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FUNCIONES PERIODICAS.
Una funcinf(t) es peridica con periodo T0, cuando
f ( t +T ) =f (t ) (1.1)
es una identidad en t, o simplemente que la ecuacin (1.1) se satisface para
toda t en el dominio de definicin de f.
El periodo ms pequeo se llama PERIODO PRIMITIVO O FUNDAMENTAL.
f ( t +T ) =f ( t )
f ( t +2T )=f ( t +T +T ) =f ( t + T ) =f ( t )
f ( t +3 T )=f ( t+2 T + T ) =f ( t+ 2T )=f ( t )
En general,
f ( t nT )=f ( tT +T )=f (t )
f ( t 2 T ) =f ( t 2 T +T )=f ( tT )=f ( t )
En general,
t> 0
y n es un entero cualquiera.
Con otras palabras, para determinar todos los valores de f, slo necesitamos
conocer sus valores sobre el intervalo
0 t <T .
f ( t +2 )=f ( t ) .
. En consecuencia,
sen (t +n 2 )=sent
c os ( t+ n2 )=cost
Una constante tiene a cualquier nmero positivo como periodo. Se la considera
como peridica con un periodo arbitrario, pero no con periodo fundamental.
SIMETRIA DE FORMAS DE ONDA.
Los dos tipos de simetra que se reconocen con mayor facilidad son la simetra
de funciones pares y la simetra de funciones impares, simplemente, simetra
par y simetra impar.
para toda t.
a
Cumple la integral:
f ( t ) dt=2 f ( t ) dt
a
Ejemplos: La funcin
f ( t )=t 2
(t )2=t 2
Por lo tanto se cumple la condicin f(-t) = f(t), por lo tanto es una funcin par,
3
3
t2 dt=2 t2 dt= 13 ( t 3 )3= 23 ( t 3 )0 13 ( (3 )3(3 )3 )= 23 ( ( 3 )3( 0 )3 ) = 54
3
3
0
f ( x )=x 2
es simtrica al eje y.
para toda t.
a
Cumple la integral:
f ( t ) dt=0
a
Ejemplos: La funcin
f ( t )=t
(t )1=t
Por lo tanto se cumple la condicin f(-t) =- f(t), por lo tanto es una funcin
impar,
f ( x )=x 3
es simtrica al origen.
Cumple la integral:
f ( t ) dt=0
a
f ( t )=t +t 2
(t )1 + (t )2=t+ t 2
tdt+ t
3
dt=2
tdt + t 2 dt
0
1 3 1 3
1 3 1 3
( t 2 )3+ ( t 3 )3=2 ( t 2 )0 + ( t 3 )0
2
3
2
3
1
( ( 3 )2(3 )2 ) + 1 ( ( 3 )3(3 )3 )=2 1 ( ( 3 )2( 0 )2 ) + 1 ( ( 3 )3( 0 )3 )
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
9 27
( 99 ) + ( 27+27 )=2 ( 9 ) + (27) ( 0 ) + ( 54 ) =2 +
2
3
2
3
2
3
2 3
54
81
54 81
=2
3
6
3
3
( )
4)
f ( t )=cost
a)
f (t ) =cos (t )
Como:
cos (t ) =cost
f (t )=cost f (t )=f (t )
Por lo tanto
f ( t )=cost
b)
Se cumple la integral.
c) Grfica:
5)
f ( t )=sent
a)
f (t ) =sen (t )
Como:
sen (t )=sent
f (t )=sent f (t )=f ( t)
f ( t )=sent
Por lo tanto
b)
Se cumple la integral.
c) Grfica:
1)
f ( x )=2 x +3 x
2)
f ( x )=x 3x 5
3)
f ( x )=x +2 x
4)
f ( x )=4 x6
5)
f ( x )=3 x3 + 4
Entre las propiedades de las funciones pares e impares podemos mencionar las
siguientes:
1) El producto de dos funciones pares es una funcin par.
2) El producto de dos funciones impares es una funcin par.
3) El producto de una funcin par por una funcin impar es una funcin
impar.
4) Si f(t) es una funcin par, entonces:
a
f ( t ) dt=2 f ( t ) dt
a
f ( t ) dt=0
a
Funcin sinusoidal.
Es de la forma:
f ( t )= Asenwt
Donde A y w son constantes.
Para A = 1 y w = 1, da la ms sencilla:
f ( t )=sent
De la cual deriva el nombre genrico de sinusoidal.
Su periodo es
2
w
sino
T=
2
w
2 ,
hay w ondas y se
1=sen
3
2
1=sen
, la
f ( t +T ) =f ( t )
Con
T=
2
w . En efecto:
2
=Asen ( wt +2 ) =A ( senwtcos 2 + sen 2 coswt )
w
Asenw (t +T )= Asenwt
Ya que
cos 2 =1
sen 2 =0
FUNCIONES ORTOGONALES.
Un conjunto de funciones
dos funciones cualesquiera
cumple que:
b
m ( t ) n ( t ) dt
a
n
{00sisimm=n
k (t)
es ortogonal en un intervalo
m ( t ) y n (t)
at b
pertenecientes al conjunto
si para
k (t)
se
cosnxdx=0
para n 0
Demostracin:
1
cosnxdx= sennx
n
1
1
= senn senn ( )
n
n
1
1
2
2
senn + senn= sen n= ( 0 )=0
n
n
n
n
Ya que
senn = 0 si n es impar
0 si n es par
cosnxdx=0 para n 0
sennxdx=0
Demostracin:
1
sennxdx= cosnx
n
1
1
cosn + cosn ( )
n
n
1
1
1 1
cos n + cos n =
+ =0
n
n
n n
Ya que
cosmnxcosnxdx= 0
Demostracin:
Usando la identidad trigonomtrica:
cosacosb=
1
[ cos ( a+b ) +cos (ab)]
2
Tenemos, haciendo
cosmxcosnx=
a=mx
b=nx
1
[ cos ( mx+nx ) +cos ( mxnx ) ]
2
1
[ cos ( m+ n ) x +cos ( mn ) x ]
2
Luego,
cosmxcosnxdx=
1
[ cos ( m+n ) x +cos ( mn ) x ] dx
2
1
1
1
sen ( m+n ) x +
sen ( mn ) x
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
1
1
1
sen ( m+n ) +
sen ( mn )( )
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
1
1
1
sen ( m+n )
sen ( mn ) =0
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
1
1
1
( 0 )
( 0 ) =0
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
Ya que
1
cos 2 a= ( 1+ cos 2 a )
2
y haciendo m = n 0 , obtenemos:
cosnxcosnxdx= cos 2 nx dx
1
( 1+ cos 2 nx ) dx= 12 x + 21n sen 2nx
2
[(
)(
[(
)(
1
1
1
+
sen 2 n ( ) +
sen 2 n ( )
2
2n
2n
1
1
1
+
sen 2 n ( ) + +
sen 2 n ( )
2
2n
2n
][
1
1
sen 2 n = + ( 0 ) =
2n
2n
Puesto que:
senn = 0 si n es impar
0 si n es par
cosmxcosnxdx= 0 si m n
sim=n
)]
)]
senmtsenntdt
senasenb=
1
[ cos ( ab )cos ( a+b ) ]
2
a=mx
Tenemos, haciendo
senmxsennx =
b=nx
1
[ cos ( mxnx )cos ( mx+ nx ) ]
2
1
[ cos ( mn ) xcos ( m+n ) ]
2
Luego:
1
1
1
sen ( mn ) x
sen ( m+n ) x
2 ( mn )
( m+ n ) x
1
1
1
sen ( mn )
sen ( m+n ) ( )
2 ( mn )
( m+n )
1
1
1
sen ( mn )( )+
sen ( m+ n )( )
2 ( mn )
( m+ n )
1
1
1
( 0 )+
( 0 ) = [ 00 ]=0
2 ( mn )
( m+n )
Puesto que:
1
sen 2 a= ( 1cos 2a )
2
haciendo
m=n 0 , obtenemos:
] [
1
1
1
1
sen 2n
sen 2 n() =
2
2n
2
2m
senmxsennx dx= 0 si m n
sim=n
senmxcosnx dx=0
senacosb=
1
[ sen ( a+ b ) +sen ( ab ) ]
2
Tenemos que:
senmxcosnx =
a=mxb=nx
1
[ sen ( mx+ nx )+ sen ( mxnx ) ]
2
1
[ sen ( m+n ) x+ sen ( mn ) x ]
2
Luego:
senmxcosnxdx=
1
[ sen ( m+ n ) x+ sen ( mn ) x ] dx
2
1 1
1
cos ( m+n ) x
cos ( mn ) x
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
1 1
1
cos ( m+n )
cos ( mn )
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
1
1
cos ( m +n ) ( )
cos ( mn ) ()
( m+n )
( mn )
1
1 1
1
cos ( m+n ) ( )+
cos ( mn ) ( )
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
1
1
1
cos ( m+ n ) ( ) +
cos ( mn )( ) =0
2 ( m+n )
( mn )
, obtenemos:
1 1
cos 2nx
2 2n
] [
=
1 1
1
cos 2 n ( ) cos 2 n ( )
2 2n
2n
1 1
1
1
cos 2n + cos 2n = [ 0 ] =0
2 2n
2n
2
senmxcosnx dx=0
Para todo m y n
a0
f ( x )= + ( a n cosnx + bn sennx )
2 n=1
Sea la funcin f(x) una funcin peridica de periodo T, la cual se puede
representar por la serie trigonomtrica:
f ( x )=
a0
+a cosnx +a2 cos 2 nx + b1 sennx +b 2 sen 2 nx+
2 1
f ( t )=
a0 ,
an
bn
de la serie de Fourier:
a0
+a1 cosnx +a2 cos 2 nx+ +b 1 sennx+ b2 sen 2 nx
2
Evaluacin de
a0 .
f ( x ) dx=
f ( x ) dx=
a0
dx
+a
cosnxdx+a
cos
2
nxdx
++
b
sennxdx+b
1
2
1
2 sen 2nxdx
2
a0
a
a
a
dx= 0 [ x ] = 0 [ ( ) ] = 0 ( 2 ) =a0
2
2
2
2
a0 =
1
f ( x ) dx
Evaluacin de
an
w 0 tdt
e integrando de t = - a t = ,
se obtiene:
Todos los integrales del segundo miembro son todas cero excepto la que
involucra
cos 2 nx
f ( x ) cosnxdx=an ( )
1
an = f ( x ) cosnxdx
bn .
sennxdx
a0
f ( x ) sennxdx= 2 sennxdx +a 1 cosnxsennxdx+ a2 cos 2 nxsennxdx+
Todas las integrales del segundo miembro de la expresin son todos cero, excepto la
que involucra
sen nx
f ( x ) sennxdx=b n ( )
bn =
1
f ( x ) sennxdx
a0 , an , y b n
a0 , an , b n correspondientes de acuerdo a
la naturaleza de la funcin.
2) Para los coeficientes
an y bn
a0 , an , b n
en la serie
trigonomtrica:
a0
f ( x )= + ( a n cosnx + bn sennx )
2 n=1
Obteniendo la serie de Fourier para la f(x) evaluada.
4) Se sustituyen valores de n en la serie de Fourier para obtener una serie
numrica desarrollada de Fourier.
Ejemplos:
Desarrollar la serie de Fourier para cada uno de los ejemplos indicados.
1)
f ( x )=x
en un intervalo de
a0
a0 =
1
f ( x ) dx
[ ]
1 x2
xdx=
2
1 [ 2 ]
1 2 ( )2
x =
[ ]=0
2
2
1
1
a 0= f ( x ) dx =
b) Clculo de
an
1
an = f ( x ) cosnxdx
u=x
1
1
an = f ( x ) cosnxdx = xcosnxdx
du=dx
1 xsennx 1
sennxdx
n
n
dv=cosnxdx
sennx
v=
n
1 xsennx 1
+ 2 cosnx
n
n
[[
][
senn ( ) 1
senn 1
+ 2 cosn
+ 2 cosn ( )
n
n
n
n
]]
]]
][
senn ( ) 1
senn 1
1
+ 2 cosn
+ 2 cosn ( ) = ( 0 )=0
n
n
n
n
c) Clculo de
bn
bn =
1
f ( x ) sennxdx
u=x dv=sennxdx
1
1
bn = f ( x ) sennxdx= xsennxdx
cosnx
du=dx v =
n
1 xcosnx 1
+ cosnxdx
n
n
[[
[[
1 xcosnx 1
=
+ 2 sennx
][
]]
][
]] [
cosn ( ) 1
cosn 1
+ 2 senn
+ 2 senn ( )
n
n
n
n
cosn ( ) 1
cosn 1
2 cosn 2
+ 2 senn
+ 2 senn ( ) =
=
[ cosn ]
n
n
n
n
n
n
a0 =0 an=0 bn=
2
cosn
n
n 1
an
bn
bn
{ }
n=impar
n=1 cos =1
n=3 cos 3 =1
2 n=5 cos 5 =1
n
bn =
=(1 )
n
n= par
n=2 cos 2 =1
n=4 cos 4 =1
n=6 cos 6 =1
bn =
2
bn = (1 )n+1
n
2
(1 )n
n
a0
f ( x )= + ( a n cosnx + bn sennx )
2 n=1
Como no existen valores de
siguiente manera:
f ( x )= b n sennx
n=1
a0
an
Quedando:
0
2
n+1
f ( x )= + 0 cosnx + (1 ) sennx
2 n=1
n
f ( x )=
n=1
2
n+ 1
(1 ) sennx
n
(1 )n +1
f ( x)=2
sennx
n
n=1
f ( x )=2
(1 )1+ 1
(1 )2 +1
(1 )3+1
(1 )4+1
(1 )5+1
senx+
sen 2 x+
sen 3 x+
sen 4 x+
sen 5 x +
1
2
3
4
5
f ( x )=2
1
1
1
1
1
1
senx sen 2 x+ sen 3 x sen 4 x + sen 5 x sen 6 x
1
2
3
4
5
64
f ( x )=
2
sennx
n
2)
f ( x )=x 2
en un intervalo de
a0 =
1
f ( x ) dx
a0
[ ]
1 x
x dx=
3
2
1 [ 3 ]
1 3 ( )3
1 ( 3) 2 2
x =
[
] =
2 =
3
3
3
3
1
1
a 0= f ( x ) dx=
b) Clculo de
an
an =
1
f ( x ) cosnxdx
u=x
1
1
2
an = f ( x ) cosnxdx = x cosnxdx
du=2 xdx
1 x 2 sennx 2
xsennxdx
n
n
u=x
dv =sennxdx
cosnx
du=dx v=
n
1 x sennx 2 xcosnx 1
+ cosnxdx
n
n
n
n
1 x 2 sennx 2
2
+ 2 xcosnx 2 cosnxdx
n
n
n
1 x 2 sennx 2
2
+ 2 xcosnx 2 cosnxdx
n
n
n
dv=cosnxdx
sennx
v=
n
1 x 2 sennx 2
2
+ 2 xcosnx 3 sennx
n
n
n
]]
][
2
( ) senn ( ) 2
senn 2
2
2
+ 2 cosn 3 senn
+ 2 ( ) cosn ( ) 2 senn ( )
n
n
n
n
n
n
[
[
][
( ) senn ( ) 2
2 senn 2
2
2
+ 2 cosn 3 senn
+ 2 ( ) cosn ( ) 3 senn ( )
n
n
n
n
n
n
1 senn 2
2
senn 2
2
+ 2 cosn 3 senn +
+ 2 cosn 3 senn
n
n
n
n
n
n
an =
1 2
2
cosn = 2 cosn
2
n
n
c) Clculo de
bn
bn =
1
f ( x ) sennxdx
u=x
dv=sennxdx
1
1
2
bn = f ( x ) sennxdx= x sennxdx
cosnx
du=2 xdx v=
n
]]
1 x 2 cosnx 2
+ xcosnxdx
n
n
dv =cosnxdx
sennx
v=
du=dx
n
u=x
]]
1 x cosnx 2 xsennx 1
+
sennxdx
n
n
n
n
1 x 2 cosnx 2 xsennx 2
+
+ 3 cosnx
n
n2
n
]]
1 x cosnx 2 xsennx 1
=
+
+ 2 cosnx
n
n
n
n
]]
1 x 2 cosnx 2 xsennx 2
+
+ 3 cosnx
n
n2
n
][
( ) cosnx 2 ( ) senn ( ) 2
2 cosn 2 senn 2
+
+ 3 cosn
+
+ 3 cosn ( )
2
n
n
n
n
n2
n
bn =
]]
1 cosn 2 senn 2
cosn 2 senn 2
+
+ 3 cosn
3 cosn =0
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
2
2
a0 = 2 a n= 2 cosn b n=0
3
n
n 1
a0
an
tomando los nmeros impares y pares por separado, para este caso
es constante y
bn
es cero.
{ }
n=impar
n=1 cos =1
n=3 c os 3 =1
2 n=5 cos 5 =1
n
an = 2
=(1 )
n=par
n
n=2 cos 2 =1
n=4 cos 4 =1
n=6 cos 6 =1
2
a0 = 2
3
an =
2
(1 )n
2
n
f ( x )=
a0
+ ( a cosnx + bn sennx )
2 n=1 n
bn
manera:
a0
f ( x )= + a n cosnx
2 n=1
Quedando:
2 2
3
2
f ( x )=
+ 2 (1 )n cosnx
2 n=1 n
f ( x )=x
en un intervalo de
( )
cosnx
1 2
f ( x )= +2
3
n=1
(1 )1
(1 )2
(1 )3
(1 ) 4
(1 )5
1 2
f ( x )= +2
senx+ 2 sen 2 x + 2 sen 3 x + 2 sen 4 x + 2 sen 5 x+
3
12
2
3
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
f ( x )= 2 +2 senx + sen 2 x sen 3 x+ sen 4 x sen 5 x
3
4
9
16
25
1
2
f ( x )= 2 sennx
3
n
3)
f ( x )=xx 2
a) Clculo de
en un intervalo de
a0
a0 =
1
f ( x ) dx
[ ]
2
( xx 2 ) dx= 1 xdx 1 x2 dx= 1 x
[ ]
1 x
2
3
a0 =
1
f ( x ) dx= 1
1 2
[ x ] 1 [ x 3 ] = 1 [ 2( )2 ] 1 [ 3( )3 ]= 1 ( 2 3 ) =2 2
2
3
2
3
3
3
b) Clculo de
an
1
an = f ( x ) cosnxdx
1
1
1
1
an = f ( x ) cosnxdx = ( xx 2) cosnxdx = xcosnxdx x 2 cosnxdx
dv =cosnxdx u=x 2
dv=cosnxdx
sennx
sennx
du=dx
v=
du=2 xdx
v=
n
n
u=x
1 xsennx 1
sennxdx
n
n
1 x sennx 2
xsennxdx
n
n
u=x
dv =sennxdx
cosnx
du=dx v=
n
1 xsennx 1
+ 2 cosnx
n
n
1 xsennx 1
+ 2 cosnx
n
n
1 xsennx 1
+ 2 cosnx
n
n
] [
1 x 2 sennx 2 xcosnx 1
+ cosnxdx
n
n
n
n
] [
1 x 2 sennx 2
2
+ 2 xcosnx 2 cosnxdx
n
n
n
] [
1 x 2 sennx 2
2
+ 2 xcos nx 3 sennx
n
n
n
]]
1 xsennx 1
x 2 sennx 2
2
+ 2 cosnx
2 xcosnx + 3 sennx
n
n
n
n
n
( )2 senn 2
( ) sen ( ) 1
senn 1
2
+ 2 cosn
2 cosn + 3 sen
2 cosn ( )
1
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
( ) sen ( ) 2
2
+ 2 ( ) cosn ( ) 3 sen ( )
n
n
n
an =
1 4
4
cosn = 2 cosn
2
n
n
an =
4
(1 )n +1
2
n
c) Clculo de
bn
1
bn = f ( x ) sennxdx
1
1
1
1
bn = f ( x ) sennxdx= ( xx 2 ) sennxdx= xsennxdx x 2 sennxdx
u=x
dv =sennxdx u=x
cosnx
du=dx v=
du=2 xdx
n
dv=sennxdx
cosnx
v=
n
1 xcosnx 1
x 2 cosnx 2
+ cosnxdx
+ xcosnxdx
n
n
n
n
]]
u=x
dv =cosnxdx
sennx
du=dx
v=
n
1 xcosnx 1
x cosnx 2 xsennx 1
+ cosnxdx
+
sennxdx
n
n
n
n
n
n
1 xcosnx 1
x cosnx 2 xsennx 1
+ 2 sennx+
+ 2 cosnx
n
n
n
n
n
n
+ 2 +
2
3
n
n
n
n
n
[[
[[
]]
]]]
2
2
3
n
n
n
n
n
2
2
2
3
n
n
n
n
n
][
2 +
n
n
n
n
n
n2
n3
n
n2
n3
bn =
1 2 cosn 2
=
cosn
n
n
2
n+1
bn = (1 )
n
a0
f ( x )= + ( a n cosnx + bn sennx )
2 n=1
Quedando:
2 2
3
4
2
n+1
n+1
f ( x )=
+ 2 (1 ) cosnx + (1 ) sennx
2
n
n=1 n
n+1
(1 )
2
f ( x )=
+4
3
n2
n=1
(1 )n +1
cosnx +2
sennx
n
n=1
f ( x )=
1+1
(1 )
2
+4
2
3
1
cosx +
(1 )2+1
(1 )3+1
(1 )4+1
(1 )5 +1
cos
2
x
+
cos
3
x
+
cos
4
x
+
cos 5 x+
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
(1 )1+1
(1 )2+1
(1 )3 +1
(1 )4 +1
(1 )5 +1
+2
senx+
sen 2 x+
sen 3 x +
sen 4 x +
sen 5 x +
1
2
3
4
5
f ( x )=
] [
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ 4 cosx cos 2 x + cos 3 x cos 4 x+ cos 5 x + +2 senx sen 2 x+ sen 3 x n 4 x+
3
4
9
16
25
2
3
4
5
f ( x )=
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
+ 4 cosx cos 2 x + cos 3 x cos 4 x + cos 5 x+ +2 senx sen 2 x+ sen 3 x n 4 x + s
3
4
9
16
25
2
3
4
5
2 4
2
(
)
f x = 2 cosnx senx
3 n
n
4)
f ( x )= 2 x 1 x< 0
x
0 x<
a) Clculo de
a0
1
a0 = f ( x ) dx
1
a0 =
1 20
[ x ] 1 [ x ]0 + 1 [ x 2 ]0 = 1 [ 02 ( )2 ] 1 [ 0( ) ] + 1 [ 202 ]
a0 =
1 2
1
1 2 2 1
0 ( )2 ] [ 0( ) ] +
[ 0 ] = [ 2 ] + =1+ = 1
[
2
2
2
b) Clculo de
an
an =
1
f ( x ) cosnxdx
a0 =
1
1
2
1
( 2 x1 ) cosnxdx + xcosnxdx= xcosnxdx cosnnxdx + xcosnxdx
0
0
2 xsennx cosnx
n
n
] [ ] [
1 sennx
1 xsennx cosnx
+
2
n
n
] (
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
] [
2 1 cosn 1 cosn 1
2 2 cosn cosn 1
1
+ 2 +
+ 2 = 2 + 2
2 + 2 = 2 [ cosn 1 ]
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n n
Evaluando la funcin
cosn
(1 )n
se obtiene
queda:
an =
1
1
[ cosn 1 ] = 2 [ (1 )n 1 ]
2
n
n
bn
a) Clculo de
bn =
1
f ( x ) sennxdx
bn =
u=x
dv =sennxdx
cosnx
du=dx v=
n
1
( 2 x1 ) sennxdx + 1 xsennxdx= 2 xsennxdx 1 sennnxdx + 1 xsennxdx
0
2 xcosnx sennx
+ 2
n
n
] [ ] [
+
1 cosnx
1 xcosnx sennx
+ 2
n
n
] (
+
+
+
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
bn =
) (
=
cosn cosn +
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n=impar
3
1
1 3
1
1 3 1 1 3 2
n=1 cos cos + =
(1 ) (1 ) + = + + = +
n
n
n
n
n
n n n n n n
3
1
1 3
1
1 3 1
1 3 2
n=3 cos 3 cos 3 + =
(1 ) (1 ) + = + + = +
n
n
n
n
n
n n n n n n
3
1
1 3
1
1 3 1
1 3 2
n=5 cos 5 cos 5 + =
(1 ) (1 ) + = + + = +
n
n
n
n
n
n n n n n n
bn
n= par
3
1
1 3
1
1 3 1
1 3
n=2 cos 2 cos 2 + =
( 1 ) ( 1 )+ = + =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n n
n
3
1
1 3
1
1 3 1 1 3
n=4 cos 4 cos 4 + =
( 1 ) ( 1 ) + = + =
n
n
n
n
n
n n n n n
3
1
1 3
1
1 3 1 1 3
( 1 ) ( 1 ) + = + =
n=6 cos 6 cos 6 + =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n n n
bn =
3
1
1
(1 )n (1 )n +
n
n
n
f ( x )=
a0
+ ( a cosnx + bn sennx )
2 n=1 n
Quedando:
1
2
1
3
1
1
f ( x )=
+ 2 (1 )n1 cosnx +
(1 )n (1 )n +
sennx
2
n
n
n
n
n=1
[(
1
f ( x )=
+
4
2 n=1
f ( x )=
(( )
(( )
3
1
(( )
1
3
1
1
(1 ) 1 cosx+ (
(1 ) (1 ) + ) senx
+
(2
)
4
( (1) ) 1
(1 )21 cos 2 x +
(32 (1 ) 21 (1 ) + 21 ) sen 2 x
(1 )3 1 cos 3 x+
( 34 (1) 41 (1 ) + 41 ) sen 4 x
(1 )4 1 cos 4 x +
1
3
1
1
(1 )5 1 cos 5 x+
(1 )5 (1 )5+
sen 5 x
2
5
5
5
(5)
1
3
1
1
(1 )61 cos 6 x +
(1 )6
(1 )6+
sen 6 x .
2
6
6
6
(6 )
f ( x )=
1
1 1
1
3 1
1
+
1 ) cosx+(3+ + ) senx+ (
1 ) cos 2 x + (
+
sen 2 x
(2
4 ) (
4
2 2 2 )
3 1
1
1
3 1
1
1 ) cos 3 x +( +
+ ) sen 3 x +(
1 )cos 4 x +(
+
sen 4 x
( 1
9
3 3 3
16
4 4 4)
f ( x )=
1
2
1
3
+ ( 1 ) cosx+(3+ ) senx+ (
1 ) cos 2 x sen 2 x
(2
)
4
4
2
3 2
1
3
1 ) cos 3 x +( + ) sen 3 x + (
1 ) cos 4 x sen 4 x
( 1
9
3 3
16
4
1)
f ( x )=x
2)
f ( x )=2 x 4 +3
3)
f ( x )= + x si < x <0
x
0< x <
4)
5)
6)
{
f ( x )={0
x
si
si
si < x< 0
0< x<
si < x<
2
2
f ( x )=
3
1 si 0< x <
2
2
2
si < x <0
f ( x )= x
1x
0< x <
2
2
a0 = f ( x ) dx an= f ( x ) cosnxdx bn=0
0
0
a0 =0 an=0 bn=
2
f ( x ) sennxdx
0
a0 =
1
1
1
f ( x ) dx an= f ( x ) cosnxdx bn = f ( x ) sennxdx
f ( x )= x x <0
+ x 0 x
Grfica
f(x)
2
2
a0 = f ( x ) dx an= f ( x ) cosnxdx bn=0
0
0
Clculo de
a0
2 2
dx + xdx=2 [ x ] 0 +
[ x ]0
0
2
( + x ) dx=
0
2 [ 0 ] +
1 2 2
[ 0 ]=2 0+ =3
Clculo de
an
2
2
( + x ) cosnxdx
cosnxdx + xcosnxdx=
0
0
2
[ sennx ]0 + 2 xsennx + cosnx
n
n
n2
2 [ senn senn ( 0 ) ]+
bn =
2 cosn 1
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n2
{ }
n=impar
cos 1 1 1 2
n=1 2 2 = 2 2 = 2
n
n
n
n
n
cos 3 1 1 1 2
n=3
2= 2 2= 2
n2
n
n
n
n
cos 5 1 1 1 2
n=5
2= 2 2= 2
n
2
2
n
n
n
n
n = (1 ) 1
an =
n= par
n2
cos 2 1 1 1
n=2
2 = 2 2 =0
n2
n n n
cos 4 1 1 1
n=4
2 = 2 2 =0
n2
n n n
cos 1 1 1
n=6 2 2 = 2 2 =0
n
n n n
f ( x )=
a0
+ a cosnx
2 n=1 n
f ( x )=
(1 )n1
3 2
+
cosnx
2 n=1
n2
(1 )11
(1 )21
(1 )31
(1 )41
cosx+
cos
2
x
+
cos
3
x+
cos 4 x
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
4
f ( x )= +
2
+ (1 )51
(1 )6 1
cos
5
x
+
cos 6 x +
52
62
3
2 11
11
11
11
11
11
f ( x )= +
cosx+
cos 2 x +
cos 3 x+
cos 4 x +
cos 5 x +
cos 6 x +
2
1
4
9
16
25
36
3
2 2
0
2
0
2
0
f ( x )= +
cosx+ cos 2 x cos 3 x+ cos 4 x
cos 5 x + cos 6 x+
2
1
4
9
16
25
36
3
2 2
2
2
f ( x )= +
cosx cos 3 x cos 5 x
2
1
9
25
3
4
4
4
f ( x )= cosx
cos 3 x
cos 5 x
2
9
25
f(t)
-v
De la grfica:
f ( t )= v , <t <0 T =2
v , 0<t<
2
a0 =0 an=0 bn= f ( t ) senntdt
0
Clculo de
bn
2
2 v
vsenntdt =
[ cosnt ] 0 = 2 v [ cosn cosn ( 0 ) ] =2 v [ cosn 1 ]
0
n
n
n
bn =
2v
[ 1cosn ] = 2 v [ 1(1 )n ]= 4 v
n
n
( 2n1 )
f ( t )= b n sennt
n=1
f ( t )=
1(1 )
2v
sennt
n=1
n
o
Tomando en cuenta que slo se van a reflejar los impares, puede quedar:
f ( t )=
4v
1
sen ( 2 n1 ) t
n=1 2 n1
f ( t )=
1
1(1 )2
1 (1 )3
1(1 )4
1 (1 )5
1 (1 )6
2 v 1(1 )
sent +
sen 2 t +
cos 3 t +
cos 4 t+
cos 5 t +
cos 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
f ( t )=
2 v 1+1
11
1+1
11
1+1
11
sent +
sen 2 t+
cos 3 t+
cos 4 t+
cos 5 t +
cos 6 t +
1
2
3
4
5
6
f ( t )=
2v 2
2
2
sent+ cos 3 t+ cos 5 t +
1
3
5
f ( t )=
4v
1
1
sent+ cos 3 t+ cos 5t +
3
5
f ( t )=
4v
1
sen ( 2 n1 ) t
2 n1
-
3
2)
f(t)
v
-
-v
3)
f(t)
4)
f(t)
0 6
2 t
SOLUCION:
1)
f(t)
-
3
Solucin:
( , 0)
( 0, v )
Usando la frmula:
y y 1=
y 2 y 1
( x x1 )
x 2x 1
y0=
v0
v
v
( x + ) y = ( x + ) y= x + v
0+
v
f ( t )= t+ v para <t <0
Para
( 0, v )
( ,0 )
Usando la frmula:
y y 1=
yv=
y 2 y 1
( x x1 )
x 2x 1
0v
v
v
( x +0 ) y v=
( x ) yv=
x
0
v
f ( t )=v t para 0<t <
Por lo tanto:
v
v + t <t < 0
f ( t )=
v
v t 0<t <
Clculo de
a0
2
v
2v
2v
2v
v
a0 = v t dt= dt tdt = ( t )0 2 ( t 2 )0
0
0
0
a0 =
2v
v
[ 0 ] 2 ( 2o 2) =2 vv=v
Clculo de
an =
an
2
v v t cosntdt= 2v cosndt 2v tcosntdt
0
0
0
2v (
2 v tsent cosnt
sent )0 2
+ 2
n
n
2v
2 v sen cosn 0 senn ( 0 ) cosn(0)
( sen sen 0 ) 2
+ 2
2
n
n
n
n
n
an =
2v
2v
2v
(cosn 1 )= 2 2 ( 1cosn )= 2 2 ( 1(1 )n )
2 2
n
n
n
a0
f ( t )= + an cosntdt
2 n=1
( 1(1 ) )
v
2v
v 2v
n
f ( t )= + 2 2 ( 1(1 ) ) = + 2
cosnt
2
2 n=1 n
2 n=1
n
1(1 )
1(1 )
1 (1 )
1(1 )
cost+
cos 2 t +
cos 3 t +
cos 4 t
2
2
2
v 2v
1
2
3
42
f ( t )= + 2
2
1(1 )5
1(1 )6
+
cos
5
t+
cos 6 t+...
52
62
v 2v 2
2
2
f ( t )= + 2 2 cost+ 2 cos 3t + 2 cos 5 t +
2 1
3
5
v 4v
1
f ( t )= + 2
cos ( 2 n1 ) t
2 (2 n1 )2
2)
f(t)
v
-
2
-v
Calcular f(t)
De
( ,v )
( , v ) :
y +v =
v+v
2v
v
( x + ) y +v = ( x + ) y +v = x + v
+
2
v
f ( t )= t <t<
bn
2 v
2v
2 v tcosnt sennt
bn = tsenntdt= 2 tsenntdt= 2
+ 3
0
n
0
=
cosn
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
bn =
2 v
(1 )n
n
f ( t )= b n sennt
n=1
f ( t )=
n=1
(1 )
2 v
2 v
(1 )n sennt=
sennt
n
n=1 n
Evaluando el coeficiente:
2 v
2v
(1 )=
n
n
bn =
2 v
2 v
( 1 )=
n
n
si n es impar
si n es par
f ( t )=
1
(1 )2
(1 )3
(1 )4
(1 )5
(1 )6
2 v (1 )
sent+
sen 2 t+
sen 3 t +
sen 4 t+
sen 5 t +
sen 6 t+
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
f ( t )=
2 v
1
1
1
1
1
sent + sen 2 t sen 3 t + sen 4 t sen 5 t+ sen 6 t +
n
2
3
4
5
6
f ( t )=
2v
1
1
1
1
1
sent sen 2t + sen 3 t sen 4 t + sen 5t sen 6 t +
n
2
3
4
5
6
f ( t )=
(1 )
2v
n=1 n
3)
f(t)
n +1
sennt
f ( t )= vsent
0
0< t<
<t <2
a0
1
v
v
v
a0 = vsentdt = sentdt=
( cost )0 = ( coscos(0) )
0
0
n
n
ao =
v
2v
(11 )=
n
n
Clculo de
an =
an
v
sentcosntdt
0
senacosb =
an =
1
[ sen ( a+ b ) +s en ( ab ) ]
2
v
[ sen (t +nt ) +sen (tnt ) ] dt= 2v sen ( 1+n ) tdt + 2v sen ( tnt ) dt
2 0
0
0
u=( 1+ n ) t u=( 1n ) t
du=( 1+ n ) dt du=( 1n ) dt
v 1
1
an =
cos ( 1+ n ) t
cos ( 1n ) t
2 1+n
1n
an =
v 1
1
1
1
cos ( 1+ n )
cos (1n ) +
cos ( 1+n ) ( 0 ) +
cos ( 1n ) (0)
2 1+n
1n
1+n
1n
an =
v 1
1
1
1
cos ( 1+ n )
cos (1n ) +
+
2 1+n
1n
1+n 1n
an =
v 1
1
1
1
cos ( + n )
cos ( n )+
+
2 1+n
1n
1+n 1n
an =
v 1
1
1
1
( coscosn + sensenn )
( coscosnsensenn ) +
+
2 1+n
1n
1+ n 1n
an =
v 1
1
1
1
1
1
coscosn
sensenn
coscosn +
sensenn+
+
2 1+n
1+n
1n
1n
1+n 1n
[
[
]
]
an =
an =
v 1+cosn 1+ cosn
v ( 1+ cosn ) ( 1n ) ( 1+ cosn ) ( 1+n )
+
=
+
2
1+n
1n
2
1+ n
1n
an =
an =
2 v 1+cosn
v 1+ (1 )
=
2 ( 1+n ) ( 1n ) 1n2
] [
] [
] [
Clculo de
]
]
bn
bn =
v
se ntsenntdt
0
senasenb=
bn =
1
[ cos ( ab )cos ( a+b ) ]
2
v
[ cos ( tnt )cos ( t+nt ) ] dt= 2v cos ( 1n ) tdt 2v cos (1+ n ) tdt
2 0
0
0
u=( 1n ) t u=( 1+n ) t
du=( 1n ) dt du=( 1+n ) dt
bn =
v
1
1
sen ( 1n ) t
sen ( 1+n ) t
2 1n
1+n
bn =
v
1
1
1
1
sen ( 1n )
sen ( 1n )( 0 )
sen ( 1+ n ) +
sen ( 1+n )( 0)
2 1n
1n
1+ n
1+n
bn =
v
1
1
sen ( 1n )
sen ( 1+ n )
2 1n
1+ n
bn =
v
1
1
( sencosn cossenn )
( sencosn +cossenn )
2 1n
1+n
bn =
v sencosncossenn sencosn+cossenn
v
0
0
=0
2
1n
1n
2 1n 1n
[
[
] [
b1 se evalua separadamente.
1
v
1
v
v
( 1cos 2 t ) dt=
t sen 2 t =
[ ]=
2
2
2
2
2
0
v
v
b1= sentsentd t=
0
0
a0
+ ( a cosnt +b n sennt )
2 n=1 n
f ( t )=
Queda:
[(
2v
v 1+ (1 )
v
f ( t )=
+
cosnt + sennt
2
2 n=1 1n
2
1+ (1 )n
v v
v
(
)
f t= +
cosnt + sennt
n=1 1n2
2
+1+ (1 )
v
cos 6 t + + ( sen 1+ sen 2+ sen 3+ sen 3+sen 4+ sen 5+ sen 6+ )
2
2
16
v v 2
2
2
v
f ( t )=
cos 2 t + cos 4 t + cos 6 t + + ( sen 1+ sen 2+ sen 3+ sen 4+ sen 5+ sen 6+ )
3
15
35
2
4)
f(t)
f ( t )= v t<
6
6
0 t<
6
0, t <
a0 =
an =
[ ]
2
2v
2v
2v
2
1
vdt= dt = [ t ]o6 =
0 = v= v
0
0
6
6
3
2
2v
vcosntdt=
[ sennt ]06 = 2 v sen n sen(0) = 2 v sen n
0
n
n
6
n
6
Evaluando el valor obtenido de
an :
1
n=1 sen =
6 2
3
n=2 sen =
3 2
2 3
n=3 sen = n=4 sen
=
2v
2
3
2
an =
n
5 1
n=5 sen
=
6 2
6
n=6 sen
=0
6
7 1
n=7 sen
=
6
2
an =
2v
n
sen
n
6
f ( t )=
a0
+ a cosnt
2 n=1 n
1
v
3
2v
n
f ( t )=
+
sen
cosnt
2 n=1 n
6
v 2v
n
f ( t )= + sen
cosnt
6 n n=1
6
v 2v 1
3
1
3
1
1
f ( t )= +
cost + cos 2 t+ cos 3 t+ cos 4 t+ cos 5 t cos 7 t +
6 2
4
3
8
8
14
0x ,
2
2
a0 = f ( x ) dx an= f ( x) cosnxdx bn =0
0
0
b) En SERIES DE SENOS y los coeficientes se calculan como:
an =0 a0=0 bn=
2
f (x) sennxdx
0
AMPLIACION DE INTERVALO.
Existen funciones donde su periodo no est definido para valores de 2, o sea
en este caso puede efectuarse un cambio de escala de
L x L
- x , por
nx
por
n
x
L
L x L
Ejemplos:
f ( x )= 1, 1< x <0
1,
0< x <1
T=2
L=1
Grfica:
f(x)
-1
1
-1
a0 =0 an=0 bn=
Clculo de
2
n
f ( x ) sen
xdx
L0
L
bn .
1
n
2
1 sen
xdx= 2 sennxdx =
[ cosn ] 10= 2 [ cosn ( 1 )cosn ( 0 ) ]
1
n
n
0
L
2
b n=
10
bn =
2
2
2
( cosn 1 ) = ( 1cosn )= ( 1(1 )n )
n
n
n
f ( x )= b n sen
n=1
f ( x )=
n=1
n
x
L
2
n
n
[
1(1 ) ] sen
x
n
L
f ( x )=
[ 1(1 ) ] sen n x
2
n=1
n
L
f ( x )=
1
1(1 )2
1(1 )3
1(1 )4
1(1 )5
1(1
2 1(1 )
senx +
sen 2 x+
sen 3 x +
sen 4 x +
sen 5 x+
1
2
3
4
5
6
f ( x )=
2 2
2
2
senx + sen 3 x+ sen 5 x +
1
3
5
f ( x )=
4
sen 3 x sen 5 x
senx +
+
+
3
5
f ( x )= x . 3 x 0
x,
0 x3
T=6
L=3
Grfica:
f(x)
-3
a0 =
2
2
n
f ( x ) dx an= f ( x ) cos
xdx bn=0
L0
L0
L
Clculo de
a0
3
3
2
2 1
1
9
f ( x ) dx= xdx= ( x 2 )0 = ( 320 2 )= =3
3 0
3 2
3
3
3
a 0=
Clculo de
3 0
an
2
n
2 3
n
9
n
an = xcos
xdx=
xsen
x+ 2 2 cos
x
3 0
3
3 n
3
3
n
an =
2 3
n
9
n
3
n
9
n
( 3 ) sen
( 3 ) + 2 2 cos
(3 ) ( 0 ) sen ( 0 ) 2 2 cos ( 0 )
3 n
3
3
n
3
3
n
n
an =
2 1
9
9
2 9
6
senn + 2 2 cosn 2 2 =
( cosn1 ) = 2 2 ( cosn1 )
2 2
3 n
3
n
n
n
n
] [
an =
6
( (1 )n1 )
2
n
2
f ( x )=
a0
n
+ a n cos
x
2 n=1
L
3
6
n
n
f ( x )= 2 2 [ (1 ) 1 ] cos
x
2 n=1 n
3
(1 )n1 ]
[
3 6
n
f ( x )= + 2
cos
x
2
2 n=1
3
n
1
(1 )21
(1 )31
(1 )41
(1 )5
3 6 (1 ) 1
2
3
4
5
f ( x )= + 2
cos
x+
cos
x+
cos
x+
cos
x
+
cos
x+
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
5
3 6 2
2
3
2
5
f ( x )= + 2 2 cos x 2 cos
x 2 cos
x +
2 1
3
3
3
3
5
3 12 1
1
3
1
5
f ( x )= + 2 2 cos x 2 cos
x 2 cos
x +
2 1
3
3
3
3
5
( 2 n1 )
3 12
1
f ( x )= 2
cos
x
2
2 ( 2 n1 )
3
f ( x )= x . 3 x 0
x,
0 x3
T=6
Grfica:
f(x)
L=3
-4 0
T=8
L=4
a0 =
1
1
n
xdx bn = f ( x ) sen
xdx
f ( x ) dx an= 1L f ( x ) cos n
L L
L
L
L
L
L
Clculo de
a0
1
2 0 1 1 ( 2)4 1
1
2 dx+ xdx= ( x )4
+ x 0 = ( 0(4 ) ) + ( 4 20 2 )
4 0
4
4 2
2
8
0
a 0=
1
1
4 16
a0 = ( 4 )+ ( 16 )= + =4
2
8
2 8
Calculo de
an
4 4
an =
2
n
1
n
cos
xdx + xcos
xdx
4 4
4
4 0
4
1 4
n
an =
sen
x
2 n
4
an =
] [
1 4
n
16
n
xsen
x + 2 2 cos
x
4 n
4
4
n
2
n
n
sen ( 0 ) + sen (4 ) +
n
3
4
1 4
n
16
n
4
n
4
n
16
n
( 4 ) sen ( 4 )+ 2 2 cos ( 4 ) ( 0 ) sen ( 0 ) ( o ) sen ( 0 ) 2 2 cos
(0)
4 n
4
4
n
4
n
4
4
n
n
an =
] [
1 16
16
1
4
cosn 2 2 =4 2 2 ( cosn 1 ) = 2 2 ( cosn 1 )
2 2
4 n
n
n
n
an =
Clculo de
4
( (1 )n1 )
2
n
2
bn
bn =
2
n
1
n
sen
xdx+ xsen
xdx
4 4
4
40
4
bn =
1 4
n
cos
x
2 n
4
] [
+
1 4
n
16
n
xcos
x+ 2 2 sen
x
4 n
4
4
n
bn =
2
n
n
cos ( 0 )cos (4 ) +
n
3
4
1 4
n
16
n
4
n
16
n
( 4 ) cos
( 4 )+ 2 2 sen
( 4 ) ( 0 ) cos ( 0 ) 2 2 sen ( 0 )
4 n
4
4
n
4
4
n
n
bn =
2
4
2 2
4
[ 1cosn ] cosn= + cosn cosn
n
n
n n
n
bn =
2 2
4
2
2
+ cosn cosn =
( 1cosn )= ( cosn 1 )
n n
n
n
n
bn =
2
(1 )n1 ]
[
n
a0
n
n
f ( x )= + an cos
x +bsen
x
2 n=1
L
L
4
4
n
n
2
n
n
f ( x )= + 2 2 ( (1 ) 1 ) cos
x + sen ( (1 ) 1 )
x
2 n=1 n
4
n
4
(1 )n1
(1 )n1
4
n
2
n
f ( x )=2+ 2
cos
x+
sen
x
2
4
n=1
n
4
n=1
n
f ( x )=2+
(1 ) 1
(1 ) 1
(1 ) 1
(1 ) 1
4 (1 ) 1
2
3
4
5
cos x +
cos
x+
cos
x+
cos
x+
cos
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
1
2
3
4
5
1
(1 )21
(1 )31
(1 )4 1
(1 )51
(1 )6
+2 (1 ) 1
2
3
4
5
sen
x+
sen
x+
sen
x
+
sen
x
+
sen
x
+
4
4
4
4
4
12
22
32
42
52
62
f ( x )=2+
] [
4 2
2
3
2
5
2 2
2
3
2
5
cos x 2 cos
x 2 cos
x+ +
sen x sen
x sen
x +
2
2
4
4
4
1
4
3
4
5
4
1
3
5
3 12 1
1
3
1
5
f ( x )= + 2 2 cos x 2 cos
x 2 cos
x +
2 1
3
3
3
3
5
( 2 n1 )
3 12
1
f ( x )= 2
cos
x
2
2 ( 2 n1 )
3