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169
170
171
172
173
was
174
This
decade
political
in
and
1131,
1141
of intense
military
and
until
as a consul
fourth
time,
participation
affairs
Caffaro
of the
there
came
reappears
commune
is another
knowledge
of his carecr.
in
Annuls
the
and
than
the
that
that
period
travefhng
again
his contention
there
detailed
in
CafTaro
far
spent
from
Caffaro
pointing
eyewitness-like
in
in an\
may
at Icast
some
home,
possibly
Belgrano
supports
been
to his singulari)
of the
the
in I146
time.
city
with
his sixth
The
expedition
siege
commanded
the
1880:
final
of
for
the
Minorc
and
and
six
and
sixty-six
and
concluded
consulship
cavalrymen
when
This
commanded
1146
machines
resumrd
as consul
Moslem
galleys
and
when,
of Almeria,
and
twent)-two
carving
from
life at home.
Cafiaro
against
the Spanish
horses
military
climaxed
expedition
(Befgrano
and
fifth
Margat
year
11X.).
event,
period
of Castle
that
Ixxvii-lxxviii;
entries
more
account
capture
his political
One
have
and
Saracens
in our
little
must
siege
the
1131
between
consuls.
to Syria.
that
Thr
providing
of the
1140by
and
years
thin.
names
conjecture
of
for
in
for
lacuna
certain
the
in
to a close
in 1149.
comprised
cargo
OIVZ
which
years
01
ships
hundred
Caffaro
of
age,
176
bishops, assigned by Pope Calixtu; to determine the case, returned to the full assembly.
With Caffaros silver jingling under their
cassocks, they announced their opinion that
the Pisan archbishon . should be dismissed
from the Corsican consecrations now and
in the future. Then Pope calixtus asked the
whole assembly if the decision pleased them,
and all four hundred prelates rose and in
unison intoned, Placet, placet, placet! Whereupon the pope solemnly said, And I, on the
part of God and the Blessed Peter and myself, approve and confirm [it] ; and in the
morning in full council with all of you I
shall again confirm and approve [it].
After hearing this, the astonished Pisan
archbishop could no longer contain his
seething outrage and, leaping from his seat,
he hurled his episcopal mitre and ring at the
popes feet, and shouted I shall no longer
be thy archbishop and bishop! At that
indignity
the pope, overcome by that
uniquely intense feeling of self-righteousness
of which 1the corruptible are so often the
victims, rose from his throne and, kicking
the mitre and ring back across the floor,
responded with equal fury Brother, thou
hast done badly, and hence doubt not that I
shall make thee repent of it! (Belgrano
1898:19). The tone of boastful relish and
satisfaction with which Caffaro describes
this dramatic intrigue contains no hint of
remorse concerning his own role in the
affair, nor any sympathy for the compromised position of Pope Calixtus and his
curia; in the mind of the worldly
the end justified the
After-the scandalous scene at the Lateran
Council, Caffaro and his delegation returned
to Genoa in sweet triumph, and before the
consuls and the whole parliament of citizens
Emlatin
177
178
to have ad+ed
his government
to do
nothing for the moment but assume a
prudent attitude of neutrality toward the
Empire, lshile quietly pursuing its own
course in foreign affairs.
Me;nwhile, as a favor to Pope Hadrian
IV, King Frederick ended the threatening
career of the radical Arnold of Brescia. In
return the pope bestowed the imperial
crown upon Frederick, after which the new
emperor returned for the time being to his
concerns in Germany. However, in June
of 1158, at the head of a large and welldisciplined army, Frederick descended into
Italy again, this time determined to subdue
the cities of upper Italy and particuiarly to
make an example of recalcitrant
Mi!an.
After he had attacked and humiliated the
Milanese, the young emperor held the
famed second Diet of Roncaglia in the fall
of 1158. With the cooperation
of the
Bolognese jurists, he asserted full regalian
rights over &,I the northern Italian cities.
Tllough badly shaken by these portentous
events, the Genoese held to their course.
They refused the emperors demands for
obedience, hostages, and tribute, claiming
that from ancienttimes the Roman empe rors
Fi~~rc 6. C;lffarci\ Ann& hlarginal 5krtrh rtl lbrb.~ro:;sa\destructic I of Terdona (1155). Paris, BN, MS.
latin 10136, I. 7r.
Genoa), and with a handsome gift - presented for this one time only, Caffaro is
careful to point out - of twelve hundred
marks of silver.r4 Thus, thanks at least in
part to the diplomatic skills of the aged
Caffaro, and in part also to Fredcrick
Barbarossas
sense of expediency,
the
Genoese came off well and a grave crisis
was for the time being avoided.
The mission was Caffaros last public
act and after its completion he settled into
semi-retirement. However, he did continue
to write the Annals down through the year
1163. Then, at almost eighty-four years of
age, he quit; not becalise of infirmity,
senility, or flagging energy, but rather
because of his annoyance and disgust with
the petty factionalism and quarrels at that
time dominating
the political scene at
Genoa. It is curious that to some degree his
reasons for ceasing to be al: historian reflect
what one would have to de!me as his greatest
shortcoming as an historian. Caffaro was a
patriot, and an obvious pro-Genoese bias
colors all his writings. Occasionally
he
passes over in silence clrents, the narration
of which might be painful to Genoas
pride - such as a naJa1 defeat or similar
humiliation at the hands of the Pisans. As
his editor, Luigi Belgrano, aptly expressed
it, lwmo pubblico la vkce su lo storico (1890:
lxxxiii). Whenever possible - and unfortunately it is not very often possible - it is
well for the modern historian to balance his
reading of Caffaro with an examination of
Piian sources.rL
Aside from this very human flaw of
amor patriae, however, Caffaro is a good
historian; in any comparison with other
writers his presentation
must be judged
accurate and fair in its essentials. The
170
180
181
182
1881);
12
. . .
(Mirrow
and Emery
1953:244).
CafTaro, however,
*ay$ the new wall was completed
in ju(t eight davs: that feat he may well have exaggerated.
hut it i$ unlikrh
that he would inflate the
turn which the Gcnoev
paid the emperor.
1s
The contemporary
&an chronicle. only slightI>
junior IO CM&o,
i5 that of Bemardo
Marangone.
entitled
Ii&r rhronirun hsanum,
rditrd
in the pa*1
century b) F. Bonaini in Arrlrirm Sfurico Nalicmo, writ5
I, vol. 6, part 2, and more reccnrly redone
in the
ncv Muratori,
&run< I/&aorum Scrip/orec, cditcd b)
G. Cardurci.
V. Fiorini.
and P. Fcdcle,
vol. 6.2
(1936).
Like Caffaro.
Marangonr
wa, active in the
a&air5 of hi\ ch?. His chronicle
spans the year% from
1104 to 117.5; hnwexcr,
the cotrrage
ir \potc>. the
prriod I136 to 117.5 being the fuull~t. Unforttmatrl)
the articlr by Fisher (1966) ir concrmcd
with the first
th;rd of thr twelfth ccmu?
and prwidcl
only a peripheral diwue\inn
of Marangonr;
howcvcr.
Fisher\
careful analysis of thr carlier fragmentap
annalistic
works. imcriptiom,
and historical poems of Piaa is an
cxccllent guide to thaw material*.
16
For example,
Cali&]
qunteq in full Iemn from
Pope+ Hadrian
I\, Alexander
Ill,
and from thr
Genocse
consuls
IO the
Pisan ronrub
(Belgrano
1890:44-j,
55-9, and f#-9).
Ii
Sre also hb editors commcntr
on this matter
(Belgrano
189O:lxxxi-lxxxii).
I
War, conquest, and commercial
gain arecventially the themes of the ?i/orio roprronir Almuri> cl 7urfox
and the DP librrolionc. In addition
to lengthy
de+
criptions
of campaigns
in Syria, wars againbc tbr
Pirans, and diplomatic
negotiations
with popes and
emperors,
CalTaros dnnols are scattered
with minor
references
IO such
mattcm
as c-de
building
anJ
buying (Be&an
3890: l5,23,
26, 30, 33, 53.62);
IO
the construction
of city \ralls, roads, bridges (pp, 48,
51.54, WI, 73); to firc*$ in the cily, Dcvre drought and
dry wells (pp. 113,31,39,53);
IO civil strife (pp. 40,41,
on urban
markets,
public
. . as
to me probable,
but only after investigating
with the
greatn~ powihle accuracy each detail, in the case both
of the events in which I myself participated
and of
those regarding
which
I got my information
from
others.
And it ma! well be that the absence of the
fahulou\ from my narrative
will heem less plea&g
to
the car; but whoever
shall wish to have a clear view
both of the event3 which have happened
and of those
which
will come day, in all human
probability,
happen again in the same or a similar way- for these
IO adjudge
my history profitable
will be enough for
mr. And. indeed.
it that bern composed,
not as a
prize-cxa)
to be heard for the moment,
but as a
pov+&on
lin at1 time (1,969 :L2). C:aflaro\ sl)lr i*
hardly up to that ofThucydide5,
bul the parallel of
trmperamem
and approach
is clear and should not
really clitic surprise.
Dcspitc
the liftem
hundred
year+ which wparated
them. both men were urban
aristocrat*,
both
wcrc
military
commanders
and
ctatevmm,
and h01b were patriots and ccc&r
historians.
..
Literature
Arnaldi.
G. 1966. II no&o-rronista
c le cronachr
rictadinc* in It&a.
SocirlP
ltaliana
di St&a
dcl
Dirnm. C:ongrr**o intrmazionalr.
Anti 293-309.
Brlgrano. L. T. (c*d.) 1890. Annali Gmovni
di Caffaro
e disuoi.
continuatori
dal MXCIX
al MCCXCII
I,
I. Fonti per la stork
dltnlia.
lrtituto
Storict,
Italiano. Gmrtva.
lkn~. J. 7. IW?. Genoa:
how thr rcpuhlir
rose and
Icll. London.
Dr Nrgri, I. 0. 1968. Stnr a di Gcnova. Milan.
183
Wisconsin-
184