Example 3 - Solution

Step 3: Calculation of average shear stresses

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Example 4
A circular steel rod of length L and diameter d
hangs in a mine shaft and holds an ore bucket of
weight W at its lower end.
(a) Obtain a formula for the maximum stress in

the rod, taking into account the weight of the rod

itself.
(b) Calculate the maximum stress if L= 40 m, d=

8 mm, and W=1.5 kN.

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Example 4 - Solution
The maximum axial force Fmax in the rod occurs at the upper
end and is equal to the weight W of the ore bucket plus the
weight W0 of the rod itself.

The weight is equal to the weight density of the steel times the

volume V of the rod i.e.

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Example 4 - Solution
Therefore, the formula for the maximum stress is given by

To calculate the maximum stress, we substitute numerical

values into the preceding equation. The weight density of
steel is 77.0 kN/m3

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Example 5
A steel pipe of length L = 4.0 ft, outside diameter
d2= 6.0 in., and inside diameter d1 = 4.5 in. is

compressed by an axial force P =140 k. The

material has modulus of elasticity E = 30,000 ksi
and Poissons ratio = 0.30.
Determine the following quantities for the pipe: (a)
the shortening , (b) the lateral strain (c) the increase
in the outer diameter and the increase in the inner
diameter, and (d) the increase in the wall thickness.
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Example 5 - Solution
The cross-sectional area and longitudinal stress can be determined
as follows:

The axial strain may be found from Hookes law:

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Example 5 - Solution
The change in length of the pipe:

The lateral strain is obtained from Poissons ratio:

The increase in outer diameter equals the lateral strain times the
diameter:
Similarly, the increase in inner diameter is:

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Example 5 - Solution
The increase in wall thickness is given by:

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Example 6
A punch for making holes in steel plates
is shown in Figure. Assume that a
punch having diameter d = 20 mm is

used to punch a hole in an 8-mm plate.

If a force P =110 kN is required to
create the hole, what is the average
shear stress in the plate and the average
compressive stress in the punch?

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Example 6 - Solution
The average shear stress in the plate is

The average compressive stress in the punch is

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Example 7
A steel strut S serving as a
brace for a boat hoist transmits

a compressive force P = 12 k to
the deck of a pier (Fig. 1-30a).
The strut has a hollow square
cross section with wall
thickness t = 0.375 in., and the
angle u between the strut and
the horizontal is 40 .
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Example 7
A pin through the strut transmits the compressive force from

the strut to two gussets G that are welded to the base plate B.
Four anchor bolts fasten the base plate to the deck. The
diameter of the pin is 0.75 in., the thickness of the gussets is

0.625 in., the thickness of the base plate is 0.375 in., and the
diameter of the anchor bolts is 0.50 in. Determine the following
stresses:
(a) the bearing stress between the strut and the pin
(b) the shear stress in the pin.
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Example 7
(c) the bearing stress between the pin and the gussets
(d) the bearing stress between the anchor bolts and the base plate

(e) the shear stress in the anchor bolts.

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Example 7 - Solution
Bearing stress between strut and pin:
The total bearing area of the strut against the pin is equal to
twice the thickness of the strut (because bearing occurs at two
locations) times the diameter of the pin.

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Example 7 - Solution
Shear stress in pin
As the pin tends to shear on two planes, namely, the planes

between the strut and the gussets. Therefore, the average shear
stress in the pin (which is in double shear) is equal to the total
load applied to the pin divided by twice its cross-sectional area:

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Example 7 - Solution
Bearing stress between pin and gussets.

The pin bears against the gussets at two locations, so the bearing
area is twice the thickness of the gussets times the pin diameter;
thus:

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Example 7 - Solution
Bearing stress between anchor bolts and base plate.
The vertical component of the force P is transmitted to the pier
by direct bearing between the base plate and the pier. The

horizontal component, however, is transmitted through the

anchor bolts. The average bearing stress between the base plate
and the anchor bolts is equal to the horizontal component of the
force P divided by the bearing area of four bolts.

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Example 7 - Solution
Shear stress in anchor bolts.
The average shear stress in the anchor bolts is equal to the
horizontal component of the force P divided by the total crosssectional area of four bolts (note that each bolt is in single shear).
Therefore,

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Example 8
A bearing pad of the kind used to support machines and

bridge girders consists of a linearly elastic material capped by

a steel plate. Obtain formulas for the average shear stress in
the elastomer and the horizontal displacement d of the plate.

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Example 8 - Solution
Then the shear stress on any horizontal plane through the
elastomer equals the shear force V divided by the area ab of
the plane

The corresponding shear strain

The horizontal displacement d is

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Example 8 - Solution
The horizontal displacement d is

Since angle is very small tan , therefore

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Case Study 1 Spaghetti bridge

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Case Study 1 Spaghetti bridge

Dimensions:
Construct a spaghetti bridge having a span length of 24 inch and
width of 12 inch with a overhanging helipad for emergency
services.

Purpose:
This is an intercity bridge constructed over a river and since its

located in a remote area therefore for emergency services.

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Case Study 1 Spaghetti bridge

Submission:

Physical model : spaghetti, thread and UHU

Report : Maximum 10 page report
Testing:

Model will be tested for :

overturning i.e. when only helipad is loaded
How much maximum load it will bear when load is applied at
the centre of bridge
Lightest model if its able to carry more than 5kg load will get
bonus marks.
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