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CEL 141
IIT DELHI
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS.

( Lecture 1)
Introduction
Functions of Building, Role of const. Materials

B. Bhattacharjee
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
IIT DELHI
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

General Outline
Functions of Buildings & Structures
Types of Loads on structures
Functional requirements of Buildings
Role of materials
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What are the functions of Building?

The function of a building is to provide a desired
(may be controlled or uncontrolled) spatial
environment within it continuously, for a given
human activity.
Bridge: Transport safely
The building therefore provides a safe and
comfortable internal environment against the
existing external and unwanted internal conditions
for the given human activity,
and the building must accomplish the same
economically.
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SAFETY DEFINED!
Safe against forces of nature viz., gravity, wind,
rain and snowfall and earthquake etc besides
forces imparted due to human actions
Horizontal Loads

Gravity Loads

Function is to withstand these loads

SAFELY
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INTERACTION OF BUILDING WITH

ENVIRONMENT
Humidity
Solar
radiation

Air
motion

Noise

Air Temp
Building
Sun
Light

Lightening
Rain,
snowfall

Pollution

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COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT
Comfortable against natural external
environment, viz., temperature, RH,
moisture ingress, condensation etc
Comfortable against man made external and
Internal agency causing discomfort e.g., noise
Besides micro-climatic changes are also
caused by Human activity

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Examples of natural & Manmade

environmental conditions
External Temperature and humidity,
solar radiation, air movement, occasional
environmental perturbations such as heavy
storm and rain, gusts, snowfall, lightening .
Manmade conditions include internal and
external noise, accidental initiation of fire,
generation of wastes, odour, fumes and gases
etc.

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Natural & Manmade

environmental conditions
Desirable internal environment may require
provision of adequate visual condition through
proper lighting.
Desirable internal environment may require
allowance for proper circulation of human
being and materials etc.

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Structures
Function of a bridge is to allow safe and
Smooth passage of traffic over it.
Function of a Dam is to allow safe storage
and distribution of water.
Hence,

Functional Design: Overall dimensions.

Structural Design: Size Detailing.
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TYPE OF LOADS
Some type of loads e.g., that due to self
weight, are deterministic. (Steady).
Some are deterministic but may change
with time, e.g., loads due to furniture,
occupant and machinery etc. (Quasi
Steady).
Some are uncertain, transitory in nature,
e.g., seismic load and wind load (dynamic
transitory).
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TYPE OF LOADS (Contd.)

Transitory

Load

Quasi steady
Steady

Design
load
Is used
in design
calculations

Time

Loads
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DESIGN LOADS

o Precise computation of actual load, that

structure is likely to encounter in service is
difficult.
o Reliance on experience and scientific
knowledge.
o Loads decided on the basis of Experience
and currently acceptable scientific knowledge
are put down in code of practice.
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LOAD TYPE
Dead Loads (IS 875 Part 1)
Imposed Loads (IS 875 Part 2)
Wind loads (IS 875 Part 3)
Snow loads (IS 875 Part 4)
Earth quake load (IS 1893)
Special Load (Fireetc. & Load
Combinations (IS 875 Part 5)
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LOAD TYPE
Dead Loads (Density of materials and size of
member)
Imposed Loads (Characteristic load depends
on occupancy type and functional usage)
Wind loads (Equivalent static load depends
on design wind speed computed from basic
wind speed for 50 years of return period at
the location, terrain, topography, height risk
factor etc. )
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LOAD TYPE
Snow loads (Depends upon snow
accumulation on a given shape of roof)
Earthquake load (Equivalent static horizontal
load calculated depending on appropriate
gravity load, importance of structure, types of
foundation, seismic zone flexibility of structure
etc. )
Dynamic Analysis is done for wind and
earthquake load

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LOAD TYPE
Special Loads: Temperature effects,
shrinkage, Moisture, Fire etc.,
Hydrostatic and soil pressure, fatigue,
load during construction, impact,
collision.
Load Combinations ( All loads at their
worst are unlikely to act together)
Partial factor of safety against load
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FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
OF BUILDINGS.
Occupancy Type

Furniture and circulation

Space and proximity

Shape &Overall Dimensions of

BUILDING
Site Condition

Environmental requirements

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FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
OF BUILDINGS (Contd.)
Furniture and circulation depends on
occupancy type and functional use.
Requirement of space depends on furniture
and circulation area.
Inter-relationship decides the relative
proximity of spaces.
Overall dimensions are decided depending on
site conditions, environmental requirements,
circulation etc. and aesthetics.

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THERMAL & VISUAL COMFORT,

NOISE PRIVACY
Desirable air and radiant temperature,
Relative humidity, air flow and air velocity
control through proper choice of proper
orientation, envelope and fenestration design.
Proper glare free lighting through day-lighting
and artificial (task) illumination design.
Noise control and privacy through zoning,
planning, barrier design, insulation and
acoustic design.
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BUILDING SERVICES
Fire protection through zoning, planning, fire
rated element design and provisions for
evacuation and fire fighting .
Plumbing, electrical and communication
services through proper design and control.
Lifts and other service through design.
Protection against moisture ingress and rain
penetration through proper design, detailing,
construction practice and; damp proofing and
water proofing.
Maintenance during service, operation;
intelligent building
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NEED FOR BYLAWS

Zoning and land use control.
Unobstructed air movement, sun light.
Control of microclimate/site climate.
Fire fighting provisions.
Protection against earthquake.
Traffic movement and traffic privacy of
neighbourhood.

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ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Loads are resisted by Structural System.
Structural system consists of members or
elements connected at junctions.
The system is idealized to suit
mathematical analysis and through the
analysis forces on the members due to
design loads are computed.
$ The size of the member for the material
used must be able to resist the design forces.
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ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Mainly Two types of forces i.e., stresses are
encountered.
a) Pull or tension, b)Push or compression and also
some times c) sliding or shear.

The member is said to be loaded axially when

load is parallel to long axis of the member e.g.,
dead load acting on a column.
Transverse loading i.e., when the load is
perpendicular to long axis(axes), results bending.

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ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Material should have adequate axial,
flexural and shear
strength.Strength/Weight ratio may be
important in some cases.
Where robustness is needed for stability
against sliding and overturning,
massiveness is also important.
Adequate stiffness is provided by modulus
of elasticity of the material.
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ROLE OF MATERIAL(SAFETY)
Post elastic Ductility.
dAdequate warning through large deformation
prior to failure.

Endurance limit against fatigue.

Stress at infinite number of cycles

Impact toughness.
Abrasion resistance
Resilience and damping properties.

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ROLE OF MATERIAL (functional)

Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and coefficient
of expansion, short wave absorptivity and long
wave emissivity of surfaces.
Transmission loss and transmissibility and
sound absorption coefficient of elements
Fire resistance of elements.
Hydraulic diffusivity, permeability and vapour
transfer coefficients.
Reflectivity of surfaces.

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ROLE OF MATERIAL(Durability &

plastic state for mouldable
materials)
Resistance against changes with time,
physical or chemical degradation under
service and other exposure condition.
Rheological properties at fresh/plastic
state for mouldable material is important .

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THANK YOU
FOR HEARING

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