfwpfOD; ygyJ/ udkwifxGef;

a[m'gu yJGpm;BuD; OD;wifwJUAs}}
uRefawmf tHUtm;oifhoGm;onf/ odkUaomf tHUtm;oifhjcif;udk &kwfw&uf azsmufzsuf

vdkufNyD; NyKH;vdkufonf/
- 505 -
]]uRefawmfwkdUtcsif;csif; odNyD;ygAs? yGJpm;BuD; OD;BuD;wif ckb,fa&mufaeovJ}}
ocifwifBuD;u oGm;wpfcsufNzJvdkufNyD;-
]]ck NrdKUxJrSmyJaew,f? rJaqmufu jyefa&mufwm rMumao;bl;}}
]]aMomf'Dvdkudk;? 'gjzifh ,dk;',m;a&mufcJUao;w,f xifyg&JU}}
udkat;aiGu ocifwifBuD;tm; ukvm;xdkifwpfck xkd;ay;NyD;-
]]uJ xkdifAsm? usKyfwkdUokH;a,muf twlwl pum;ajymMur,f}}
ocifwifBuD;u rD;a&mifudkMunfhNyD; rsufESmudk&IHUvdkufum rD;yGGifhudk vufnSKd;xdk;vdkufonf/

NyD;aemuf ab;bDudk usD;uef;vlrd Munfhaeavonf/
udkat;aiGonf ysmavmifcwfoGm;NyD; avoHwkd;wkd;jzifh-
]]rD;ydwfvkduf&if aumif;r,fxifw,f}}
uRefawmfu ukvm;xdkifay:rSm wifxm;aom ajcudk&kyfvkduf&if;-
]]rD;awmh ydwfzkdUrvdkygbl;? rD;ydwf&if ydkNyD;rouFmp&mjzpfr,f/ Oyrm cifAsm;wkdUaemufu

vlwpfa,mufvkdufNyD; acsmif;Munfhaer,fqkdygawmh/ rD;udkydwfvkduf&if ]][m 'Dvlvnf;
wufoGm;a&m tajcvnf; ysufoGm;a&m} vdkU wGufvdkufrSmyJ/ NyD;awmhvnf; rD;ydwfNyD;
pum;ajymaeMuw,f qdkygawmh? wpfa,mufa,mufwufvm&if b,fvkdqifajcay;rvJ}}
udkat;aiGonf ysmavmifcwfaom trlt&mjzifhyif-
]]'Dawmh b,fvdkvkyfrSmvJ}}
- 506 -
]]rD;udk 'Dwkdif;xm;? uRefawmfwkdUuawmh rD;a&mifjyifbufuswJU [dkaxmifhrSm pum;ajym

Muwmaygh}}
ocifwifBuD;u ynm&Sd[efjzihf acgif;udk ndwfumndwfumaeonf/ uRefawmfnTefjyaom

axmifhwGif okH;a,mufom; xdkifMuavonf/ twefMum wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf
MunfhNyD; NidrfaeMuNyD;aemuf udkat;aiGu tkwfeH&Hrsm;rSmyif em;&Gufrsm; &Sdaeoavm
[laom pdk;&drfjcif;rsKd;jzifh [dk[dkonfonf Munfhí-
]]uJ OD;BuD;wif qdkprf;ygOD;}}
OD;BuD;wif(ac:) ocifwifBuD;onf tjyifpBuFwHwdkif;udkausmfNyD; pkHaxmuf&Sdr&Sd MunfhEdkif

&ef [efjyifaomtm;jzifh cg;qefUNyD; ar;udk a&SUodkUxkd;vkdufonf/
twefMumrS-
]]'Dudpöuawmh aumif;aumif;BuD;vQKdU0SufrS jzpfr,faemf? ESpfa,mufpvkH;As}}
udkat;aiG-
]]pdwfcsyg? usKyfudka&m &JabmfwifxGef;udka&m pdwfcsyg}}
]]'DvkdAs? usKyftaMumif;uawmh ocifwifxGef;vnf; odoavmuf odNyD;om;yg/ cktacguf

,dk;',m; roGm;cifuwnf;u 'DrSm *syefeJU tquftoG,f&SdcJUw,f/ usKyfuwifjywJU
tcsufawG[m ta&;BuD;vGef;tm;BuD;awmh 'DrSm&SdwJU *syeftqufu oleJUrNyD;Edkifbl;?
,dk;',m;udk wdwfwqdwfoGm;ygqdkvkdU ukef;aMumif;eJUyJ oGm;&w,f/ rJaqmufuaeNyD;
,kd;',m;xJ 0if&w,f/ ,dk;',m;e,fxJ a&mufw,fqdk&ifyJ *syeftqufu qufay;vdkuf
wJU vlu BuKdaeNyD; csufcsif; befaumuf ydkUay;wmyJ/ befaumufusawmh tawmfBuD;wJU
*syeft&m&SdwpfOD;eJU awGUqkH;aqG;aEG;&w,f/ usKyfawmif;wmuawmh 'Du ausmif;om;awG?
- 507 -
ocifawGudk NAdwdoQudk ykefuefzkdU vufeufeJUaiG awmif;wmyJ/ ay;yghr,fvkdU uwd

tcdkiftrm &cJUw,f}}
ywf0ef;usifwpfckvkH; wdwfqdwfaeonf/ vrf;ay:u um;toGm;tvmyif tqufa0;

aeonf/ udkat;aiG oufjyif;csonfudkyif Mum;Edkif\/ ta&;awmfykH atmifEdkifa&;onf
vufeuf&a&;wGif rSDaeonf[k ,lqxm;Muaom uRefawmfwkdUtm; vufeufay;rnf
qkdaom uwdonf rnfrQ acsmufcsm;oGm;aprnfudk cefUrSef;MunfhEdkifMuayonf/
ocifwifBuD;\ pum;rsm;onf olUtaMumif; rodolwpfOD;tm; avxJrSm vrf;avQmufae
ovdk txifa&mufapEdkifayonf/ uRefawmfum; ocifwifBuD;tm; r,kHMunfrdatmif
txl;BudK;pm;ae&\/ ocifwifBuD;u qufjyefonf/
]]'Dawmh cifAsm;wkdUausmif;om;awGu ykefuefzdkU jyifqifMu&r,f/ vQKdU0SufwJU tzGJUtpnf;

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befaumufu *syeft&m&SdBuD;qD taMumif;Mum;&r,f}}
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- 508 -
uRefawmfonf udkat;aiGtm; [efUwm;jcif;jzifh pdwftaESmifht,Suf ray;csifaomfvnf;

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'guawmh vQKdU0Sufa&; r[kwfygbl;Asm}}
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- 509 -
ocifwifBuD;onf twefMumawGoGm;onf/ okdUaomf owdwjcm;a&mufoGm;í &kwfw&uf

rajzrd[ef aqmifvsuf-
]]tif; tif; wpfacgufa&mufao;w,f}}
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ocifwifBuD;onf cPMumvQif pdwfwkdvmonf/ odkUaomf csKyfwnf;xm;NyD;
cyfwnfwnfjzifh a&SmifxGuf&ef BudK;pm;avawmhonf/
]]'DrSm ocifwifxGef;? vQKdU0Sufa&;vkyfief; vkyf&w,fqkdwm taMumif;rSefudk zkH;EdkiforQ

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wpfa,muf rpyfpkcsif&bl; r[kwfvm;? odoifhodxdkufwmudk odzkdUyJ r[kwfvm;/ uJ
ocifwifxGef;u udk,fhudkodxm;wJUemrnfeJU tck &Jabmfat;aiGu udk,fhudk odwJUemrnf
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ocifwifBuD;u rcsdNyKH;NyKH;í vufywfem&Dudk Munfh&if;-
- 510 -
]]ocifwifxGef; ar;wmudk aAGr,lygbl;? olu ar;aeusyg/ okdUayr,hf oGm;rSjzpfr,f/

csddef;xm;wJU udpöwpfck &Sdao;w,f/ aemufwpfBudrf xyfcsdef;awGUMuao;wmaygh/ aiGudpö
vufeufudpöawG pOf;pm;xm;Muaemf? vufeufrygbJeJU ta&;awmfykH ratmifbl;
t*FvdyfawGudk armif;xkwfzkdU 'Dhjyifenf;r&Sdbl;? AdkvfatmifausmftwGuf vufpm;acszdkU
'Dhjyifenf;r&Sdbl;? *syefArm yl;aygif;NyD; vufeufeJU ykefuefrSjzpfr,f/ uJ oGm;r,f}}
ocifwifBuD;onf rwfwwf&yfvkdufonf/ uRefawmfwkdUvnf; rwfwwf&yfvkdufMuonf/

ocifwifBuD;onf olUvl ighbufom; vkyfNyD; uRefawmfwkdUxHrS pum;rsm;udk EIduf,lvdkí
þpum;rsm; ajymqdkaeonf[k uRefawmfpdk;&drfrdonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfu-
]]uRefawmfwkdUu *syefArmyl;aygif;a&; vkyfr,frvkyfbl;? vufeuftultnD ,lr,fr,lbl;

qdkwmawG rpOf;pm;cif *syefawGtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;&OD;r,fAs/ w&kwfjynfrSm *syefawG
bmvkyfaew,fqdkwm tm;vkH;todMuom;yJ/ tifrwef &ufpufMurf;MuKwfwJU enf;awGeJU
olrsm;jynfawGudk 0iftkyfcsKyfaeolawGrkdU usm;aMumufvkdU &SifBuD;udk;? &SifBuD; usm;xufqkd;
qdkwmvdk jzpfaerSm pdk;&w,f}}
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]] udk,fhvlu t*Fvdyf 0g'jzefUxm;wmawG ,kHaewmudk;? uJ uJ aemufrS aqG;aEG;r,fav}}
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wm0ef,lí&Smay;rnf ajymNyD;aemuf uRefawmhxHrS xGufcGmoGm;cgeD; aiG 5usyf acs;iSm;
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]]udkat;aiG}}
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- 511 -
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]]uRefawmfwkdU ar;MunfhygOD;r,f? uRefawmfwdkU vmajymyghr,f}}
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]]&JabmfwifxGef; ckeu ajymykHawGu cGawmaewmeJUwlw,f}}
]]vm vm xkdifMuOD;pdkU&JU? cifAsm;u olUtaMumif;rodbl;}}
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]]olUemrnfu udkwifBuD;wJU? t&ifu urm&Gwfaps;BuD;em;rSm aew,f? olUudk uRefawmfeJU

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udkat;aiGtm; ocifwifBuD;taMumif; uRefawmfwkdUodoabmuf azmufonfcs&avonf/

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&Sif;jy&onf/ udkat;aiGrSm idkifusoGm;av\/
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&avonf/ /
- 512 -
43
rjrifhOD;tm; ay;&onfhuwd
tif;vsm;aqmif
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taqmifrSmyJ &Sdaew,f/
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vSrf;rS rsuf&dyfrsufjcnf vuf[efajc[efjzifhom EIwfqufvdkuf&avojzifh tm;rvdk
- 513 -
tm;r& jzpfcJU&onf/ xdkaeUwpfaeUvkH; wjrnfhjrnfhwrf;wrdonf/ aemufaeUrsm;rSmrl

rjrifhOD;twGuf uRefawmfhrSm ylaEG;aomcHpm;rI r&Sdawmhacs/ at;pufaom cHpm;rIom
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pmzwf at;aq;pGmae&onfh rjrifhOD;\ tajctaewkdU uGmjcm;rIaMumifh jzpfavoavm/
rjrifhOD;ESifh uRefawmfwkdUonf orD;&nf;pm;rsm;tjzpfjzifh cdkifNrJpGm uwdcsnfaESmifxm;jcif;
r&Sdíayavm/ okdUr[kwf uRefawmf\ylaEG;aom cHpm;rIwkdUonf eD;eD;uyfuyfawGUae&aom
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rjrifhOD;xHrS þvdk zdwfMum;pm&vQif omreftm;jzifh jrL;xl;ckefayguf 0rf;tajrmufBuD;

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rawGUcsifrjrifcsifawmh r[kwfyg/ xkdUaMumifh csdef;onfhtwdkif; tif;vsm;aqmifodkU oGm;
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twGif; zl;yGifh&ef jyifqifaeMu\/
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tif;vsm;aqmifonf touf0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ O'[dk0ifxGufoGm;vmaeaom ausmif;olrsm;?

ausmif;aqmifrsufESmpm jrufcif;rSm acgufwkHUacgufjyef vrf;avQmufaeaom ausmif;ol
rsm;? wif;epf(pf) &dkufaeaom ausmif;olrsm;? a&csKd;NyD; xbD&if&Sm;jzifh pBuFrSm avQmuf
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ausmif;olwkdUudk awGU&ef wHcg;0rSmapmifhaeaom ausmif;om;wkdUyif jzpfavonf/
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- 514 -
uRefawmfwdkUtm; MunfhMunfhoGm;Mu&m avSmifajymifoa&mfjcif;\ t&dyftaiGU olwkdU\

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uvdqGaom xdktMunfhrsm;jzifh ar;aeMuonf/
rjrifhOD;um; qif;rvmao;/
armfawmfum;wpfpD; xdk;qdkufonf/ ausmif;olwpfOD; txkyftydk; 0efpnfpvG,fESifh ausmif;

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jyefydkUvdkufygonf/
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- 515 -
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- 516 -
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avQmufvm\/ olonf enf;jyq&mvkyf&if; tdkifpDtufpmar;yGJtwGuf BudK;pm;aeol
jzpfonf/ ol\ pmawmfonfqdkaom *kPfowif;onf wuúodkvfe,fwpf0dkufwGif ysHUvGifh
vsuf&Sdayonf/ ]]pmar;yGJu eD;vSNyD}} qkdaom rjrifhOD;\ nnf;nLoHudk axmufvQif
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uRefawmfum; pmar;yJGtaMumif;udk raqG;aEG;bJ a&SmifuGif;vdkonf/ xkdUaMumifh olu
nnf;nLvdkufaomfvnf; bmrQrwkHUjyefbJ Nidrfaevdkufonf/
udkbodef;u uRefawmfwdkUtm; NyKH;í todtrSwfjyKNyD; jzwfausmfum avQmufoGm;avonf/

cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm ausmif;olokH;OD; jrufay:xdkifum wvGefUvGefUvIyf&Sm;aeaom vIdif;vkH;
uav;rsm;udk uodkPf;&IaeMuonf/
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jzpfukefrSmaygh/ bk&m;wnfNyD; xD;rwifovdk jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ 'D*&D&NyD; tpdk;&tvkyf
vkyf&r,fvkd jrifhurqdkvdkygbl;? 'D*&Dawmh &atmif,l&r,f}}
- 517 -
olu 'D*&D,l&r,fqkdawmh uRefawmfu [D;&dk;vkyfjyvdkufcsifonf/ 'D*&DbDatbJGUudk

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]]tdk 'D*&DawGbmawG rvdkcsifygbl;? vltrsm;awGu wefzdk;xm;ayr,fh udk,fu wefzkd;

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oabmuawmh udkwifxGef;[m bDatatmif&r,f? NyD;awmh bDt,fvf wuf&r,f? NyD;awmh
0wfvkHawmf& jzpfatmifvkyf&r,f? 0wfvkHawmf&vkyf&if EdkifiHa&;vnf; vkyfEdkifw,f}}
uRefawmfum; xdkpum;udk racsyEdkifawmhNyD/ bmrQrajymbJ avQmufvmMuonf/ pdwfxJ

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- 518 -
uav;udk jyefvnf zwfMunfhaeonf/ 0w¬Kwkduav;rSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;ESifh

ausmif;ol orD;&nf;pm;jzpfMuonf/ ESpfa,mufpvkH; rsKd;cspfpdwf&SdMuonf/ pmudkvnf;
BudK;pm;oifMuonf/ ausmif;om;u 0wfvkHawmf&jzpfvmNyD; ausmif;olu trsKd;om;
ausmif;wkdufwGif ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD; jzpfvmonf/ ESpfOD;vufxyfNyD; aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrUpGm
ae&if; EdkifiHESifh trsKd;om;tusKd; aqmif&GufMuavownf; [líjzpfav\/ 0w¬KrSm
uRefawmfhtm; vrf;nTeftjzpfjzifh a&;ay;cJUaom 0w¬KjzpfaMumif; xkdpOfuyif odcJUay\/
&dkUpfbifhcfa*[mudk a&mufaomf jyefvSnfhavQmufMu\/ uRefawmfum; bmrQrajymbJ

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&dyfrd[efwlonf/ xkdUaMumifh wwGwfwGwf pmar;yJGajz&ef qkH;roGefoifaeavonf/
pmar;yGJ rajz&vQif uRefawmfhrdcifzcifrsm;yif rsm;pGm pdwfqif;&Jjcif; jzpfrnfxifaMumif;
ajymNyD;aemuf-
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ajzr,fr[kwfvm;}}
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0dkif;BuD;rsm;onf NyKH;vsuf &,fvsuf aeMuayonf/
odkUjzifh uRefawmfonf pmar;yJGajzjzpfoGm;av\/ rjrifhOD;ajymovdkyif pmrusufbJESifh

bDat atmifcJU&avownf;/ /
- 519 -
44
b0vkHNcKHrItvkyfESifh ocifEdkifiHa&;orm;
xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfwdkUonf ork'´&mjyifus,fü oabFmpD;ae&onfESifh wlavonf/

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rsm;onf wpf[kefxdk;ajy;Muum tcsif;csif; MuufcGyfaeMuonfudk azG;ceJ azG;ceJ
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- 520 -
atmifcJUygNyD/ atmifpm&if;udk Munhf&if; b0vkHNcKHrItwGuf tvkyftudkifrsm;udkyif arQmfrSef;

pOf;pm;rdayonf/ bDatatmifvQif b0\ b,fc&D;wGif avQmuf&rnf[k ,wdjywf
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Munfhvsuf tvkyftudkif a&G;cs,frnfavm/ udk,fhb0vkHNcHKrIudk vkH;0*&krjyKbJ ajcovkH;
tdrfwdkif jzpfovkdae? jzpfovdkpm;í ocifEdkifiHa&;orm;tjzpfodkU 0ifrnfavm/ okdUr[kwf
udk,fhb0vkHNcKHa&;wpfydkif; ocifwpfydkif; vkyfEdkifonfh tvkyfwpfckckudk &Smrnfavm/
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wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;BuD;qDodkU rsufarSmufjyKaeayonf/
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qifajcjzifh qufaecJUavonf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t&kH;ESifh ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;\ teD;tem;
wGif &pf0JaecJUonf/ pmar;yJGatmifaomtcg ydkíaumif;aom qifajcudk &jyefavonf/
bDatatmifNyD; rdbrsm;tm; vkyfauR;&ef tvkyf&SmaeNyD ponfjzifh taMumif;jyum
tdrfrjyefbJ aejyefavonf/ rdbrsm;xHjyefvQif tazu Budrf;vm;armif;vm; wkwfwpf
jywf "m;wpfjyufjzifh EdkifiHa&;udk pGefUvTwf&ef? tazwoufvkH;rSef;xm;aom &mxl;pmar;yJG
- 521 -
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toem;cHvdrfhrnf/
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bl;vdkU rydwfyifcsifbl;? okdUayr,fh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyfwpfckck vkyf&r,f/
tusKd;aqmif&mrSm avmuw¬p&d, avmuvltrsm;tusKd;? Omww¬p&d, aqGrsKd;om;csif;
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tvkyf&Smaew,fvkdUyJ aumif;atmif Munfha&;vkdufygawmhAsm}}
OD;av;jrifhu rsufpdarS;oGm;atmif NyKH;vdkufNyD;-
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tw¬p&d,m? Omww¬p&d,m rygbJ avmuw¬p&d,mom usifhcsifvdkUvm;}}
- 522 -
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awGudk bmr[kwfwJU taMumif;uav;awGjyNyD; xkwfypfMuw,f/ 'Dawmh ausmif;om;
oydwfBuD; ay:cJU&w,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;trsm;eJU vrf;cJGNyD; ausmif;qufwufzkdU
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r[kwfbl;/ ckta&;awmfykHusawmh ab;xGufaezdkU ydkcufw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG
- 523 -
udk zrf;w,f? qD;w,f? aemufNyD; ausmif;om;xkudk &dkufw,f? ESufw,f? jrif;eJU

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vkyfNyD; rxl;bJ aeEdkifyghrvJ}}
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aeNyD;awmh Aef;armf? jrpfBuD;em;txd vIyf&Sm;qlylaeMuw,f/ &kH;pdkuf&m? *gwfwnf&m?
axmif&Sd&m NrdKUawGudk aus;&Gmu awmifolv,form;awG &mvdkufaxmifvdkuf csDwufNyD;
&kH;*gwfawGudk 0dkif;NyD; ta&;qdkaeMuw,f/ 'gawGudk arhaysmufxm;vdkU r&bl;/ uRefawmf
- 524 -
[m pmar;yJGajzaewkef;u arhxm;vdkU&oavmuf &ygw,f/ pmar;yJGatmifpm&if;MunhfNyD;

tvkyftudkif awG;awm&if; arhxm;vkdU &oavmuf&w,f/ odkUayr,fh cPyJ OD;av;jrifh&JU/
NyD;awmh 'Dxufta&;BuD;wJUtcsuf &Sdao;w,f? awmifolv,form; ta&;awmfykH[mvnf;
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- 534 -
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- 535 -
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- 536 -
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- 537 -
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- 539 -
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- 541 -
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- 542 -
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- 543 -
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- 544 -
45
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- 545 -
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- 546 -
wkdufcef;rSm ay 40 awmh ausmfvdrfhrnfxifonf/ okH;ydkif;uefUxm;&m a&csKd;cef;? tdrfom

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- 547 -
xkdtcdkuf tv,fcef;wGif rwfwwf&yfvsuf pmzwfaeaom ocifatmifqef;onf

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avodrf;ykHrSm a'gufwmbarmf[efjzpfonf/ ocifpdk;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUonf wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD; MunfhNyD; NyKH;vkdufMuonf/ ocifatmifqef;tm; avSmifMujcif;jzpfonf[k
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- 548 -
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aysmufatmif ukr&wJU'Pf&mvdkU qdk&r,f/ NyD;awmh e,fcsJUynma&;pepf&JU "m;oGm;udk
- 549 -
wkH;apwJU trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmapcJUw,f? aemufqkH;wpfcsufuawmh ck

uRefawmfwdkU acwfausmif;om;rsm; 'Davmuf pdwfwuf<uvmwm[m tJ[dkacwfu
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- 550 -
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- 551 -
toufqufay;aeonf/ bm;vrf;odkU tvsm;vdkuf pD;0ifwkdufcwfvmaom avonf

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ocifpdk;u em;vkdufonf/ udkodef;azu jznfhpGufaxmufcHaomtm;jzifh-
- 552 -
]][kwfw,f? aoG;eUJvJNyD;ay;cJUwJU tarGygyJ? ckta&;awmfykH ratmifjrifbJ rtDrvnf

jzpf&wJU taMumif;xJrSmvnf; cifAsm;ajymwJU aemufqkH;tcsuf[m ta&;tBuD;qkH;ygyJ/
ausmif;om;tvkyform; v,form;awG wvkH;wpnf;wnf;yl;aygif;NyD; usifhom;&zl;olwkdU
a&SUaqmifrI? uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrI rygcJUwJUtcsuf[m ta&;BuD;wJU cRwf,Gif;csuf
yJ? ck cRwf,Gif;csuf jyKjyifaeMuwm..}}
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ocifpdk;? ocifvSazwdkU\ rsufvkH;rsm;uvnf; uRefawmfhqDodkU a'gufceJ a&mufvmMu
onf/ uRefawmf&Sdaeí þudpöudk þwGif&yfxm;&ef olwkdUvdkvm;onfudk uRefawmf
&dyfrdyg\/ uRefawmfhrSm tae&txkdif& usyfoGm;onf/ odkUaomf ocifpdk;u *VkKefolykef
aqG;aEG;cef; aumufqufvdkufojzifh awmfayao;\/
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r&Sdoavmuf jzpfw,fqdkwm odEdkifw,f/ aoG;&l;aoG;wef;eJU pD;yGm;a&;ief; tzrf;cH&ol
rsm;om jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;w,f}}
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okdUaomf NidrfoufpGm cg;cg;ESifhyif em;axmifaeavonf/
]]olykefwyfom;rsm;u wpfzuf? ykvdyfrsm;ppfom;rsm;u wpfzuf &ifqdkifwkdufcdkufrIaMumifh

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awGrSm ab;awGU&w,f/ wcsKdUolykefwyfrsm;[m ppfwyfykvdyfwkdUudk a&Smif&Sm;NyD;&if &GmpOf
avQmuf "m;jywkdufMuw,f? &Gmaygif;rsm;pGmudk rD;wkdufcJUw,f? olykefta&;rSm yg0ifolawG
- 553 -
trsm;tjym; aoausysufpD;cJh&w,f? orD;ysKdrsm;tcsKdU olykefeJUppfom;wkdU&JU usL;vGef

apmfum;jcif; cH&w,f? ykvdyfrsm;udk rulnDwJU &Gmrsm;udk ykvdyfESifhppfom;rsm;u rD;wif&IdU
w,f? olykefudk rulnDwJU&Gmrsm;udk olykefu rD;wif&IdUMuw,f? wkdif;oljynfom;awGrSm
&SifBuD;vufrS usm;? usm;vufrS &SifBuD;? tjyeftvSef oufqif;cHpm;Muw,f? olykef
rxrDu vIHUaqmfxm;wJU vkyfief;eJU ysKd;xm;wJU 0g'awGuawmh aemufvdkufolykefrsm;eJU
EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrSm rsm;pGmrwlvSwJU olykefacgif;aqmifrsm;&JU vufwef; Budwfxm;wm
awGom jzpfw,f}}
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aeonfESifh wlayonf/ *VKefolykeftay: uRefawmf\ txiftjrif taqmufttkHBuD;/
rdk;wajzmufajzmuf usvmonf/
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aeavonf/ ocifatmifqef;onf pmtkyfudk <uufavQmufac: eH&Hwef;ay:rSm axmifí
wifxm;cJUNyD; aemufaz;cef;odkU 0ifoGm;avonf/ olUvufxJrSm za,mif;wdkifwpfwdkifudk
udkifxm;onf/ rkd;onf;xefpGm &Gmusvm\/ qlnHaom rkd;oHonf ocifpdk;\ pum;rsm;udk
vTrf;tkyf&ef BudK;pm;ae\/ ocifpdk;u tEdkifrcH/
uRefawmfonf twefMumatmif a,mifcsmcsmESifh rwfwwf&yfaeao;onf/
ocifpdk;um; usrf;ausoljzpf&kHru usrf;udk;wwfolvnf;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
]]&nf&G,fcsuf0g'r&Sdaom vkyfief;onf tNrKHESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? vufawGUvkyfief;

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wlonfvdkU vuf&Sd urÇmhtvkyform; AdkvfrSL;BuD;jzpfwJU *sKd;Zufpwmvifu ajymcJUao;
w,f}}
- 554 -
udkodef;az-]]vufawGUESifh oabmw&m; nDnGwf&rSmaygh}}
ocifvSaz- ]]vufawGUrygaom obmw&m;onf tNrKH? oabmw&m;rygaom vufawGU

onf tuef;vdkUyJ qkdxm;w,f r[kwfvm;}}
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ESvkH;&nfjynfhpkHwJU ta&;awmfykHAdkvfrSL;awG ay:vmatmif vkyfay;&r,f/ vufawGUrSmvnf;
uRrf;usif? oabmw&m;rSmvnf; xufjrufwJU ta&;awmfykHAdkvfrSL;awG tvkd&Sdaew,f/
ta&;awmfykHacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfwJU vDeifu acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;0g' ray:aygufbJ
acwfajymif;awmfvSefrI acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;vkyfief; ray:aygufEdkif? acwfajymif;
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owif;ay;? opömazmuf? vlvdrfvlaumuf rvkyfr,fh udk,fusifhw&m;udk qdkvdkw,f/
awmfvSefa&;wm0efudk a&SmifuGif;jcif; vkH;0r&SdbJ &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH aqmif&GufwJU udk,fusifh
w&m;udk qdkvkdw,f/ tcsufESpfu wu,fhta&;usvQif taocH&JwJU owÅd&Sd&r,f/
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txpftaighr&SdbJ 'dk;vdkarTEdkifwJU ynmt&nftcsif; &Sd&r,f}}
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uRefawmfom ocifatmifqef;qDokdU tm&kHa&mufaeonf? ocifpdk; ocifvSazESifh

udkodef;azwdkUum; aqG;aEG;yJrSmom tm&kHpl;pdkufaeMu[ef&Sdonf/ orm"d aumif;vGef;Muí
- 555 -
avm/ ocifatmifqef; wa*smif;a*smif; w*sKef;*sKef; vkyfoHudk Mum;zl;zefrsm;ojzifh

xkHaeMuayNyDavm rodyg/
]]ta&;awmfykH &JabmfAdkvfrSL;awGqdkwm AdkvfrSL;jzpf&r,fh yg&rDxl;&Sd&r,f/ yg&rDqdkwm

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tysif;ryGm;bJ vGwfvyfa&;vrf;rSm Budrfzefrsm;pGm tm;xkwf&r,f/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm avhusifhom;&NyD;rS ta&;awmfykHAdkvfrSL; jzpfEdkifw,f/ acwfajymif;
awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;twwfonf aeUcsif;ncsif; wwfajrmufatmifjriftyfaom vkyfief;
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&aom t&mjzpfonfvdkU um;vfrm;ufpfu ajymcJUzl;w,f}}
ocifatmifqef; xGufvmonf/ acgif;&if;eH&HwGif t0wfwifxm;aom BudK;wef;uav;

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aemufaz;oGm;&m a&udkifcJUonfrSm xif&Sm;ae\/
BudK;wef;ay:wGif vkHcsnfESifh rsufESmokwfy0grsm;udk vSef;xm;&m ocifatmifqef;onf

rsufESmokwfy0gudk qJG,lí vufokwfaeavonf/ udkodef;azonf olUbufudk vSrf;
rsufapmif;xdk;vkdufNyD;-
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w&dkwao aeUcif;oGm;wkef;vmwkef; 0wfzkdUxm;wJU vkHcsnfudk cifAsm;u ntdyf&m0if
aumuf0wfw,f}}
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xdkudpöaMumifh aqG;aEG;yJGrSm qdkif;oGm;av&m udkodef;azuyif qufvdkufavonf/
- 556 -
]]cktcgrSm ta&;tBuD;qkH;uawmh oabmw&m;avhvmzkdU jzpfw,fAs/ oabmw&m;

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ta&;awmfykH AdkvfrSL;au'gawG trsm;tjym; ay:vmatmif vkyfMu&vdrfhr,f? tJ'Dwm0efudk
&nfpl;NyD; ,aeUvufiif; wdkUwm0efqdkwJU pmwrf;uav;wpfck uRefawmfa&;aew,f?
e*g;eDuxkwfr,f? trsm;zwfzkdUtwGuf wpfyJwpfrl;avmufESifh a&mif;zkdUyJ}}
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bl;? qm0DvD,efp&if;qdkwJU qdkAD,ufqefUusifa&;orm; 'kwd,twGif;0efwpfOD;udk vTwf
wmyJAs? NyD;awmh jyifopfeJU NAwdoQwkdU&JU awmif;qdkcsufawG[m wpfzufowfusvGef;tm;
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atmif vufydkuf apmifhae&rvdk jzpfaew,f}}
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- 557 -
ocifvSaz- ]]rMumcifu wkd;wufa&;owif;pmxJrSm owif;xl;ygvmw,f/ emZD?

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qdkw,f? NAdwdoQowif;pmwpfapmifu owif;OD; owif;xl;tjzpfjzifh a&;wmjzpfowJUAs}}
udkodef;az- ]][kwfcsifvnf; [kwfrSmyJ/ wpfOD;wpfOD; rusL;ausmfa&; pmcsKyfqdkwm

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udpöavmuf [myJ? tjyeftvSef ulnDa&;oabmawG bmawGvnf; ygwmr[kwfbl;?
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ocifvSaz ]]jyifopf0efBuD;csKyfu Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdygw,fvdkU ajymw,f?

jyifopfumuG,fa&; tajctae[mvnf; pdwfcsp&mygyJwJU}}
udkodef;az- ]]olwkdUwpfawGuawmh yg;pyfu ajymcsifwmawG ajymaewm? emZDawGudk

yg;pyfuawmh &Iyfcsaew,f r[kwfvm;? tjynfjynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfawG azmufzsufwm
rw&m;ygbl;? vufeufawG tjyif;txef wyfqifaewm vrf;rusygbl;? csufudk
pvdkAufuD;,m; odrf;wm usL;ausmfapmfum;aewmyg ponfjzifh ajymawmhajymwmyJ?
- 558 -
&k&Sm;eJU yl;aygif;umuG,fa&; tvkyfusawmh jzpfatmif rvkyfbl;/ 'gudk Munfhvdkufawmh

olwkdU[m pum;omajymNyD; vufrygbl;qdkwm jrif&w,f/ csdefbmvdefvnf; umuG,fa&;
vufeuftiftm;awG ESpfqwdk;NyDvdkU aMunmw,f? ppfav,mOfysH atmf'gawG tyfaeNyDvkdU
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wu,fhaomhcsufu emZDzufqpfpwJU usL;ausmfa&;orm;awGudk t*Fvdyf? jyifopf? &k&Sm;?
tar&duefpwJU EdkifiHrsm;u yl;aygif;umuG,fa&;vkyfjcif; jzpfw,f? 'grvkyfrcsif; emZD
usL;ausmfrI r&yfpJEdkifbl;? usL;ausmfrI r&yfpJ&if ppfjzpfzdkU aocsmwmyJ}}
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vkyfMu&r,f}}
- 559 -
udkodef;az- ]]e,fcsJUppfyGJBuD;udk jynfwGif;ppfyJGjzpfatmif ajymif;ypf}}
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jzifh Munfhvdkufonf/
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awG;ae\/ ocifvSazu ocifpdk;tm; ausmay;xdkifvkdufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfhtm;-
]]xkdifav &JabmfwifxGef;? vSa&Tjyefvmygvdrfhr,f? oGefrqifvrf; (Adkvfwaxmif

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- 560 -
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idkrdavrnfvm; rqkdEdkifyg/
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- 561 -
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awGU&onf/ acgif;tkH;ay:rSm a&csKd;&müokH;aom teDpif;ESifh ukvm;eHi,fydkif;wpfxnfudk
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- 562 -
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- 563 -
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- 564 -
46
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- 565 -
bDatatmif&kHjzifh vG,fvG,fESifhvkyfEdkifaom tvkyfrSm ausmif;q&mjzpf\/ tpdk;&

ausmif;rsm;rSmxuf ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;ESifh tjcm; taxmuftyHUcH ausmif;rsm;rSm ydk
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EdkifiHa&; vkyfaeEdkifao;onf/ uRefawmfaum olUvdk rvkyfEdkifaybl;vm;/ olUrSm
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ae&Sife,fausmif;rSm &Edkifonf/ okdUaomf uRefawmfu &efukefNrdKUrS rxGufcGmvdk/ ocif
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okdUESifh tvkyftaygufrwnfhEkdif jzpfaepOf aea&;xkdifa&;u cufvmonf/ uRefawmfu

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uRefawmfu olUtm; tm;emaeonf/ tm;ememESifh xrif;pm;aevkdU&ao;onf/ tm;emem
ESifh tdrfrSmaevdkU &ao;onf/ onfhxufusyfonfrSm tao;okH;r&Sdjcif; jzpf\/ t0wfawG
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wpfcg qmwkef; ]awmufawmuf} ESifh wkH;acgufívmaom acgufqJGw&kwftm; vSrf;í
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- 566 -
uRefawmfonf ,cifuqkdvQif rdbrsm;xHrSvJGí olrsm;xHrS udk,fhtwGuf okH;pJG&ef vuf0g;

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vufzuf&nf raomufvdkuf&bJ tmacgif tajcmuf cHxm;&avonf/
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- 567 -
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avonf/
- 568 -
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- 569 -
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- 570 -
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[laomtjzpfonf atmufusonf/ &Sufp&maumif;onf/ txl;ojzifh a':aX;MunfwkdUvdk
vlrsm;a&SUwGif zkH;uG,fxm;&rnf[k xifonf/
- 571 -
]]rif; pdwful;rvJGoifhbl;uG,f? tdkifpDtufpmar;yGJ rajzawmif bDpDtufpmar;yJG 0ifajzzdkU

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oGm;Mum;xdk;&if; jrif;pmtkyfudk aumufudkifaeaya&mhrnf/ 0ifeD vufrxyfjzpfao;onfh
taMumif;&if;rSm bmjzpfoenf;/ owkdUom;u vkdvdkcsifcsif jzpfaevsuf olwdkUu
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0ifeD\tvSrSm nSKd;EGrf;aeonf/ olwdkUtdrftkdBuD;ESifh ypönf;a[mif;rsm;vkd jzpfvmonf[k
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vkyfol pdwfnpfNyD; vef;qwfaomtvSrSm nSKd;EGrf;oGm;avoavm/ odkUr[kwf owkdUom;
vkyfolu yl;wGJNyD;rS cGJcGmoGm;aomaMumifh vef;qwfaom yef;tvS nSKd;EGrf;usoGm;
avoavm/
rmemvGdKif;\ ukvm;r[ef trlt&mESifh &lyg&kHwkdUum; qGJiifrI jyif;xefvmygonf/

taemufEdkifiHolwkdUonf qm&Dudk 0wfvkdufvQif EJGUaESmif;ajyjypfvmNyD; ydkí tvSt,Of
xGufvmonf[k xifygonf/ wkdif&kH;yg0g\ [eftrlt&mESifh &kyfuvnf; cHUnm;oyf&yf
vSonf/
onfaemufawmh &kyf&SifxJrSm epfjrKyfoGm;ygawmhonf/ tm;vyfcsdefay;aomtcgrSmyif

ajymMuaompum;rSm &kyf&Sifum;ESifh ywfoufaompum;rsm; jzpfayawmhonf/
&kyf&SifNyD;í qif;cJUMuaomtcg a':aX;Munfu olwdkUum;ESifh vkdufcJUzdkU ac:avonf/

uRefawmfwdkUu aus;Zl;wifpGmESifh jiif;qefMuavonf/ olwdkU um;ay:odkUa&mufatmif
vkdufydkUMupOf a':aX;Munfu-
- 572 -
]]tdrfvmvnfOD;aemf? b,favmufyJ tvkyfrsm;rsm; b,ftvkyfrsKd;yJ vkyfaeae tefwDwkdUqD

vmjzpfatmif vmyguG,f? rif;tefu,fuvnf; apmifhaew,f? armifwifxGef;&JU rdwfaqG
vnf; vmaemf}}
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aumufESifh vSnhfMunhfvdkuf tay:wufNyD; q,fhvfpwmESifh prf;vdkuf jzpfaeavonf/
a':aX;Munfu xkdtcuftcJrS rsufESmrysufbJ pum;jzifh ausmfxGufaeonf/
]]um;topfvJzdkU[mvnf; pdwfwkdif;usudk r&ao;bl;? rif;tefu,fvf tvdkqdk&if vJNyD;wm

MumNyD/ tefwDuawmh um;eJUywfouf&if aMu; (*sD;) rsm;w,fav? armifwifxGef;vnf;
odom; r[kwfvm;}}
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- 573 -
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rawGUcJU[k ajymvdkufaomtcg-
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wpfvudk 75usyf &r,fxifw,f}}
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awmh tdrfrSmyif &aeavNyD/
]]aumif;w,fOD;av;jrifh? uRefawmfvkyfr,f}}/ /
- 574 -
47
aA'u0defESifh twlae&jcif;
ac:awmh vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? &awmh wpfv 65usyf/ þum; uRefawmfhb0opf

jzpfonf/
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owif;rsm;udk bmomjyef&avonf/
&dkufwm aMu;eef;owif;rsm;rSm naeydkif;avmufrSm pvmNyD; nwGif rsm;rsm;vmavonf/

uRefawmfhrSm naeydkif;wGif tvkyfqif;NyD; oef;acgifausmfonftxd tvkyfvkyf&\/
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vdkuf\/ NyD;awmhrS aumufbmomjyefvkdufonf/ t*Fvdyfpmudkvnf;Edkif? jrefrmpmudkvnf;
Edkifaom bDatwpfa,mufvnf; jzpfjyef&um; uRefawmfh bmomjyefaMu;eef;owif;rsm;rSm
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olwkdUoabmusjcif;aMumifh roufomvSay/ tcgwdkif;qdkvQif nt,f'Dwmonf aMu;eef;

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xkdUjyif t,f'DwmcsKyfonf t*Fvdyfowif;pmrsm;? *sme,fr*¾Zif;rsm;rS aqmif;yg;tcsKdUudk
bmomjyefjcif;? rSD;jcif;rsm;jyKí uRefawmfwdkUowif;pmrSm xnfhavh&Sday&m uRefawmf
- 575 -
a&mufawmh uRefawmfhtm; cJGay;jyefavonf/ roufomaom tvkyfjzpfaomfvnf;

arm&rSef; nnf;&rSef;rod zdvkyfygonf/
urÇmBuD;u vIyfaeonf/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;awGu xl;aeonf/ wpfaeUxufwpfaeU ydkíom

vIyf\/ wpfaeUxufwpfaeU ydkíomxl;\/ wpfem&Dxufwpfem&D ydkíydkívIyf\/
wpfem&Dxufwpfem&D ydkíydkíxl;\/ [pfwvmu BuKH;0g;onf/ rlqdkvdkeDu xpfcsKef;
onf/ csdefbmvdefu tmcHpum;ajymonf/ a&SUwpfvSrf;rwdk;ESifh? wkd;vQif odr,f[k
qkdonf/ [pfwvmu ZGwfodrf;vdkufonf/ rlqdkvdkeDu wyfvSefUNyD; tacsmifEdIufonf/
csdefbmvdefu 'gaemufqkH;yJ [kqdkum aemufajcwpfvSrf; qkwfay; tavQmhay;vdkufonf/
*syefu refcsL;&D;,m;e,fpyfrSm qdkAD,ufwyfeDawmfESifh wpfyJGwpfvrf; tuJprf;vkdufonf/

t*FvdyfESifh tar&duefwkdUu &ifayghoGm;NyD; oufjyif;csvdkufMuonf/ *syefESifh em;vnfrI
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udk usdwfíarQmf&if; ,m,Dr[mrdwf uGefjrLepftm; udk,fhwyfudk,fjyefeif;rIrsm; wkd;í
vkyfvmMuonf/
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r&/ w&kwfjynfrS e,fajrrsm;udkom wkd;csJUodrf;ydkufvdkufMuonf/
qkdAD,ufu t*Fvdyf? jyifopfwkdUESifh pkaygif;vkHNcKHa&;r[mrdwfzGJU&ef awmif;qdkonf/

csdefbmvdefum; qdkAD,ufESifh em;vnfrI rvdkcsif/ [pfwvmESifhom em;vnfrIvdkcsifonf/
xkdUaMumifh tavQmhay;NyD;&if;ay;&if; e,fauR;NyD;&if;auR;&if;om aeavonf/ odkUaomf
[pfwvmum; &avvdkav tkdwapä/ urÇmppfBuD;um; aygufuJGvkeD;avNyD/
b,fawmh urÇmppfjzpfrSmvJ/ þum; wkdUArmtaygif;wkdU ar;cGef;jzpfaeawmh\/ þ

ar;cGef;jzifh owif;pmrsm;udk vSefavSmMuonf/ uRefawmfwdkU bmomjyefí xkwfa0Mu
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aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm þar;cGef;udk qGay;aeMuayonf/
- 576 -
vlwkdif;\ todwGif ppfBuD;onf taES;ESifhtjref aeUvm;nvm; vmawmhrnf[k pJGuyf

aeavNyD/
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rvGwfvyfaom ArmhvufwGif ppfudkwkduf&efaomf vnf;aumif;? wm;qD;&efaomf

vnf;aumif; tmPmr&Sd? tcGifhta&;r&Sd wm0efr&Sd/
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þum; ocifrsm;\ a<u;aMumfoH? jyifqifrI/
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uRefawmfhrSm owif;pmwdkufwGif oef;acgifausmfxd tvkyfvkyf&onf/ aemufqkH;azmif

uvnf; 2em&Dxkd;rS ydwfonf/ xkdUaMumifh urm&GwfaetdrfodkU jyefrtdyfEdkif/ rsm;aom
tm;jzifh t,f'Dwmcef;&Sd pm;yJGrsm;ay:rSm owif;pmzdkifudk acgif;tkH;í wkH;vkH;yufvuf
qkdovdk tdyf&awmhonf/ wpfcgwpf&H yef;qkd;wef; wkdUArmtpnf;t&kH;odkU oGm;tdyf&onf/
arGU&m jcifaxmifwkdUESifh vkH;0rawGUxd&/ ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHtwGif;u þokcrsKd;ESifh
rawGUxd&onfrSm raxmif;wm? trIrxm;/ ck tvkyftudkifESifh jzpfaeonfhtjyif
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHvkd xl;jcm;aom tajctaersKd;t& aoG;<uaejcif;vnf; r&Sd&um;
uoDvifw tdyfae&onfh udpötwGuf pdwfxdckdufvmayonf/
- 577 -
xdkUaMumifh NrdKUxJrSm ajymif;a&TUae&ef pOf;pm;&avawmhonf/ urm&Gwf tdrf&Sif

OD;av;jrifhESifh yxrqkH; wkdifyif&\/ OD;av;jrifhu uRefawmfhtcuf csufcsif;jrifonf/
udk<u,fu rcJGcsif/ uRefawmfuvnf; udk<u,fESifh rcGJcsif/ udk<u,fum; uRefawmfh
wkdifyifazmf wkdifyifzuf jzpfaeavNyD/ ausmif;rSawGUqkH&aom oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGaumif;ESifh
aygif;&onfh t&omu wpfrsKd;? t&yfxJrSm twlae&aom oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGaumif;ESifh
aygif;&aom t&omu wpfrsKd; jzpfayonf/ udk<u,frSm uRefawmfhxuf rsm;pGmBuD;\/
okdUaomf ajymrem qdkrem qdk;wlaumif;zuf oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGvdk aygif;oif;cJUMu\/
taMumfonf rvkH;wifwkdU om;trdESifhvnf; uif;a0;Mu&OD;rnf/ udk<u,fESifhtwl
bl;oD;aMumfteHUcH&if;? vufzuf&nfMurf;ylyl rIwfaomuf&if; ajymcJU? qkdcJU? avSmifcJU?
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onfyif uRefawmfhtawGUtBuKHudk <u,f0aponf r[kwfygavm/
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jzpfvsuf tjcm; wpfOD;wnf;orm;ESpfa,mufudk &Smae&m wpfa,muf&NyD jzpfonf qkd\/
olu uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufxHrS wpfa,muf 10dpD tcef;c ,lrnfjzpf&m oludk,fwkdifu
aiG 5usyfom ay;vdrhfrnf jzpfayonf/
- 578 -
wdkufcef;rSm tay:xyfwGif&SdNyD; taemufbufodkU rsufESmvSnfhxm;&m naebufwGif

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ao;&m 9ayrQom usefayonf/ tcef;wGif;rSm tpdrf;ykyfa&mif qkd;xm;ojzifh tdE´d,
awmifydkif; ukvm;ydkifaom tdrfjzpf&rnf[k uRefawmf,lqvdkuf\/ b,fenf;ESifh 0ifonf
rod? atmufxyfu rD;ckd;onf vSdrhfí0ifae\/ anSmfvQifvnf; uRefawmfwdkUxH rkcs
anSmfeHUa&mufrnf xifayonf/ vGwfvyfpdrf;vef;aom urm&Gwfywf0ef;usifESifhum;
uGmjcm;vS\/
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yxrawmh olonf y&Gwf&D;'g; pmjyifq&mjzpfaMumif; od&\/ uRefawmfwdkU

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]]q&m tvkyfroGm;bl;vm;}}
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awmhacs/
- 579 -
wjznf;jznf; ol\ onfhjyiftvkyfawG odvm&onf/ olonf owif;pmxJrSm aA'if

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onfudk uRefawmf awmfawmfESifh rodao;/ olUudkar;awmhvnf; q&mu twkdifyifcH
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tcef;twlaebuf tjcm;wpfa,mufum; wHqdyfxktvkyform; udkwifat;qkdol

jzpfonf/ ukrÜPD wHqdyfwkH;? toif;tyif; wHqdyfwkH;? vlESifhaq;vdyf wHqdyfwkH;?
wHqdyfwkH;trsKd;rsKd;udk trSwftom;trsKd;rsKd;? pmvkH;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhvnf; vkyfay;Edkifonf/
a&mfbmESifhomru cJESifhvnf; vkyfay;Edkifonf/ udkwifat;rSm 25ESpfatmufrSmom
&Sdrnfjzpf&m uRefawmfESifh &G,fwl? odkUr[kwf rsm;pGm rBuD;Edkifacs? t&yftarmif;
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aomtm;jzifh EIwfcrf;vSatmif zefwD;ay;vkdufaom obm0vuf&mayavm rajymwwfay/
olUtvkyfckHrSm tdrfomESifh a&csKd;cef;ab;? tdrfaemufaz;ayguf tvif;a&mif atmufwGif

&Sdayonf/ tvif;a&mif&onfh tjrwfonf atmufxyfrS wufvmavh&Sdonfh rD;ckd;ESifh
anSmfoif;wkdUaMumifh t&IH;ay:aeayonf/ olUtvkyfckHum; crf;em;BuD;us,fvSonf
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avmufyif 0efpnfpv,f rus,fyg/
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aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;rnfr[kwf[k wGufqEdkifayonf/ a&mufNyD; aemufwpfaeUrSmyif q&m
OD;wuf&Sdefu-
- 580 -
]]udkwifxGef; tJ'Dpm;yJG okH;csifokH;/ q&mrokH;ygbl;? q&mu pm;yJGrSm xkdifavhr&Sdbl;?

pma&;csifawmif tm;vsm;arSmufa&;wm}} [kqkdum okH;cGifhjyKavaomaMumifh rsm;pGm
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tvGefarSmifvGef;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
uRefawmfhae&m[k owfrSwfxm;aom tydkif;wGif tdyf&mcif;&\/ jcifaxmifaxmif&\/

pma&;pmzwf rsm;pGmvkyf&efvkdaom vufaxmuft,f'Dwm? EdkifiHa&;orm;aygufptzdkU
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tvif;a&mifrSm tm;udk;p&mr[kwfay/
OD;wuf&Sdef\ pm;yJGay:u pmtkyfrsm;udk ,lMunhfvkdufonf/ aA'ifpmtkyfrsm; awGU&rnf

xifaomfvnf; rawGU&bJ bk&m;&Sdckd;pmtkyf? 0dyóempmtkyf? 0w¬KpmtkyfESifh e*g;eD
pmtkyfrsm;udkom awGU&ay\/ pmtkyfacgif;pOfrsm;udk zwfaewkef; ukvm;xdkifrS Murf;ydk;rsm;
u zifudk xdk;aeavonf/
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OD;wuf&Sdef r&SdvQif yufvufukvm;xdkifwGif udkwifat;ESifh uRefawmfonf OD;ol 0ifxdkif
Muonf/ udkwifat;onf yufvufukvm;xdkif xkdif&vQif xdkifaomfvnf; uRefawmfu
OD;oGm;í rxkdif&vQif tdrfa&SU0&efwmodkU xGufum rwfwwf&yfNyD; [dk[kdonfonf
ai;Munfh aewwfonf/
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vlwpfa,muf &Sdao;\/ xdkvlum; a&ausmfxdyf&Sd w&kwfvufzuf&nfqkdifwGif tcpm;
ulnDa&mif;csaeaom udkpHazqkdoljzpf\/ olvnf; uRefawmfESifh &G,fwl avmufyif
jzpfonf/ t&yf&Snf&Snf tom;jzLjzL cyfao;ao;jzpfNyD; w&kwfbdef;pm;ESifh wlayonf/
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aexdkifí uRefawmfwkdUxHrSm wpfcgwpf&H vmtdyfjcif; jzpfonf/ olESifh q&mOD;wuf&Sdef
wkdUum; tawmfcifrifMu[ef&Sd\/ ol uRefawmfwkdUxH vmtdyfonfjzpfap? rtdyfonf
- 581 -
jzpfap? eHeufwkdif; EdkUqDcGufESifh vufzuf&nfxnfhcJUNyD; q&mOD;wuf&Sdeftm; wkdufonf/

yef;uefaq;aMumNyD; xm;aeusae&mxm;NyD;rS jyefonf/ wpfcgwpf&H OD;wuf&Sdefu
awmufwkdrnf& ckdif;onfudk vkyfoGm;&ao;onf/
wifxGef;wpfa,muf vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfaeNyDwJU[laom owif;udk tjcm;olrsm;

*&kxm;vkdufMu[ef rwlaomfvnf; ocifrdwfaqGrsm;Mum;wGifum; csufcsif; *,uf&dkuf
oGm;avonf/ nOfheufoef;acgif bGm;ceJaygufvmNyD; aemufqkH;aMu;eef;owif; ar;olu
ar;onf/ okwfoD;okwfysm 0ifvmNyD; xnfh&efowif; ykHESdyf&efaqmif;yg; ay;olu
ay;onf/ uRefawmfhrSm tmPmr&Sdygbl;qdkonfudk vufrcH/ aemufwpfaeU rygjyefygu
vnf; ]]ocifwifxGef;[m wkdUArmryDbl;? tzArmjynf&JU wm0efudk rxrf;&Gufbl;}}
ponfjzifh ajymqdka0zefwwfonf/ wpfcgwpfcg vlpkvla0;ESifh aysmf&TifpGm0ifvmNyD;
vufzuf&nf vdkufwkduf&rnf? rkefUvkdufauR;&rnf[k nSOf;olwkdUu nSOf;Muonf/
uRefawmfu 0ifaiG&Sdaom vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfaeNyDudk;/
b,fenf;b,fykH ocifawGvmvm uRefawmfu 0rf;omtm;& qD;BudKygonf/ uRefawmfhrSm

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0efxrf;ocifaygufp jzpfaeonf r[kwfygavm/
tvkyf0ifpu uRefawmfonf bDt,f Oya'wef;udk wuf&ef BuH&G,fcJUao;onf/ &aom

vc 65usyfrS ausmif;vc 25usyf udkay;NyD; usefaiG 40usyfjzifh urm&GwfrSm qufae
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xrif;wpfeyf wpfrwfESifh pm;jzpfaomaMumifh cufp&mr[kwfay/ ntvkyf jzpfaomaMumifh
reuftapmBuD; ausmif;wuf&efrjzpfEdkif/ xkdUjyif rjzpfjzpfatmif vkHUvpdkufí bDt,fvf
wuf&efvnf; bDt,fvfrufarmpdwf r&SdawmhNyD/
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uRefawmfwdkU\ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom udkBuD;Ek? udkatmifqef;? udkodef;az
ponfwkdUvnf; xdkolwkdUtm; erlemxm;&ef BudK;pm;cJUMuao;onf/ okdUaomf EdkifiHa&;\
- 582 -
oabmonf rsm;pGm ajymif;vJcJUNyDjzpfojzifh ,if;odkU erlemxm;jcif;rSm pdwful;,Ofjcif;om

jzpfaMumif; olwkdU vufawGUBuKHMuavonf/ olwkdUonf oifaeaom bDt,fvfudk
wef;vef; pGefUypfMu&avonf/
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ponfwkdUxuf rsm;pGm ausmfwufoGm;avNyD/ wkdUArmEdkifiHa&;onf 0wfvkHawmf&? a&SUae
wkdUu trIvkduf&mrS tm;rSay;aomtcsdefxuf acgif;aqmifwdkUxHrS rsm;pGmydkay;Edkifaom
tcsdefudk awmif;aeavNyD/ xdkUjyif wkdUArmocifwkdUonf 0wfvkHawmf&BuD;? a&SUaeBuD;rsm;
acgif;aqmifcJUMuaom vlBuD;EdkifiHa&;udk pm;zm; udk,fusKd;&Sm EdkifiHa&;ESifh wpfom;wnf;
jrifaeMuNyD r[kwfygavm/
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rjrifhOD;u trsKd;rsKd;azsmif;zsonf/ uRefawmfu rjyifEdkif/ azsmif;zsr&awmh rjrihfOD;u
0rf;enf;pum; ajymonf/ pdwfaumufovdk vkyfjyonf/ rjrifhOD;onf uRefawmfhtm;
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rsm; jzpfMuonf/ olwkdUESpfa,muf nm;NyD; wkdif;usKd;jynfusKd; aqmifMuavownf;/
uRefawmfum; rjrifhOD; rSef;xm;onfhtwkdif; rjzpfbJ qifajymifBuD; tNrD;usrS wpfavNyD/
rjrifhOD;\ 0rf;enf;pum;rSm [efaqmifr[kwfaMumif; olUrsufESmrSm wyftyfay:aeonf/

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uRefawmhf tcspfpdwfudk qGjcif;omjzpfonfxif\/
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- 583 -
48
O,smOfrS L;ESifh ESif;qDyef;
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wkdUESifh rsm;pGmeD;aeayonf/
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jzpfonf/ wkdifBuD;udk ausmrSDvsuf uGyfyspfay:rSm ajcqif;xdkifum pmzwfaeavonf/
bmoHrSvnf; Mum;[efr&Sd/ b,ft&dyfb,fta&mifrQvnf; jrif[efr&Sd? pmwGifom
tm&kHpdkufaeonf/ olUteD;wGif olUta': a':a&Topfu xdkifNyD; aq;xkyfuav;rsm;udk
puúLtdwfuav;rsm;xJodkU xnhfaeonf/
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qufvkyf&if; aeonf/
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uRefawmfhtm; Munfhavrnfvm;[laom arQmfvifhcsufjzifh rcifopftm; Munfhí
- 584 -
ajzvdkufonf/ rcifopfum; pmudkomzwfaeonf/ bmawGrsm; pJGaeonfrod/

a':a&Topfu-
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cifjrifhBuD;0w¬K 'kwd,wJG/
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pmtkyfrsm;udk ppfaeonf/
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a':a':ESifh reD;ra0;wGif Murf;jyifay:rSmyif xkdifvkdufonf/
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- 585 -
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]]b,fu aygufvmovJa[h}}
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- 586 -
a':a':htNyKH;rSm a&SUoGm;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vufoGm;onf/ a':a':onf tvkyfudkcsxm;NyD;

xkdif&mrSxonf/
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q&mazonf olUausmif;oifcef;pmpmtkyfrsm;ESifh tvkyfrsm;aejyefavNyD/ a':a':ESifh
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ar;onf/ vufaxmuft,f'Dwm jzpfvm&ykHudk ajymjy&onf/ vkyf&onfh tvkyfoabm?
tvkyfvkyfcsdefrSpNyD; ae&xdkif&ykH? pm;&aomuf&ykHygrusef taMumif;pkH ar;jref;ajymqdk
aeMuavonf/
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- 587 -
aeavonf/ oHykH;wD; awmxkwfaeaom ocifrsm;tm; OD;apm\ *VKefwyfom;rsm;u

0g;&if;wkwfESifh &dkufMuonf/
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xifjrifcsufrsKd;udk q&mazhxHrS rarQmfvifhojzifhvnf; tHUMordjcif;jzpfonf/
]]b,fudpörSm t,loD;wmvJ q&m? OD;apmudk oHykH;wD;NyD; awmxkwfwJUudpövm;}}
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ajymaew,f? a&S;t,ltqtm;vkH;om y,fvkduf&if ArmawG ckjzpfaewmxuf
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ta&;rSm axmufcHcJUwmyJ? vGwfvyfa&;udpörSmqdk&if wpfoabmwnf;yJ? ckvdk
t,loD;rIawG? *g&0enf;rIawG? &dkif;rIawGudkawmh raxmufcHEdkifbl;? onf;rcHEdkifbl;}}
- 588 -
q&mazonf a':a':nGefUom aumfzDwpfcGufESifh iSufaysmoD;rsm;,lí a&mufrvmvQif

a&SUqufí rnfrQ ajymOD;rnf roday/ a':a':u tm;yg;w& NyKH;vdkufNyD;aemuf-
]][J [J udkazhrSmvnf; ckwavm onf;rcHEdkifwmawG rsm;aeNyD? ckbmrsm; onf;rcHEdkif

jyefNyDvJ}}
]]ocifawG&JU t,loD;rIawG? *g&0w&m;enf;rIawG? &dkif;rIawGudk ajymwmyguGm}}
]]tr,fav; awmfyg? ocifw&m;yJGwJUqdk&ifudkyJ t&ifqkH;a&mufwm r[kwfvm;? ocifawG

oydwfarSmufNyDqdk&ifudkyJ t&ifqkH; tvSLajy;xnfhwm r[kwfvm;}}
]]awmfprf;yguGm? 'gu wjcm;yJ}}
a':a':u uRefawmfhtm; rdcifu om;i,ftm;Munfhovdk NyKH;NyKH;BuD; MunhfNyD;-
]]'Docifuav;uawmh awmfygw,f udkaz&,f? *g&0w&m; &Sdygw,f/ [J [J? uJ uJ a&mh?

aumfzDaomuf? iSufaysmoD;u 0ufrvGwfuJU}}
q&mOD;a&Tazonf ausmif;oifcef;pmpmtkyfrsm;ESifh tvkyf&IyfaejyefavNyD/ uRefawmfwdkU

ESpfa,mufvnf; pum;vufqkH usoGm;jyefavNyD/ rcifopf\ ynma&;udk uRefawmfu
par;rdonf/ [dkwkef;u oydwfjyefrvSefvdkonf r[kwfygvm;/ a':a':nGefUudk,fwdkifyif
vGwfvyfa&;r&rcsif; oydwfarSmufaejcif;udk axmufcHcJUonf r[kwfygavm/ rcifopf
onf oydwfrvSef? ausmif;jyefroGm;/ odkUaomf pmudkawmh oifzkdUaumif;ao;onf/
oifvnf; oifvdkonf/ &Spfwef;avmufESifh &yfxm;&rnfqdkaomf paumpu jzpfaeonf/
pmar;yJGrajzwm tyxm;NyD; q,fwef;pmavmufawmh wwfxm;tyfonf r[kwfygavm/
odkUjzifh rcifopftm; tvGwfynmoifay;a&;udk aqG;aEG;Muonf/ t*Fvdyfpmu cufonf/

q&mOD;a&Taz rwwfEdkif/ okdUjzifh armifwifxGef;u oifay;rnfvm;[laom tar;odkU
rvTJra&Smifom a&mufvmonf/ a':a':nGefUum; xdktar;udk tm;wufoa&m ar;vkdufNyD;
- 589 -
aemufrS bmpOf;pm;rdonfrod/ aemufqHiifaeaom trlt&m vu©Pm ay:vmonf/

uRefawmfu-
]]uRefawmfuawmh oifay;zkdU tqifoifhygyJ a':a':? a':a':horD;vnf; ar;MunfhygOD;?

NyD;awmh}}
a':':u olUtawG;ESifhol ai;armae&mrS uRefawmfquf&ef tmav;aeaom t&mudk

qufvkdufonf/
]]udka&TazeJU wdkifyifvkdufOD;r,f}}
onfrQESifh ajymp&mpum; ukefovkd jzpfoGm;avawmhonf/
þudpöwGif a':a': aemufqHiifaeonfhoabmudk uRefawmf&dyfrdygonf/ a':a':

awG;awmai;armoGm;onfh t"dyÜm,fudk zwfEdkifygonf/ OD;a&TazESifh wdkifyif&rnfh
wm0efudkvnf; em;vnfygonf/ orD;ysKduav;udk vlysKduav;wpfOD;ESifh eD;pyfapjcif;rSm
wm0efBuD;vSonf r[kwfygavm/ bmrQrjzpfOD;awmh? vllajymp&mrsm; jzpfaernfavm/
onfhaemuf rMumyg? naewdkif; uRefawmfonf rcifopftm; pmjyay;&avonf/ tpOD;

wkef;u t*Fvdyfpm? aemuf rcifopfu a*smfrufx&D ykpämwpfyk'f ar;&if; a*smfrufx&D?
t,fvf*sDb&mrsm; oifjyay;aerdawmhonf/ wpfcgwpf&H yx0D? wpfcgwpf&H &mZ0if/
naewdkif; 3em&DrS 5em&Dtxd/
tdrfa&SU{nfhcef;\ taemufawmifaxmifhwGif pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;wpfck cif;xm;onf/ xkdpm;yJG0dkif;

BuD;um; pmoifpm;yJG0dkif;aywnf;/ uRefawmfwkdU pmoifonfhtcgwdkif; a':a':onf
reD;ra0;rSm tvkyfwpfckck xkdifívkyfaewwfonf/ odkUr[kwf rcifopfuJUodkUyif uRefawmf
uvnf; a&Ta&T[k vdkufac:aeonfh ta':tysKdBuD; ra&Topfonf tvkyfwpfckck vkyfae
wwfonf/ olwdkUrSm vkyfp&mawGuvnf; trsm;om;/ tdrfrIa&;&m atmufxyfrS
aq;qdkiftwGuf Am[D&udpö? aq;xkyf? aq;ykvif; wHqdyfuyf/
- 590 -
q&mOD;a&Tazum; xdktcsdefrSm r&Sdonfom rsm;\/ olUausmif;tvkyfESifhol udpörsm;

aeavh&Sdonf/
uRefawmfhtzkdU rcifopftm; pmoifay;&jcif; tvkyfonf aysmfp&m taumif;qkH;aom

tvkyfwpfck jzpfaeavNyD/ yef;yifuav; pdkufysKd;,k,ay;ae&onfESifh wlaeonf[k
atmufarhrdonf/ yef;yifuav;u "mwfcH aumif;vS\/ rcifopfonf OmPfaumif;onf?
vkHUv&Sdonf? yef;O,sOfuav; bGm;ceJ pnfpnfum;um; aygufvmonf/ uRefawmfum;
O,smOfrSL;vnf; [kwf\/ ydwkef;vdyfjymvnf; [kwf\/
tvkyf b,favmufrsm;rsm; tcsdefusvQif pmoifpm;yJGqDodkU a&mufatmifvm\/

rcifopfu tqifoifhxdkifí apmifhaeonf/
rcifopftm; awGUjrifpu q,fhig;ESpfjynfh[efr&Sdao;[k xifonf/ ckawmh uRefawmfh

rsufpda&SUrSmyif tysKdzm;zm;jzpfvmayNyD/ usufoa&&Sdí csKdat;aom rsufESmwGif cspfp&m
a&m,Sufvmonf/ ,Ofaus;EGJUaESmif;aom udk,frSm BuD;aumif0ifvmí pdkjynf zJGUNzdK;
vmonf/ wu,fh 16ESpf orD;unmygyJ/ qHawmufudkum; rodrf;ao;/ r[mezl;
csxm;vdkufjyefojzifh eef;qefvmayonf/
a':a':onf olUtvkyfol vkyfaeaomfvnf; uRefawmfwkdUtm; tuJcwfMunfhae&kHru

em;vnf; pGifhae[efwlonf/ pmoif&mrSaeNyD; onfhjyifpum;udk a&mufoGm;onfESifh
wpfNydKifeuf-
]]a[holi,fwdkU oli,frwdkU? pmoif&mrSm avrazmaumif;bl; [J [J? avemxwwfw,f

aemf [k a':a':u &,fp&mvkdvdkESifh 0if[efUwwfonf/
onfvdk[efUawmh pum;wefUoGm;onfrSef\/ pmudkyJ qufoifMuonf rSef\/ odkUaomf

pdwfxJurl ESpfa,mufwnf; b,folrS rMum;apbJ pum;ajymcsifaeavonf/
- 591 -
wpfcgaomf a':a':nGefUudk,fpm; a&Ta&Tu apmifhaeonf/ t*Fvdyfoifcef;pmrSaeNyD;

&,fp&mjzpfvmojzifh uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH; wcpfcpf&,frdMuavonf/ a&Ta&Tonf
uRefawmfwkdUtm; rsufapmif;BuD;xkd;NyD;-
]][J [JU bmrsm; [m;wkdufaeMuwmvJ}}
uRefawmfu wcpfcpf&,f&if;yif-
]]a&Ta&Tuvnf; uRefawmfwkdU [m;rwkdufygbl;? enf;enf;&,fwmyg}}
]]rif;wkdUpmrSm bm&,fp&mygvdkUwkH;}}
rcifopfu NyKH;pdpdESifhyif-
]]t*FvdyfpmvkH; toHxGufu &,fp&maumif;vdkU a&Ta&T&JU/ q&muqdkjy? opfopfu

vdkufqdk? yDvnf;ryDbl;/ bmwJUq&m? a&Ta&TUudk tqdkcdkif;Munfhprf;yg? a&Ta&T qdkMunfhprf;?
b,favmuf &,fp&maumif;ovJvdkU}}
uRefawmfwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH; &,fMujyefonf/ a':a&Topfum; rsufapmif;wpfcsuf vufceJ

xdk;NyD;-
]]igvnf; r&,fcsifbl;? nnf;wdkUvnf; r&,fMueJU}}
uRefawmfwkdU t&,f&yfMuonfum; rSefygonf/ oifcef;pmudk qufMuonfum;

rSefygonf/ okdUaomf pdwfxJrSmum; b,folrSrMum;apbJ ESpfa,mufwnf; usdwf&,fovdk
aeayawmhonf/
- 592 -
[dkt&ifwkef;uyif rcifopfonf uRefawmfhtm; q&m[k ac:cJUonf/ tvG,fwul

b,fvdkac:&rnfrodojzifh ac:[ef wlavonf/ ,ckrl uRefawmfonf rcifopf\q&m
wu,fyif jzpfayNyD/
wynfhruav; rcifopf/
wpfaeUoü a':a':nGefUu aq;ykvif;rsm;udk aumfuyf&if; uRefawmfwkdUtm; apmifhMuyf

aeonf/ oifcef;pm tv,favmufwGif rcifopfonf olUtarbuf wpfcsufavmuf
vufceJ MunfhvdkufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfa&SUodkU pm&Gufacgufuav; ao;ao;wpfckudk
csay;vkdufavonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; ZwfceJ aumuf,lxm;vdkuf\/ bmawGrsm;
a&;xm;ygvdrfh/ odcsifaZmaMumifh pmoifrajzmifh/ a':a':a&SUrSmvnf; rzwf&J/ aemufrS
tBuH&NyD; aemufaz;oGm;um tdrfomxJ0ifí zwf&avonf/
pm&Gufuav;udk uspfuspfygatmif acgufxm;\/ pmudk ajzvkdufonfqdkvQifyif-
]udkudk} [laom tac:udk zwfvkduf&onf/ a&SUqufrzwfEdkif/ wpfudk,fvkH; wkefvIyf

acsmufcsm;oGm;onf/ yDwdvIdif;wkdUonf abmifbifcwfaeavonf/ taMumtjcifawG
axmifwufvmonf[k owdjyKvkdufrdonf/ b,fwkef;urQ þt&omrsKd; rcHpm;zl;yg/
twefMumrS pmudkzwfEdkifonf/
udkudk
ckvdk BudK;pm;oifjyay;wm txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/ '*kefr*¾Zif;rSm

aqmif;yg;NydKifyJG opfopf 0ifcsifygonf/ opfa&;wJU aqmif;yg;udk
udkudk Munfhjyifay;r,fvm;? odyg&ap/
opf
- 593 -
pmudk,fum; bmrQ r&dk;wmrygyg/ ay;ykHESifh ac:ykHu qef;aeonf/ uRefawmfhtm;

wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;apayonf/ at;at;vlvl jyefpOf;pm;vkdufaomtcg rcifopfonf
uRefawmfhtay:rSm qef;qef;jym;jym; oabmrxm;bJ nDrcspfuav;u ]udkudk} [k
ac:vdkufjcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifaMumif; awG;rdavonf/ xkdUaMumifh uRefawmfonf
rcifopftm; xkdpmjzifh pvdkufonf[k txifao;jcif; vkH;0r&Sdyg/ xkdpmaMumifh uRefawmfh
udk,fudkawmh udk,f aumif;pGmodoGm;ayNyD/ rcifopftm; uRefawmf cspfaeavNyD/
b,fhavmufxd cspfovJ/
rajymwwfao;/
rcifopf NydKifyJG0if&ef a&;vkdufaom aqmif;yg;rSm pum;ajyESifhum&ef a&mpyfxm;onfh

&SpfvkH;bJGUuAsm ESpfyk'fygonf/ ojzefuav;wpfyk'fESifh tqkH;owfxm;onf/ pum;vkH;
uav;rsm;rSm EkvScsKdvS\/ EGJUvSaemhvS\/ rEÅav;armifcifarmif ac: v,fwDy@dw
q&mOD;armifBuD;a&;aom cifjrifhBuD;0w¬KrS pmEkpm,OfwkdU\ MoZmruif;onfudk owdjyK
rdonf/ t"dyÜm,fuvnf; uGefUjrL;wifhqef;vSonf/ tuRefonf (þpum;okH;&mrSmum;
rif;ok0Pf qefvSonf) wdrfawmifwdrfvdyfMum;rS bGm;ceJay:vmaom vrif;BuD;udk
Munfhí þodkUqdkrdonf/ romvnf;w omvnf;w zkd;a&Tv[k vlwdkU ac:qkdjcif;rSm
,kwÅd&SdvSygonf/ tuRefUrSm aiGpE´mromawmh b,fuRef;oGm; xGef;aeygvdrfhvdkU pdk;&drfrdNyD;
tuRefUqD rxGef;awmhbl;vm;vdkU wrdonf/ aiGpE´momjyefawmh tuRefUqDrSm tNrJom
aeygvm;vdkU wrdonf/ tuRefUcspfOD;onf zkd;a&Tvayavm/
rcifopf\ aqmif;yg;udk jyifqifp&m rvdkvSyg/ acsmay;vdkuf&ygonf/ uAsmrSmawmh

uRefawmfhwGif jyifEdkifaomt&nftcsif; r&Sdyg/ okdUaomf rcifopf\ uAsmuav;rsm;onf
&Gwfqdkí csKdonf/ em;0ifyD,Hjzpfonf/
rcifopf\ aqmif;yg;onf a&G;cs,frnfhf t,f'Dwmtm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ qJGaqmifEdkifrnf?

pmzwfy&dwfowftm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ ESpfodrfhaprnfudk uRefawmfrcefUrSef;Edkif/ uRefawmfh
udkum; odrf;usK;HqGJiifvkdufygNyD/
- 594 -
uRefawmfonf olUaqmif;yg;udk oifcef;pmpmtkyfMum;xJrSm nSyfNyD; ,loGm;&onf/

tdrfrSmzwfNyD; '*kefr*¾Zif;okdU ydkUay;vdkufonf/ aemufwpfcg pmoifcsdefusawmh
oifMum;ydkUcs NyD;oGm;aom ]Zif;'g;utusOf;om;} qkdaom 0w¬Kudk tvG,fzwfEdkif&ef
jyKjyifxm;onfh avmif;*frif; zwfpmpmtkyfudk rydwfao;bJ-
]]opfopfu pma&;odyfawmfwmyJ}}
opfopfonf NyKH;NyD; Nidrfaeonf/ twefMumrS-
]]opfopfu onfavmufr[kwfygbll;? opfopf&JU q&mawGu awmfwmyg}}
]]e*dk&SdrS e*dkif;xGufowJU opfopfuJU? opfopf q&mawGu b,folawGvJ qkdprf;ygOD;}}
]]oifq&m jrifq&m Mum;q&m tm;vkH;aygh q&m&,f/ azaz&,f? ausmif;u q&mawG&,f?

q&mudkwifxGe;f&,f? 'gawGu oifq&mawGawGaygh/ v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;wdkU?
rEÅav;armifcifarmifwdkU? ,k0wDcifwkyfwkdU qdkwmawGu jrifq&mawGaygh}}
uRefawmfu w[J[J&,fvkdufrdonf/ &,foHudkMum;ojzifh a':a':u uRefawmfhbufodkU

vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/
]][J [J v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;&,f? rEÅav; armifcifarmifqdkwm&,f? ,k0wDcifwkyf

&,f wpfa,mufwnf;yJ opfopf&JU}}
rcifopfonf tHUtm;oifhoGm;onf/ tvGeftMuL;vnf; 0rf;omoGm;onf/
]][if [kwf&JUvm;q&m? tkd q&mOD;armifBuD;u odyfawmfwmyJaemf}}
a':a':u vSrf;NyD; owday;vdkufonf/
]]a[h oli,f oli,frawG? 0w¬Kzwfcsdef r*¾Zif;zwfcsdef r[kwfbl;aemf}}

- 595 -
]]uRefawmfwdkU tckoifcef;pm oifae&wmu Zif;'g;utusOf;orm;qdkwJU emrnfausmf

t*Fvdyf0w¬KBuD; jzpfaeawmh pum;pyfrdvdkU uRefawmfwkdU pma&;q&mv,fwDy@dwqD
a&mufoGm;wmyg a':a':&,f}}
]]a[ [kwfvm;? rodygbl;uG,f}}
]]tJ'D Zif;'g;u tusOf;orm;qkdwm a':a': &kyf&SifMunfhzl;rSmaygh? ]armifha'0D} qdkwmav?

uRefawmfwdkUawmh rMunfhzl;ygbl;? Mum;om Mum;zl;w,f}}
]]aMomf tJ'D&kyf&Sifvm;? Munfhzl;wmaygh? vef'eftwfu &dkufwm? bwifhwkdU cifcifEkwkdU

emrnfBuD;wkef;uayghuG? opfopf okH;av;ESpft&G,fwkef;u ay:wJU Zmwfum;}}
]]udkif; a':a':? &kyf&SiftaMumif; ajymcsdefr[kwfbl;? pmoifvkdufOD;r,f [J [J}}
okH;a,mufpvkH; &,fvkdufMuonf/
rcifopfu nKonfhpmayuav;awG a&;ojzifh uRefawmfh&ifxJrSmvnf; wmonfh pmay

uav;awG yJUwifvl;vGefUvmonf/ uRefawmfonf pmayoabm oufa&mufonfh pm
,ckxd ra&;zl;ao;yg/ ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u owif;pmrSm aqmif;yg;a&;cJUonf/
owif;ydkUcJUonf/ ,ck vufaxmuft,f'Dwm tjzpfjzifh bmomjyefrsm;pGm vkyfae&onf/
þonfwkdUum; pmayr[kwfyg/
rjrifhOD;um; pmayorm;jzpf\/ jrefrmpm*kPfxl;,loljzpf\/ rjrifhOD;aMumifh uRefawmfonf

pmaywGif pdwf0ifpm;rI ydkvmonf/ odkUaomf pmayzefwD;&efqE´ aygufzGm;rvmyg/ ,ck
rcifopfaMumifh pmayzefwD;&ef? olrsm;pmayudk zwf&kHavhvm&kHom ra&mifh&JrIí udk,fwkdif
zefwD;&ef qE´rsm; ay:vmayonf/
rcifopf\ ]romvnf;w omvnf;w? zkd;a&Tv} udk wkHUjyef&rnf/ uRefawmfh

Zmwfvkdufonf ,mOfpMum&xm;ol jzpfavonf/ a&aMumajraMum &IHUíoGm;Edkifonf/
- 596 -
awmifZrÁL'Dyg wpfckvkH;udkvnf; vSnfhvnf&kHru ajrmufuRef;? ta&SUuRef;? taemufuRef;

rsm;udkvnf; vSnfhonf/ odkUaomf b,frSmrS raysmfydkuf/ awmifuRef;odkU jyefNyD; olU&GmodkU
vmcJUonf/ olUcspfolrsufarSmuf a&mufawmhrS csrf;ajrUaysmfydkufEdkifawmhonf/
okdUjzifh uRefawmfESifh rcifopfwkdUonf pmaytwkHUtjyef zefwD;Mu\/
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf pmay;pm,lvkyfMuonfrSmvnf; a':a':nGefUESifh a':a':a&TwdkU

apmifhMuyfonfhtxJuyif jzpfonf/ oifcef;pmpmtkyfBuD;xJrSm acgufxnfhxm;vQif In
the Exercise Book [k t*Fvdyfpum;jzifh tcsufay;vkdufonf/ uGefygaowÅmxJrSm
xnfhxm;vQif In the Compass Box [k tcsufay;vdkufonf/ tcgrsm;pGm tdrfomonf
xdkpmuav;awGudk zwf&mae&m jzpfcJU&\/
uRefawmfonf rcifopftay:0,f þykHþenf;jzifh þrQom nKwmae&&kHESifh rauseyf

EdkifawmhNyD/ rjrifEdkifaom? r&kef;Edkifaom owÅdwpfcku qJGiifaeovdk xif&onf/ aemif
bmjzpfjzpf yGifhyGifhvif;vif;om cspfvkdawmhonf/ xkdtwkdif;yif rcifopftm; pma&;ay;
vdkufay\/ rcifopfum; ]cspfygonf} [laom pum;vkH;ygonfh pmwpfapmifrQrjyef/
yg;pyfjzifhajym&efum; a0;bdao;\/ rcspfbl;xifp&mvnf; vu©Pmtrlt&m wpfckrQrjy/
cgwdkif;vkdyif a&;om;ajymqdk qufqHaeayonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; olUxHrS ]cspfygonf}
qdkaompum;udk twkH;vdkuftwpfvdkuf Mum;vdkjrifvkdonf/ tm;rvdktm;r& vGefpGm
jzpf&aom tcsdefygwnf;/ xyfcgwvJar;? rajz&if pdwfqkd;&vdrfhr,f[k Ncdrf;ajcmufíar;?
rcspfvdkUvm;[k ceJUar;awmhrS ]]opfopfvnf; udkudkUvdkygyJ}} [k ajymayawmhonf/
rdef;raumif; rdef;rjrwfwkdUonf ]cspfygonf} qdkaompum;udk wGefUwdkvSacsonf wum;/
odkUuvdkyif MunfEl;tm;& O'gef;usL;rdavonf/
rcifopfonf uRefawmf\ &nf;pm;OD;jzpfonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/
vlysKdjzpfuwnf;u tysKduav;awGESifh awGUcJUvSNyD/ wpfzufowf BudKufonfvnf;&Sd\/

ESpfzufusdwf BudKufonfvnf;&Sd\/ odkUaomf orD;&nf;pm; rrnfEdkifyg/ vlysKdBuD;zm;zm;
aumvdyfausmif;om;b0 a&mufjyefawmh 0ifeDazESifh awGU&onf/ ]bmuvdkwdkwdk
- 597 -
bdkuvmwmwm} ESifh pv,f0ifzifrrnf;cifu uJGcJU&onf/ rjrifhOD;um; oli,fcsif;vnf;

ru? orD;&nf;pm; vnf;rus/
rjrifhOD;ESifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ododomom cspfBudK;aESmif&ef bmrQrcJ,Of;yg/ tNrJwrf;

tcGifhomonf/ tpOf wHcg;yGifhaeonf/ bmaMumifh uRefawmf omaomtcGifhudk
r,lcJUoenf;/ yGifhaomwHcg;jzifh r0ifcJUoenf;/ uRefawmf tBudrfBudrf okH;oyf Munfhrd
onf/ bmaMumifh rcifopfESifhawGUrS yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ododomom cspfBudK;aESmifvdkufrd
oenf;/ uRefawmf tBudrfBudrf qifjcifMunfhrdonf/
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- 598 -
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________________
(yxrydkif; NyD;\)
- 601 -

A Shay Ka Nay Wun Htwat The Pa Mar

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A Shay Ka Nay Wun Htwat The Pa Mar

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