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2015-MIC-0657

Multi-Mega VAR Passive Filters for Mining Applications: Practical Limitations and
Technical Considerations
Luis Morn

(1)

(1)

Fellow IEEE
Electrical Eng. Department
University of Concepcin
Concepcin, CHILE
lmoran@udec.cl

(2)

Cristbal Albistur

Rolando Burgos

Electrical Eng. Department

Universidad de Concepcin
Concepcin Chile
cralbistur@gmail.com

Member IEE
Virginia Polytechnique Inst.
Blacksburg - Virginia
rolando@vt.edu

(1)

(1)

(2)

Abstract This paper analyzes and proposes technical

considerations for the selection and design of passive filter
schemes rated at several mega-vars to compensate reactive
power and current harmonics in mining power distribution
systems. The paper includes technical information and analysis
required to select the most adequate passive filter topology, to
select the tuning frequency for each unit, to calculate filter
parameters, and to distribute reactive power between passive
filters. Passive filter schemes analyzed in this paper are used to
compensate mining power distribution systems, especially when
high power grinding mill drives energized from 12-pulse
cycloconverters are used in conjunction with several other
nonlinear loads. The manuscript also analyzes technical
limitations that passive filters present in the attenuation of low
frequency current harmonics. Finally, two power distribution
systems with different passive filters schemes are evaluated,
and the limitations in the attenuation of low frequency current
harmonics generated by cycloconverters are demonstrated with
measured results.
Index Terms Passive filters, mining power distribution,
current harmonic compensation, sub and inter-harmonic
components, cycloconverter drives, power quality.

I. INTRODUCTION
Passive filters have been the standard solution to
compensate current harmonic components and reactive
power in distribution systems of mining facilities. These
passive filters must be rated at several mega-vars in order to
compensate displacement power factor. The difference in the
design and technical specification of passive filters for
mining applications is due to the high requirements of
reactive power to be provided to compensate
cycloconverters, as well as the different frequencies of the
harmonic currents that must be attenuated product of the
connection of a number of different nonlinear loads [1], [2].
Another characteristic of the mining systems is that they are
energized through long transmission lines, whose equivalent
impedance presents resonant frequencies that can
compromise both safety and effectiveness of the passive
filters. Moreover, the presence of high power
cycloconverters imposes additional current attenuation
requirements due to the generation of low frequency current
sub and inter-harmonics [2].
The best available summary to design and specify the
components of a passive filter can be found in [3] and [4].

The design criteria and technical specifications of the most

used topologies in industrial applications are discussed in
[3], though there is no specific mention to its application in
the compensation of mining systems, especially for the
attenuation of low frequency sub and inter-harmonic current
components generated by high power cycloconverters [9],
[10]. The design procedures of passive filters presented in
[3] have been ratified in different studies that show the
advantages of using passive filters in the compensation of
current harmonic generated by traditional nonlinear loads,
especially by power rectifiers [7], arc-furnaces [5], and static
converters in general [4].
It is important to highlight that given the compensation
characteristics required by mining systems that energize
high power cycloconverters and multiple frequency
changers, it is not feasible to use universal filters (LCL type)
in the terminals of each converter as those proposed in [14],
but it is more convenient to use several passive filters
connected to the main power distribution bus [11]. Indeed,
the alternative that ensures the most effective compensation
of distribution systems that require the injection of several
mega-vars and the attenuation of current harmonics with
different frequency is achieved with passive filter units
tuned at different frequencies [5], [8].
The use of high power cycloconverters (rated over than
15 MVA) has extended in mining applications, especially
for driving SAG and balls mills and conveyors [1], [12]. The
operation of cycloconverters imposes the mandatory use of
passive filters tuned at different frequencies to attenuate the
harmonic currents and compensate the reactive power in the
distribution system [2]. In mining applications, the
attenuation of current harmonics and the high value of
reactive power to be compensated, requires special attention
and marks a clear difference with other applications due to
the low frequency harmonic spectrum (below 100 Hz),
composed by sub and inter-harmonics [1], [2], [10], [13] that
must be compensated and due to the presence of voltage
regulation problems if the reactive power compensation is
not performed properly. The principal limitations of passive
filters performance is related with the attenuation of low
frequencies sub and inter current harmonic components
generated by cycloconverters [1], [2].
While different design procedures used to calculate
components parameters of a passive filter have been
proposed in the technical literature [3], [6], [7], [8] the

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choice of the most appropriate filter topologies for the

compensation of mining systems have not attracted the
attention of the researchers. In this paper a design procedure
is presented and practical recommendations that allow the
selection of the most suitable topology for each filter scheme
are provided. In addition, the compensation effectiveness
and limitations of passive filters is also analyzed. Finally,
the design procedure is tested by assessing the compensation
effectiveness reached in two different mining distribution
systems with different passive filter schemes.
II. PASSIVE FILTER CHARACTERISTICS AND CALCULATION
PROCEDURE
Since in mining distribution systems high levels of
reactive power must be compensated and current harmonics
are required to be attenuated, it becomes necessary to
connect passive filters of different rated power and tuned at
different frequencies. The topologies of passive filters most
frequently used in industrial applications are shown in
Figure 1.

(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 1. Passive filters topology used to compensate industrial power
distribution systems. (a) Band-pass filter. (b) 2nd order high-pass filter. (c)
C-type filter.

The most important characteristics to be considered in

the selection and design of each of the above mentioned
topologies are described as follows.
2.1.- Band-pass Filter
This is the simplest passive filter used to compensate
displacement power factor and specific current harmonic
component in a power distribution system. It is composed of
a capacitor and inductor connected in series (Fig. 1-a). The
external resistance is normally avoided. For high power and
medium voltage applications air core reactors are used.
Many band-pass filter design methods have been proposed
in the technical literature, though, the formulas that achieve
the best and more accurate results [2] are shown in (1), (2)
and (3). Basically, filter components are determined based
on the amount of reactive power that needs to be
compensated at fundamental frequency and in the selected
resonant frequency, which is associated with the current
harmonic frequency that needs to be attenuated.
C

(h 2  1)Q1
2S f1h 2V12

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1
4S f12 h 2 C

(2)

2S hf1 L
q

(3)

Normally, R represents the power losses in the air core

reactor, and defines the band-pass filter quality factor q (3).
Figure 2 shows the frequency response of a band-pass filter
tuned at 150 Hz, 5 MVAr, for quality factors (q) equal to 5,
15 and 30. Figure 2 also shows that the quality factor
influence mainly on the impedance value that the filter
presents at the resonant frequency, affecting the attenuation
factor of the current harmonic of that particular frequency. It
is important to note that the quality factor has no further
incidence on the filter band-width. For industrial
applications, a quality factor higher than 10 is sufficient.

Fig. 2. Frequency response of a band-pass filter equivalent impedance.

2.2.- High-pass Filter

High-pass filters are more suitable for current harmonic
compensation in medium voltage power distribution
systems. The connection of an external resistance in parallel
with the filter inductance (Fig. 1-b) helps to damp and to
attenuate the inrush currents. Moreover, the filter low value
equivalent impedance at higher frequency allows a more
effective current harmonic attenuation. High-pass filter
parameters can be calculated using equations (4), (5) and
(6). Frequency response of the high-pass filter equivalent
impedance is shown in Fig. 3, for different values of the
design constant m.
Filter capacitor and inductor values are calculated based
on the requirements of reactive power compensation and
resonant frequency (4) and (5). The resistance value must be
selected according with the filter losses constraint at
fundamental frequency and the required filter bandwidth (6).

(1)

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C
L

Q1
2S f1V12

(4)

1
4S f12 h 2 C

(5)

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2015-MIC-0657

L
(6)
C
Figure 3 shows the filter equivalent impedance for
different frequencies and m values. The best m value must
be selected according with the required filter current
harmonic attenuation effectiveness and power losses. The
lowest the value of m, the better is the filter attenuation
effectiveness at higher frequencies, but the filter losses
increase. The m factor in high pass filter has the same effect
than the quality factor, q (3), in band pass filter, though in
this case also affects the attenuation factor at higher
frequencies as shown in Fig. 3.
R

Fig. 4. Frequency response of the C-type filter equivalent impedance.

2.4.- Comparison between passive filter topologies

Figure 5 shows the difference between the frequency
responses of the three passive filter topologies. The band
pass filter presents the lowest equivalent impedance at the
tuned frequency, but the high-pass and C-type presents
lowest equivalent impedance for higher frequencies. On the
other hand, the high pass filter presents highest losses (Fig.
6).

Fig. 3. Frequency response of a high-pass filter equivalent impedance

2.3.- C-type Filter

One of the principal disadvantages of high pass filters is
that losses generated at fundamental frequency are high. In
order to reduce these losses, C-type filters can be used.
Power losses can be significantly reduced by short circuiting
the resistor at fundamental frequency with the L-Ca branch
(Fig. 1-c). Frequency response of C-type filter is similar to
the high-pass one (Fig. 4). Filter parameters are calculated
using equations (7), (8), (9) and (10).
Q1
Cm
(7)
2S f1V12
(h 2  1)Q1
2S f1V12

(8)

V12
(h 2  1)2S f1Q1

(9)

Ca

2
1

V
(10)
hQ1
As with high-pass filters there is a commitment between
the optimum value of the design constant m and the
frequency response of the filter equivalent impedance. The
smaller the value of m the better is the filter attenuation for
frequencies greater than the resonant. However, the losses
are also higher.
R

Fig. 5. Frequency response of the three passive filters equivalent

impedances.

Fig. 6. Power losses at fundamental frequency in a band pass, a high-pass

and a C type passive filters for different design constants and power quality
factors.

The current harmonic compensation effectiveness is

measured comparing the attenuation factor [4] of each
passive filter topology. Figure 7 shows the attenuation factor
for the three types of filters and it can be observed that the
band-pass filter presents a greater amplification in the
harmonic currents of frequencies lower than the resonant
value. This increases the risk in the system operation, but it
also presents a better attenuation at the resonant frequency.

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Fig. 7. Attenuation factor for each passive filter topology and for different
frequency values

Although the three passive filter topologies compensates

reactive power and attenuates current harmonic components,
high-pass and C-type topologies are more suitable for
mining power distribution compensation, since they generate
lower inrush currents, and present better current harmonic
attenuation factor, especially at higher frequencies (higher
than the resonant one). Moreover, the lower losses in the Ctype passive filter represent an important advantage
especially for the attenuation of low frequency current
harmonics.
III.- PASSIVE FILTER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
For the compensation of mining power distribution
systems, the most recommended topologies are the high-pass
filter and C-type filter. The use of band-pass filters must be
considered carefully, because of the high inrush currents
generated and the increased risk of having resonance
frequencies below the tuned value. The operation
characteristics to be taken into account in the selection of the
filter topology are as follows:
i) At fundamental frequency, filters should provide the
reactive power required to correct the power factor, as
well as to maintain the voltage regulation in 6 %, for
the different operating conditions defined. The total
reactive power to be compensated must be distributed
between the different units that compose the filter
scheme, allocating greater rated reactive power to the
lower frequency tuned filters, improving their current
harmonic compensation effectiveness at low frequency,
as shown in Fig. 8.

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ii) The tuning frequencies of the passive filters are defined

to achieve the required attenuation of current harmonic
components generated by nonlinear loads (characteristic
and non-characteristic harmonics). It is not necessary to
use de-tuning factors, given the nonlinear characteristics
presented by the distribution system frequency response,
in which the impedance of the transformers prevails, as
well as the impedance of the transmission lines.
iii) In order to attenuate the amplitude of the current
harmonics generated by 6 and 12 pulse converters, the
passive filter scheme should consider units tuned at the
characteristic frequencies 6(k1) for 6 pulse converters
and 12(k1) for 12 pulse converters, which justify the
connection of high-pass filters tuned at 250, 350 and 550
Hz. The connection of passive filters tuned at frequencies
higher than 550 Hz must be evaluated in each specific
case.
iv) For the attenuation of the non-characteristic low
frequency current harmonics generated by cycloconverters, C-type filters must be considered, tuned at
low frequency (less or equal to 250 Hz) allowing the
attenuation of current inter-harmonics and sub-harmonics
of greater amplitude (f16f0).
v) It is important to note that sub and inter-harmonic with
frequencies below 200 Hz cannot be attenuated with
passive filters, and constitute the most important
limitation of using passive filters in mining power
distribution systems.
vi) To reduce the cost of the passive filter scheme it is
recommendable to use high-pass filters for resonant
frequencies above 200 Hz and C-type filters for resonant
frequencies of less than 200 Hz. Thus, losses in the
filters are reduced.
vii) To evaluate the filter compensation effectiveness, it is
important to consider the equivalent S circuit of the
transmission lines to take into account the effect of the
natural resonant frequencies. Figure 9 shows the
frequency response of a 95 km transmission line, 220
kV, modeled through its S circuit and through its series
circuit. It is important to note that as the distance of line
is increased, its natural resonant frequency will decrease
to values close to 100 Hz, as shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 9. Frequency response of a 95 km transmission line considering S and

linear equivalent circuit.
Fig. 8. Frequency response of C-type passive filters for different rated
reactive power values.

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The passive filter component values are shown in Table

1. The plant rated power load is 76 MW and 56 MVAr.
Table 1.- Passive Filter Parameters
Tuned
Frequency
[Hz]
175
275
575

Rated
Power
[MVAr]
10.9
10.3
7.5

Damping
Resistance
[:]
76
48
31

Inductance
[PH]
13.8
5.6
1.7

Main
Capacitance
[PF]
60
60
45

Fig. 10. Frequency response of transmission lines with different length

considering S equivalent circuit.

The design procedure of passive filters is iterative, but it

must begin by calculating the maximum reactive power
required to compensate the power factor. Then, the current
harmonics to be attenuated should be selected, which defines
the number of units contained in each passive filter scheme
and the rated reactive power of each unit. Finally, how each
filter unit will be connected to the distribution system has to
be defined (the number of circuit breakers is defined). This
latter point must be verified as a function of the voltage
regulation reached in each case.

The total losses in the high-pass filters are 65 kW (52 kW

in 3rd harmonic filter; 12 kW in 5th filter and 1 kW in 11th
harmonic). The measured current harmonic distortion values
at the transformer secondary terminals are shown in Fig. 12.
Despite the connection of the passive filters, the average
THD value is 11.5%, far above the maximum allowed by the
IEEE Standard 519 (5 %). This high value demonstrates that
passive filters cannot compensate low frequency current
harmonic components.

IV. PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

Two practical examples of passive filter compensation in
two different mining distribution systems are reported. The
two mining systems energize cycloconverters and high
power controlled rectifiers. In both cases different passive
filter units compensate both reactive power and current
harmonic components with different compensation
effectiveness.
4.1.- Example 1
The simplified one-line diagram with the power flow
values for normal operating conditions is shown in Fig. 11.

Fig. 12. Measured Total Harmonic Distortion of the transformer secondary

current, as a function of time.

The current waveform in the secondary of the transformer,

and in each filter together with its frequency spectrum is
shown in Figures 13, 14 and 15. The frequency spectrum of
the transformer secondary current shows frequency
components below 50 Hz. These components correspond to
those generated by the power cycloconverters that energize
the SAG and balls mills of the concentrator plant (sub and
inter-harmonics below 100 Hz).

(a)

(b)

Fig. 13. Measured transformer secondary current waveform. (a) Current

waveform. (b) Associated frequency spectrum.
Fig. 11. Simplified one-line diagram with values of power flow, voltage
regulation and high-pass passive filters.

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presented by the high-pass passive filter tuned at 175 Hz.

Most of the low frequency current harmonics generated by
the cycloconverters are not attenuated and are injected to the
power transmission system. These results prove the main
limitation of passive filter compensation effectiveness in
mine power distribution systems.
(a)

(b)

Fig. 14. Measured high pass passive filter current waveform (tuned at 175
Hz). (a) Current waveform. (b) Associated frequency spectrum.

(a)

4.2.- Example 2
Following the proposed procedure, a passive filter
scheme was designed for the compensation of a grinding
mill power plant that uses one SAG mill (30000 HP) with
two ball mills (25000 HP each one). The three mill drives
are controlled with 12 pulse cycloconverters. Power
distribution equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 18 (two C
type and six high-pass passive filters). The passive filters
selected and associated design characteristics are shown in
Table 2.

(b)

Fig. 15. Measured high pass passive filter current waveform (tuned at 275
Hz). (a) Current waveform. (b) Associated frequency spectrum.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 16. Measured high pass passive filter current waveform (tuned at 575
Hz). (a) Current waveform. (b) Associated frequency spectrum.

The current frequency spectrum of each filter shows that

the low order current harmonic components (below 250 Hz)
are not attenuated. The filter attenuation effectiveness is
only for harmonics of frequencies above 300 Hz. This is
ratified by comparing the equivalent impedances of the
distribution system and the passive filters (Fig. 17).

Fig. 18. Single-phase equivalent power system line diagram of the main
substation of a mining power distribution system.
Table 2. Passive Filters Characteristics and Associated Rated Values.
Tuned
Rated Reactive
ID
Filter Type
Frequency
Power [MVAr]
PF-01
C
1.6
4
PF-03
C
3
4
PF-04
HP
4
3
PF-05
HP
5
2
PF-07
HP
7
2
PF-12
HP
12
6
PF-23
HP
23
3

The proposed passive filter component parameters are

shown in Table 3.

Fig. 17. Impedance frequency response of designed passive filters and

power distribution system.

ID

Figure 17 shows that for frequencies below 250 Hz

(order 5) the system equivalent impedance is higher than the
passive filters equivalent impedance, therefore the
attenuation factor for low frequency current harmonics is
high. Figure 13 shows that the THD of the transformer
secondary current is high due to the low attenuation factor

PF-01
PF-03
PF-04
PF-05
PF-07
PF-12
PF-23

Table 3.Passive Filter Parameters

Damping
Main
Inductance
Resistor
Capacitance
[mH]
[]
[F]
1650
269.8
24.1
440
52.6
24.1
175
35.1
18.1
210
33.7
12.0
380
17.2
12.0
30
1.95
36.1
75
0.97
18.1

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Auxiliary
Capacitance
[F]
37.6
192.6
-

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2015-MIC-0657

The frequency response of the power system equivalent

impedance and passive filter scheme, are shown in Fig. 19.
The maximum attenuation factor value is at 120 Hz and is
equal to 6.3 (Fig. 20). Attenuation of current harmonics
below this frequency (120 Hz) is not effective with the
proposed filter scheme (Fig. 21), since the attenuation factor
is higher than one, and the passive filter equivalent
impedance is larger than distribution equivalent impedance.

(a)
(b)
Fig. 22. Simulated system current waveform with passive filter scheme
connected. (a) System current waveform. (b) Associated frequency
spectrum.
Table 4. Harmonic Distortion of the Current Power
System
THD charact.
~0 %
THD non charact.
6.4 %
THD total
6.4 %

Fig. 19. Impedance frequency response of designed passive filters and

power distribution system.

Power losses in each passive filter units are shown in

Table 5. Higher losses are generated in the C-type passive
filter tuned at lowest frequency (PF-01).

ID

Fig. 20. Attenuation factor of proposed passive filter scheme.

PF-01
PF-03
PF-04
PF-05
PF-07
PF-12
PF-23

Table 5. Passive Filter Losses

In Damping
In Reactor [kW]
Resistor [kW]
1.8
228.0
1.2
82.8
16.8
0.9
6.3
0.5
1.6
0.3
20.4
0.5
5.1
0.2

Total [kW]
229.8
84.0
17.7
6.8
1.9
20.9
5.3

In order to reduce power losses in passive filters reactors,

the quality factor must be increase, which increases the
reactor cost. However, by using a reactor with quality factor
equals to 100 instead of 20 in PF-01, losses are reduced from
230 kW to 115 kW.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 21. Impedance frequency response of the C-type passive filter (tuned at
100 Hz), and power distribution system.
.

Figure 22 shows simulated power distribution system

line current waveform and the associated frequency
spectrum. Table 4 shows the Total Harmonic Distortion of
line current. Passive filter scheme is able to attenuate current
harmonic distortion from 10.7 % (Table 4) to 6.4 %. Table 4
shows that characteristics current harmonics are completely
attenuate with the proposed filter scheme. However, non
characteristics components are reduced from 9.6 % to 6.4 %.
Further reduction cannot be achieved with passive
techniques due to the closeness with the fundamental
frequency.

Passive filters for mining power distribution systems

have been presented and analyzed in this paper. The
advantages of using C-type and 2nd order high-pass
topologies have been demonstrated. A design procedure for
reactive power and current harmonic compensation in
mining power distribution systems using passive filters
especially with grinding mill plant was reported. Voltage
and current waveforms have been presented in two practical
examples proving the compensation effectiveness and
limitations of passive filter schemes.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Conicyt for the financial support given
through the projects Fondecyt 1140409 and Fondap
15110019. The contribution of Pablo Aravena is also
recognized.

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