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Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
d
Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
b
c
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 January 2014
Received in revised form 15 July 2014
Accepted 21 July 2014
Available online 13 August 2014
Keywords:
Nanouid
Heat exchanger
Twisted tape
Heat transfer enhancement
a b s t r a c t
In this study, uid ow of the Al2O3 nanouid in a horizontal double pipe heat exchanger tted with modied twisted tapes were experimentally studied under turbulent ow conditions. The experiments with
different geometrical progression ratio (GPR) of twists as the new modied twisted tapes and different
nanouid concentration were performed under similar operation condition. Pitch length of the proposed
twisted tapes and consequently the twist ratios changed along the twists with respect to the geometrical
progression ratio (GPR) whether reducer (RGPR < 1) or increaser (IGPR > 1). Regarding the experimental
data, utilization of RGPR twists together with nanouids tends to increase heat transfer and friction factor
by 12% to 52% and 5% to 28% as compared with the tube with typical twisted tapes (GPR = 1) and nanouid. Contrarily, performances were weakened by using for IGPR twists 0.6 to 0.92 and 0.75 to 0.95. The
thermal performances of the heat exchanger with nanouid and modied twisted tapes were evaluated
for the assessment of overall improvement in thermal behavior. Generalized correlations were developed
for the estimation of Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal performance factor under turbulent ow
conditions. Satisfactory agreement between the present correlations and obtained experimental data
validate the proposed correlations.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Understanding and improving heat transfer rate are the main
concerns at different industries, including chemical processes, heating and cooling processes and micro-sized applications. Several
techniques have been carried out to reduce operating cost. The most
signicant variables in reducing the size and cost of a heat transfer
equipments are heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop or ow
resistance. The main concern for the equipment design is to minimize the ow resistance while enhancing the heat transfer coefcients. Therefore, it is vital to develop techniques to enhance the
performance of heat exchangers. It has been commonly understood
that the performance of heat exchangers can be improved by many
augmentation techniques. Among them, utilizing nanouids and
passive augmentation techniques like inserting turbulence promoters are considered as the effective ones [1].
Nanouid, a suspension of nanoparticles in a continuous and
saturated liquid, has been found capable to get considerably higher
thermal conductivities than their respective base uids resulting to
better convective heat transfer coefcients [2]. The use of nanoparticles in the uids possess a number of potential advantages such
as long suspension stability, no clogging in systems and little
pressure drop. These benets are because nanoparticles are used
at very low concentrations and nanometer sizes. Types of nanoparticles and base uid have vital roles in the enhancement of thermal
conductivity of nanouids [3]. Although nanouids offer some
advantages, they may have high pressure drop penalty compared
to the base uid ows which is unfavorable in practical
applications.
Probably Choi [4] was the rst who suggested the addition of
solid particles in nanometric size into a base uid and reported
enhancement of thermal conductivity compared to base uid.
Many studies have conducted to evaluate the heat transfer
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
1043
Nomenclature
Cp
di
f
h
K
L
m
_
m
n
Nu
Pr
DP
Q
Re
T
TR
w
y
q
l, N
g
V
/
Subscripts
b
bulk
nf
nanouid
np
nanoparticle
w
water
NE
non enhanced
E
enhanced
Abbreviation
GPR
geometrical progression ratio
IGPR
increaser geometrical progression ratio
RGPR
reducer geometrical progression ratio
Greek letters
d
tape thickness, m
1044
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
Fig. 1. (a) SEM photograph of Al2O3 particles (b) TEM photograph of AL2O3 particles.
Fig. 2. Geometries (a) typical twisted tape (b) IGPR twisted tapes (c) RGPR twisted
tapes.
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
1045
K w 3
1K
np
1 2u 2 K w 1
6
7
K np
6
Kw 7
Kw4
5
1K
np
1 u K w 1
2
K nf
K np
1046
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
dv x
dy
(a)
mc_ n1
(b)
Fig. 4. (a) Comparison of the thermal conductivity between measured data and
calculated value from the other correlations. (b) Thermal conductivity as function of
temperature and volume fraction.
K nf K w
K np n 1K w un 1K w K np
K np n 1K w uK w K np
4
n 3=W
In which, n is shape factor and W is the sphericity dened as
surface area of a sphere with a volume equal to the average surface
area of the particle.
(c) Yu and Choi model which was dened as follows [47]:
K nf
"
#
K np 2K w 2u1 b3 K w K np
K np 2K w u1 b3 K w K np
K nf
K w p
1
3u 1K np 2 3uK w
D
4
4
lrapp
lnf
1 2:5u
lw
10
"
2
#
K np
K np
D 3u 12
2 3u2 2 2 9u 9u2
Kw
Kw
(e) Effective medium theory introduced by Timofeeva et al.
[49]:
K nf 1 3uK w
_ nf Cpnf T out T in nf
Q nf m
11
_ nf is the
where Qnf is the heat transfer rate of the nanouid and m
mass ow rate of the nanouid. The heat transfer rate into the
cooling water was calculated from the following equation:
1047
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
(a)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. (a) Comparison of the viscosity between measured data and calculated value
from the other correlations. (b) Viscosity as a function of shear rate and volume
fraction.
(b)
Fig. 8. Validation of plain tube with twisted tapes and water: (a) Nusselt number
and (b) friction factor.
_ w Cpw T out T in w
Qw m
12
In this study, the supplied heat by the hot nanouid was found to be
3% higher than the received heat. This deviation can be interpreted
by convection and radiation heat loss along the test section. The
average heat transfer rate is:
Q av e
Q w Q nf
2
13
qav e
hnf
T wall T b;nf
Nunf
hnf D
K nf
14
15
1048
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
T wall
X T wall
10
16
T b;nf
T in T out
2
17
Re
n
qnf v 2n
nf di
mcn1
18
F nf
DPnf
L=di qnf v 2nf =2
19
where fnf is the friction factor of the nanouid, DPnf is the measured
pressure drop of the nanouid and L is the length of the tube.
The Prandtl number and Peclet number of the nanouid can be
evaluated from the following equations:
Prnf
Penf
mcn1 Cpnf
K nf
v nf dp
anf
hE
hNE
20
3.3. Validation test with water
21
22
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9. Validation of plain tube with twisted tapes and nanouid: (a) Nusselt
number and (b) friction factor.
1049
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
Nu 0:04Re0:75 Pr0:4
23
f 0:316Re0:25
24
correlation results as shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The verifying correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor of single phase like
water were proposed by Manglik and Bergles [32] for the plain
tube tted with twisted tapes under turbulent ow as the following form:
!
0:769
1 y
Nu
00
10:8 0
p A @
p 4d
p
di
6
B
40:023Re0:8 Pr0:4 @@
10:2 13
2d
d
7
i A C
A5 25
p2
4d
di
1
y 2 !0:74
A
f @1 2:06 1 2 w
11:75 0
6
40:079Re0:25 @
p A
p 4d
di
11:25 3
2d
d
i A 7
5
p2
p
4d
di
26
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10. Effect of geometrical progression ratio on Nusselt number (a) RGPR (b) IGPR.
1050
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
0:06281
H
Nu 0:0366Re0:8204
Pr0:4
0:001
0:001 u0:04704
nf
nf
D
27
0:004815
H
f 2:068Re0:04330
1 u0:01 1
nf
D
28
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11. Effect of geometrical progression ratio on friction factor (a) RGPR (b) IGPR.
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
1051
(a)
(b)
Fig. 12. Variations of thermal enhancement index with Reynolds number for (a) RGPR (b) IGPR.
1052
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 13. Validation of empirical correlations for (a) Nusselt number. (b) Friction factor. (c) Thermal performance.
1053
H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054
Nu 0:056Re0:72 Pr0:4 1 pu2:75 1
f 0:375Re0:24 1 3pu0:6 1
p 1:1
2TR
p
1:4
TR
GPR0:75
GPR0:35
No
Name of
instrument
Range of
instrument
Variable
measured
%
Uncertainty
Thermocouple
Wall temperature
0.1 C
29
2
3
3
Mass ow rate, m
Mass ow rate, m
Pressure drop
0.1
0.5
0.075
30
Flow meter
Rotameter
Pressure
measurement
Digitizer
60 to
1370 C
110,000 l
1600 L
010 bar
V_ DPE V_ DPNE
Table A-1
Uncertainties of instruments and properties.
31
5
6
RTD PT 100
thermocouple
QTM-500
7
8
DV3T rheometer
Properties
200 to
500 C
0.02312 W/
mk
0.1250 RPM
Density,
specic heat
Temperature
indicator
Temp. of inlet/
Outlet ow
Thermal
conductivity
Viscosity
0.5 C
0.3
1.0
0.1
3
3
fRe
fRe
E
32
NE
Applying Eqs. (25), (31), the Reynolds number of empty tube can be
expressed as function of enhanced tube Reynolds number:
ReNE 1:0611 3pu0:281 1
p
TR
1:4
0:363
GPR0:127 Re1:01
E
33
Using Eqs. (24), (25), (31) and (33), the thermal factor can be
expressed as follow:
p 1:1
1 2TR
1 pu2:75
GPR0:653
0:272
0:163
1
3
p
u
p
1 TR1:4
g 1:4Re0:04
34
Table A-2
Uncertainties of parameters and variables.
1
2
3
Variable name
% Uncertainty error
Reynolds number, Re
Nusselt number, Nu
Friction factor, f
1.4
0.26
0.42
_ U Re
4m
Re
;
pDl Re
2 2 !1=2
Ul
U m_
1:4%
_
l
m
_ nf cpnf T out T in nf ;
Q nf m
!
2
U
2 1=2
U m_
UQ
U cpnf 2
T out T in
nf
nf
cp
T out T in
0:17%
_
m
Q
nf
nf
nf
_ w cpw T out T in w ;
Qw m
2
!1=2
U cpw 2
U T out T in 2
UQ w
Uw
0:5%
_w
Qw
cpw
T out T in
m
Nusselt number, Nu:
Nu
hD
;
K
U Nu
Nu
2 2 !1=2
Uh
UK
0:26%
h
K
Friction factor, f:
DP
f
2 ;
qV
l
D
Uf
2 2
2 !1=2
Uq
U DP
2U V
0:42%
DP
q
V
References
Conict of interest
None declared.
[1] A.E. Bergles, Techniques to augment heat transfer, in: W.M. Roshenow et al.
(Eds.), Hand Book of Heat Transfer Applications, second ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1985.
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H. Maddah et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78 (2014) 10421054