Midterm Review

1. Formation Evaluation Overview

a. All of Slide 1: List important factors and parameters
b. Know Averaging Equations
2. Logging Environment (Ch.4)
a. Ideal Borehole
b. Know relative depth of investigation of tools
c. Know how drilling modifies conditions (Five Ways that Drilling Alters....)
d. Know about invasion, why,how, what limits it, etc.. (Invasion Outline)
e. Know what controls fluid losses into formation (function of porosity,
permeability, temperature...)
f. Ch.1 through page 13
3. Formation Evaluation
a. Know conductive/resistive materials in formation
b. Know what 0,w, r, t...means
c. Know what F is related to
d. Know what c does not equal 1 imply (Textbook Ch.1/fudge factor)
e. Know what kind of rocks it does/does not work for, why we need fudge factor,
what it implies, etc...
f. Know what logs we need for Archie
g. Know how to read/square logs (Big 3 rules)
h. Ignore Volumetrics
4. Perm Zone Logs
a. Homework #1 Problem #3
i. Principle sources of electrochemical sources
ii. What is more important, electrochemical or electrokinetic, what we have
to account for, what we can ignore
b. SP Logs (Slide 22, Ch. 6)
c. Gamma Ray Logs (Ch.2 up to pg. 32-radioactive properties of rocks)
i. Principle sources
ii. How to use spectral GR (Identify source rocks, shales)
5. Resistivity Logs (Ch.5)
a. Know which tools with conductive and nonconductive logs
b. Know how to develop Simplest System equations (Slide 2)
c. Geometric factors for Induction/Laterologs
d. Tornado Chart
6. Porosity Logs (Pages and chapters in notes)
a. Determines storage capacity and needed for Archies equation
b. Know what each tool is responding to

i. What does it send into formation, what is it measuring back, and what it is
c.
d.

e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.

n.
o.

sensitive to
Spine and Rib plot
i. Used to correct for mudcakes
3 Densities we need to commit to memory
i. Sandstone: 2.71
ii. Limestone
iii. Dolomite
Porosity Derivation from Density Log (Equations: Slides 14-15)
i. Volumetric mixing log for tool in question
Porosity from Bulk Density
Effect if Gas on Density Tool
i. Know how it affects it
ii. KNOW HOW GAS AFFECTS ALL TOOLS (Reference back to 25:00)
Pe measures characteristic gamma rays
Epithermal vs Thermal neutrons difference- Energy
i. Thermal sees deeper in formation: CNP and SNP? (Check slides)
Compensation: Means 2 detectors?
i. Can get rid of borehole effects with multiple detectors
Slide 46: Know how to read plot to get correction
Know how to read Crossplots
Given Gassman equation: Slide 72
i. Know what all parameters are and how to get them
1. Km from
2. Kg is calculated from minerology
3. Measured Vp
4. Density from Density tool
5. Kf from table
Wylie time average: Slide 75
i. Works in tight ???
ii. Need local calibration data
Slide 82 know why that change happens

EQUATIONS TO MEMORIZE

Archies Equations and all Permutations

Averaging Equations (Porosity and Water Saturation)