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Outlines
Types
Inductance of transmission line
Capacitance of transmission line
Transmission line model
Component of HV
transmission line
Conductors
Insulators
Resistance
DC Resistance at given temperature
RDC,T = l/A
l length of conductor
A cross-sectional area of conductor
resistivity of conductor
Resistance
If resistance of conductor at certain temperature know, DC
resistance at other temperature given by:
M + T2
RT 1
RT 2 =
M + T1
M temperature constant
Resistance of nonmagnetic conductors varies with frequency
due to skin
skin effect
effect
Electric current distributions inside conductor not uniform
As frequency increases, current tends to flow nearer to outer
surface of conductor,
conductor decreasing effective cross section
E.g.
RAC = K * RDC
RAC (1.05
(1 05 ~ 1.10)*
1 10)* RDC @ 60Hz
60H
Inductance
Series inductance of transmission line consists of two
components
Internal inductance
Due to magnetic flux enclosed by conductor
External inductance
Due to magnetic flux outside conductor
Internal Inductance
L=/I
Internal Inductance
Flux density around the path inside the conductor
Flux linkages are equal to fraction of current linked
times flux per meter length. Thus the total flux linkages
inside the conductor
External inductance
y to flux between p
Inductance due only
points at D1 and D2
meters
Depends
p
comparative
p
distances from current carry
y conductor
11
12
Total
T t l inductance
i d t
can b
be simplified
i
lifi d tto:
OR
If r1 = r2
14
Inductance of phase b, c
=210-7[1/4+ln(D/r)] H/m
If 3-phase line not equilaterally spaced different and L, but small; assume
transposed,
eachHKPU
conductor occupies the original positions of
theAss.
other
16
Electrical i.e.
Engineering,
EE3741
Prof Zhao Xu
16
conductors over equal distances.
Examples
A single circuit,
circuit fully transposed,
transposed three-phase,
three phase 60Hz transmission line
consists of three conductors arranged as shown. The aluminium
conductor has a diameter of 250mils, find the inductive reactance of the
line p
per kilometre p
per p
phase.
Note: 1 mil: 110-3 in; 1m = 39.36in
17
Solution
1m = 39.36inches(in)
Diameter: 250mils=0.25in=0.25/39.36=0.006352m
Radius: r = 0.006352/2
0.006352/2=0.003176m
0.003176m
De = (55 8)1/3=5.848m
For each kilometre of length, the inductance is:
L = 2[1/4 + ln(De/r)] 10-7 103=1.544mH/km
Inductive reactance per km is: XL=2fL=3771.544 103=0.5858
18
19
Dnn
L=LX+LY
20
GMRb = rb = d rc
Three-conductor bundle
rb = 3 d 2 rc
Four-conductor bundle:
rb = 1.09 4 d 3 rc
Capacitance
When
Wh
voltage
lt
applied
li d to
t pair
i off conducting
d ti
plates (separated by non-conducting
medi m) charge
medium)
h ge accumulates
m l te on each
e h side
ide
of plate
Magnitude
M
it d off charge
h
on each
h side
id off plate
l t equall
Charges on each side have opposing polarity
Magnitude
Magnit de of charge
cha ge deposited proportional
p opo tional
to applied voltage
Q = CV
C capacitance of line
22
Capacitance
25
26
27
Capacitance
Capacitance per
phase given by:
a
D3
2
D1
GMD =
(D12D23D31)
=D
provided conductors
h
have
same diameter
di
t
and are equilaterally
spaced
p
where
D23
Line reactance
Inductive reactance
Total
T t l iinductive
d ti
reactance
t
proportional
ti
l to
t li
line llength
th
Total line inductive reactance found by multiplying inductive
reactance by line length
Capacitive reactance
Total capacitive reactance inversely proportional to line
length
Total line capacitive reactance found by dividing capacitive
reactance by
y line length
g
Capacitance
p
between neighbouring
g
g
conductors, line and ground
Inductance due to Stranded & Bundled Conductors
Three types of models
depend on the length and the voltage level
short, medium, and long length line models
32
(or up to 320 km
for some applications depending upon whether line
characteristics can still be represented by lumped
components)
Long line
33
34
Voltage regulation
Increase
I
in
i receiving
i i
end
d voltage
lt
as load
l d reduced
d
d from
f
full load to no load with sending end voltage held
constant
35
Vs = VR + IRZ
Is = IR
36
Line impedance
p
still represented
p
as lumped
p
components
p
37
A&D: dimensionless
Bs unit: ()
Cs unit: siemens
factor)
At
At no lload,
d receiving-end
i i
d voltage
lt
iis 1/A ti
times
sending end voltage
Z0 = SQRT(z/y): characteristic or surge impedance z: series impedance per unit length, Z=zl
=SQRT(zy):
constant
y: shunt admittanceEE3741
per unit
length,
40
Electrical propagation
Engineering, HKPU
Ass. Prof
Zhao Xu Y=yl
40
Modeling
M d li
off the
th transmission
t
i i
line
li
parameters
Accuracy obtained by using distributed parameters
The series impedance per unit length is z
The shunt admittance per unit length is y
The
Th distance
di t
from
f
receiving
i i
end
d is
i x
41
42
43
d 2 I ( x)
dx 2
= 2 I ( x)
-attenuation/damping
constant
phase
p
constant
44
45
46
Wave propagation
Substitute
V ( x) = A1ex e jx + A2 e x e jx
Transform back to time domain
v( x, t ) = 2 Re A1ex e j (t + x ) + 2 Re A2 e x e j (t x )
-amplitude increases
along positive x direction
-amplitude decreases
along positive x direction
-incident
incident wave -traveling
traveling
towards receiving end
Note:
- >0 for a line with resistance
-Traveling sinusoidal waves in positive x direction
47
48
Wave propagation
Wave length: a voltage cycle corresponds to 2 change of
angular argument x
=2/
If loss neglected g=r=0, and
= LC
C
1
1
=
LC
f LC
Using the equation for per unit length inductance and
capacitance L and C, we can have
1
v
= 3 108 m / s
u0 0
v = / T = 2f / =
49
1
= 3 108 / 50 = 6km
f u0 0
Surge impedance
L
-Surge impedance purely resistive
C(
Surge
u g impedance
p da
loading
oad g (SIL)
) @ receiving
g end
d
2
3
V
(kVrated ) 2
R
*
SIL = 3VR I R =
=
MW
Zc
Zc
Zc =
V ( x ) = (cos x + j sin x )V R = V R x
I ( x ) = (cos x + j sin x ) I R = I R x
51
52
@t=5T, VR=135 v
53
Lattice
diagram
54
55
56
Transmission power
Power transfer by transmission line
VS = VS ,VR = VR 0
A = A A , B = B B , I R =
S R = PR + jQ R = 3VR I R = 3
VS VR
PR =
QR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
B
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
B
( B ) 3
cos( B )
A VR ( L L )
sin( B )
A VR ( L L )
( B A)
cos( B A)
2
sin( B A)
S R = PR + jQ R = 3VR I R
PS =
57
B B
A VR
VS A A VR 0
QS =
A VS ( L L )
IS =
cos( B A)
B
A VS ( L L )
A A VS VR 0
B B
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
B
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
cos( B+ )
Transmission power
Real
R l and
d reactive
ti
power transmission
t
i i
lloss
PL = PS PR
QL = QS QR
Power transfer by lossless line B = jX ' , A = 0, B = 900 , A = cos l
PS = PR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X
'
sin
QR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X
'
cos
VR ( L L )
B
cos l
Power-delta
P
d lt curve: max power transfer
t
f @ 90 degree
d
Actual stability is much lower [35,45]degree due to
stability
y consideration of generator,
g
, i.e. to withstand
sudden loss of generator or load
58
Transmission capability
Power transmission capability is
limited by thermal and stability
limits
Overloading may cause high
temperature and irreversible
stretching of conductor, i.e. physical
sag of lines due to real power loss
Thermal limit specified in current
carrying capability Ithemral from
manufacture datasheet
59
60
61
Transmission compensation
Substitute
b
Xlsh
Voltage is uneven along the line, mid point voltage is, why?
62
Transmission compensation
Shunt capacitor for heavy loads with
lagging power factor
Series capacitor connected in mid of line
reduce reactance
Reduce voltage
g drop
p
improve steady state and transient stability
loading limit for EHV lines at very low costs
comparing to new line costs
PS = PR =
VS ( L L ) VR ( L L )
X'
sin