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Fender size selection for STS operation has been traditionally left to the mooring masters who rely on their experience and
available industry guidelines to decide on what fenders to use for a particular operation. Ship-To-Ship Transfer Guides for
Petroleum and Liquefied Gas from OCIMF and PIANC are good references for choosing fenders for STS operations. They both
provide a quick reference guide to fender selection based on traditional STS and calm sea condition. This paper proposes a more
detailed fender selection concept that covers not only traditional STS operation but also reverse lightering and full-covered
lightering under three different sea conditions; calm, moderate, and rough.
SHIP-TO-SHIP TRANSFER OPERATIONS
1
E = W AB V 2 Ce SF (1)
2
WAB =
WVA WVB
WVA + WVB
WVA = W A C mA
Ce =
1
l
1+
r
( 2)
( 4)
(6 )
2d
B
(3)
WVB = WB C mB
(5 )
Cm = 1+
Ref: SF06070
Ship B (WB)
Ship A (WA)
{M
12
j =1
+ mij ( )} &x& j (t ) +
12
ij
j =1
12
12
+ Cij x j (t ) + Gi = Fi (t ), (i = 1,2,......,12 )
j =1
(7 )
j =1
Ref: SF06070
Berthing Energy;
C=
1
E = WVAB V 2 Ce SF
2
2 W A WB
W A + WB
WVAB =
WVA WVB
WVA + WVB
WVA = W A C mA , WVB = WB C mB
No
Max. Fender Energy Ef > Berthing Energy; E
Yes
Fender to be upgraded
Ship-B
Ordinary Lightering
Reverse Lightering
Full Covered
C =
(8)
2,3
PETROLEUM
Equivalent
Displacement
Coefficient (C)
Relative
Velocity
Berthing
Energy
Tonnes
m/s
Tonnes.m
1,000
0.30
2.4
1.0 x 2.0
3,000
0.30
7.0
1.5 x 3.0
"
6,000
0.30
14.0
2.5 x 5.5
"
Suggested Fenders
Diameter x
Length (m)
Quantity
3 or more
10,000
0.25
17.0
2.5 x 5.5
"
30,000
0.25
40.0
3.3 x 6.5
4 or more
50,000
0.20
48.0
3.3 x 6.5
"
100,000
0.15
54.0
3.3 x 6.5
"
150,000
0.15
71.0
3.3 x 6.5
5 or more
200,000
0.15
93.0
3.3 x 6.5
"
330,000
0.15
155.0
4.5 x 9.0
4 or more
500,000
0.15
231.0
4.5 x 9.0
"
LIQUIFIED GAS
Equivalent
Displacement
Coefficient (C)
Relative
Velocity
Berthing
Energy
Tonnes
m/s
Tonnes.m
1,000
0.30
1.0 x 2.0
3,000
0.30
12
1.5 x 3.0
5,000
0.30
24
2.0 x 3.5
8,000
0.25
25
2.0 x 3.5
20,000
0.25
61
3.3 x 4.5
40,000
0.20
74
3.3 x 4.5
80,000
0.15
78
3.3 x 4.5
Suggested Fenders
Diameter x
Length (m)
Quantity
Notes:
a. If C falls between two coefficients, fender size shall be selected based on the smaller of
the two coefficients.
Ref: SF06070
Ship-A
Discharging
Ship-A
Discharging
Oil
Ship-B
Receiving
Oil
Ballasted
Full-Loaded
Full-Loaded
Reverse Lightering:
Ship-B
Receiving/
Discharging
Cargo or
Personnel
Ship-B
Discharging
Ship-A
Receiving
Ship-B
Discharging
Full-Loaded
Oil
1/2 Loaded
Oil
Full-Loaded
Almost Full
Full-Loaded
Full-Loaded
CALM
MODERATE
0-3
0 1.25
1.25 - 2.5
2.5 - 4.0
0.30 m/s
0.40 m/s
0.50 m/s
Sea State:
Option
Increase Diameter
Increase Pressure
Reaction Gradient
Effectiveness
Best Option
Acceptable
Not Recommendable
10,000 50,000
0.25 m/s
0.325 m/s
0.40 m/s
0.20 m/s
0.25 m/s
0.30 m/s
7000
Over 100,000
0.15 m/s
0.20 m/s
0.25 m/s
6000
0.6
Calm
Moderate
0.5
V(m/s)
DWT
ROUGH
Rough
0.4
0.3
5000
3.3 x 6.5-P50
3.3 x 6.5-P80
3.3x10.6-P50
4.5 x 9.0-P50
4.59.0-P50
4000
3.310.6-P50
3000
3.36.5-P80
2000
3.36.5-P50
1000
0.2
0.1
0
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
Increase Length
0
-
50,000
0.5
1.5
2.5
Displacement(m)
(DWT)
SIZE UP CONSIDERATION
Ref: SF06070
Ref: SF06070
REFERENCES
The fender selection tables for STS transfer for crude oil and
petroleum products for calm, moderate, and rough weather
conditions are shown in Fig. 9. Similar tables are available
for STS transfer operation for liquefied gas in The Yokohama
Rubbers fender catalogue. Berthing energy for a specific
STS operation can be checked by looking up the
displacement of Ship A and Ship B and determining the cell
common to both displacements. The color of each cell
represents the range of equivalent displacement coefficients
it falls into and the top and bottom values inside each cell
correspond to the energy and C value respectively. The red
lines indicate the limit for the different recommended fender
systems. From the tables, it can be observed that different
fender system may be required for the same C value when
considering STS operations in calm, moderate, and rough
weather conditions. Intuitively, rough weather condition
generates the highest berthing energy values and requires
the largest size fenders.
1.
CONCLUSION
Primary considerations for selecting fenders for STS transfer
operations; standoff distance, energy absorption, vessel
operation, and weather conditions are all included in the
proposed fender selection method. It is hoped that the new
fender selection tables and additional coverage for different
types of STS operations under a wider range of weather
conditions will be useful to the industry and help engineers,
operators and mooring masters in their task of selecting the
proper fender system for a particular operation. For further
information about this paper and fender selection issues,
please contact the authors.
6