MECHANICAL SYSTEM DESIGN UTILIZING BUILDING

INFORMATION MODELING AS A TOOL

FOR EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented to
the Mechanical Engineering Department of
School of Engineering and Architecture
Ateneo de Davao University
E. Jacinto St., Davao City

In partial fulfillment for the Degree in

Bachelor in Science in Mechanical Engineering

Floresca, Luigi Albert

Suero, Jacob Arn
Viola, Jessmar

October 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF EQUATIONS
CHAPTER
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2

Page
iii
iv
v
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation

1
3
3
4
4

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

Stages of a Project
Mechanical Systems of the
Project Design Phase
Working Principles of
Mechanical Systems
Theoretical Principles in Designing
Mechanical Systems

Project Cost Estimation

Construction Planning
Building Information Modeling
Conceptual Framework

18
19
19
22

7
8
13

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

Construction Management for

Government Projects in Philippines
Case Study: Factors causing
delays in project implementation
Benefits of BIM in Construction
and BIM Based Scheduling
Comparison between traditional
methods of construction and BIM
How to Measure the
Benefits of BIM

28
28
25
26
26

3.6

3.7
3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11
3.12

Building Information Modeling (BIM):

Trends, Benefits, Risks, and
Challenges for the AEC Industry

28

Building Code Compliance Checking

Using BIM Technology
29
BIM-Based Scheduling of
Construction A Comparative
Analysis of Prevailing
and
BIM-Based Scheduling Process
30
Case Study: Possible Utilization
of BIM in the Production Phase of
Construction Projects BIM in work
preparations Skanska Sweden AB
31
Case Study: Building Information Modeling
Better buildings through digital practice:
Changes in roles and processes
31
Educating Green Building
Stakeholders About the Benefits of
BIM - The Philippines Experience
31
Building Information Modeling and
its Impact on Design and
Construction Firms
33
METHODOLOGY

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Design of Mechanical Systems

Construction Time and
Cost Schedule
Extraction of Generated Data
Interviews

29
29
30
30
31

LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Stages of a Project Lifecycle

Figure 2.2 Vapor Compression Cycle Process Flow

10

Figure 2.3 A Package Air Conditioning Unit

11

Figure 2.4 Density Based Sprinkler Demand Graph

17

Figure 2.5 Workflow of BIM in all Phases of Construction

20

Figure 2.6 Survey on BIM Software Awareness

and Usage

22

Figure 2.7 Design Workflow with BIM

22

Figure 4.1 Technical Workflow

22

Figure 4.2 Working Schecdule

22

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Psychrometric Processes

Table 2.2 Sprinkler System Types

12

Table 2.3 Load Values Assigned to Fixtures

18

LIST OF EQUATIONS
Page
Equation 2.1: General Heat Rate Formula

13

Equation 2.2: Steady Flow Energy Equation

14

Equation 2.3: Bernoullis Equation for Fluid Dynamics

14

Equation 2.4: Energy from Fluid Head

15

Equation 2.5: Flow Rate for Varying Cross Sectional Areas

15

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter defines Building Information Modeling and a buildings
mechanical system. It also shows the advantages of BIM over the
traditional designing and construction method, the information to be
extracted from BIM, and the present problems with the traditional method.
Furthermore, this chapter presents the objective, scope, and the
significance of this study.
1.1 Background of the Study
Building Information Modelling (BIM), is defined as a digital
representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility and a
shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a
reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from
earliest conception to demolition [1]. BIM provides an integrated workflow,
as it is created on coordinated or reliable information about a project from
the design phase, going through construction and into operations. BIM, as
a

collaborative

process,

therefore

makes

designing

and

project

management practices faster and efficient by enabling the multidisciplinary

groups of building engineers such as civil engineers, mechanical

engineers, electrical engineers, and architects to visualize, simulate,
analyze and assess building performance in the design phase [2].
Furthermore, BIM has a database that contains necessary and
more accurate information about the building. The information is highly
accurate compared to the traditional method and 3D Computer Aided
Design (CAD). For instance, collision detection in BIM is based on
algorithms developed in gaming industry and computer graphics
procedures, which is unavailable in CAD and compared to traditional
method which is based on overlapping designs. Another instance is that
BIMs database can contain several variables necessary for analysis and
assessment, such as environmental protection and energy consumption,
time scheduling, faster cost estimation, facility management application
and so many, all of which are manually and separately done in traditional
and CAD methods [3]. BIM has become a revolutionary approach to the
development in the architecture, engineering and construction industries.
With BIM technology, a more efficient integrated design and construction
process will be facilitated, resulting to a better quality of buildings at lower
cost and reduced time duration of the project [4].
BIM has already reached Philippines. Large-scale firms like AyalaMDC and Filinvest in Manila have outsourced BIM to companies that offer
BIM services, for their ongoing projects like mall expansion, condominium,
and so forth [5]. However, only few firms are into BIM. Most firms still
utilize traditional method. This research intends to study and understand
the functionalities of BIM in design phase, and create a mechanical
system design utilizing BIM to analyze its benefits and efficiency in
implementation.

The mechanical system of a building consists of heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), plumbing, fire protection,
elevators, and escalators. However, in this study, only HVAC, plumbing,
and fire protection are covered. The mechanical system is one of the
largest energy consumer in buildings. Relatively small improvements in
design can mean large long-term savings in energy expenditures over the
life cycle of the system [6].
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Small-scale industries are known to be conservative and slow in
adopting new innovations and technology [7] particularly, the BIM System.
These industries still utilize the traditional approach, which only utilizes
CAD programs, where interdisciplinary collisions are inevitable [3] and
clash detection is only done during the construction phase. In addition, the
designers have to wait for each others design completion; the data
deliverables are piled in silos before they can be exchanged between the
designers. In such case, data can become obsolete, in other words, the
data goes to waste [8]. Furthermore, cost scheduling and building code
compliance checking which are based on the graphic representations of
conventional CAD programs, require a great deal of human intervention
and interpretation, which makes the checking process costly and timeconsuming [9].
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This research aims to provide the locality an efficient mean of
designing mechanical systems, particularly HVAC, fire protection and
plumbing systems through BIM, in order to establish a well-prepared plan

and to extract a more accurate and adequate information, which are

essential for an efficient implementation.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research will equip enough knowledge and skills for
mechanical system development when BIM is utilized during the predesign, and design phase. The establishment of step-by-step instructions
will provide the readers ease when practicing the use of Autodesk CAD
and Revit for the creation of the 2-D and 3-D models. This will provide
Ateneo de Davao University a manual for introduction of BIM to students
or engineers and contractors of firms willing to incorporate BIM in their
methodology. If the firms will be able to successfully incorporate BIM this
will result in increased efficiency in implementation of future projects in
building construction process by minimizing labor costs and time
consumption, and advocating global competence by transcending
traditional means.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The study conducted will demonstrate the design phase for the
majority of the mechanical systems, particularly the heating, ventilating
and air-conditioning system, fire protection system, and piping system, of
a commercial building with an existing architectural and structural plan.
The output of the study will contain a 2-D CAD layout using Autodesk
CAD, a 3-D model of the building using Autodesk Revit, the corresponding
materials and time schedule. This study will establish sample instruction
only up to a level 2 BIM where all parties involved in the design procedure

use a common file format for their own 3-D models and share their design
information among members to be subjected to interrogative inquiry.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the different theories behind the topics this
thesis covers, namely, Building Science, HVAC, Fire Protection, Plumbing,
and Building Information Modeling.
2.1 Building Science
Building science is the collection of knowledge and techniques in
the processes involving the construction of a building. This body of
knowledge defines different approaches applied and factors that affect the
completion of a project. It provides engineers and contractors methods to
efficiently implement a building in terms of material cost and time spent
with accordance to different standards provided by different regulatory
bodies.
2.2 Stages of a Project Lifecycle
All buildings, regardless of size, type, or purpose will pass through
sequential stages commonly known as the project lifecycle. The stages
are

generally

referred

to

as

the

concept,

design,

tendering,

preconstruction, construction and commissioning. Time scale for the

different stages is shown in Figure 2.1.

Fig. 2.1 Stages of a project lifecycle

The concept phase defines the amount of work the project needs
and the end conceived end result. This phase is crucial as to properly
define the limitations as to what the principal, the person whom the work is
being done for, needs and wants. This provides a basis for the design
phase where professionals, architects, and engineers provide the
schematic plans and in depth building specifications. Tendering phase is
done to form contracts with organizations willing to undertake the work
specified by the designers. The Pre-construction phase begins when the
main contract has been awarded to the selected contractor. This is the
time allotted for the contractor to organize and gather the necessary
resources

to

begin

construction.

Construction

begins

when

site

possession is given to the main contractor and ends when the project
reaches practical completion. Commissioning begins when principal is
given the liability for the facility. During this period the contractor is still
under the defects liability where remaining construction tasks is done,
defects found are dealt with, and service fixtures are properly inspected
[10].
2.3 Mechanical Systems of the Project Design Phase

The project design phase is done by architects, engineers, and

other professionals to provide the necessary building information to give
the contractor the approved final necessary building specifications so
construction can begin. Schematic designing follows when pre-designing
or the conceptual phase is done. Proper building layouts and floor plans
are provided by architects and civil engineers, then mechanical and
electrical engineers provide the mechanical, electrical and plumbing
layouts. These schematics are then subjected to further development and
redesigning to suit building standards and principal preferences during
design development.
2.4 Working Principles of Mechanical Systems
The mechanical systems of an ordinary commercial building covers
the Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, automatic
fire protection system, and the plumbing system [11].
2.4.1 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning system
A buildings HVAC system is designed to provide conditioned air to
a control area. The system will change the air characteristics depending
on the requirement; from comfort conditioning to work process
applications. The characteristic of a well-designed HVAC system is that it
operates with a high reliability and at the least possible energy
consumption [12]. An HVAC system allows the manipulation of the
temperature, pressure, air flow, moisture content, and purity of the air in a
confined space. The study of these properties is called Psychrometry. The
classifications of an HVAC system depend on the processes involved in
processing the air. These processes can be classified into 8 types shown
in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Psychrometric processes [13]

Process
Cooling
Heating
Dehumidification
Humidification
Cooling + Dehumidification

Effect
decreases the air temperature
increases the air temperature
decreases the air moisture content
increases the air moisture content
decreases the air temperature and

Cooling + Humidification

air moisture content

decreases the air temperature and

Heating + Dehumidification

increases the air moisture content

Increases the air temperature and

Heating + humidification

the air moisture content

Increases the air temperature and
decreasing he air moisture content

For locations in the tropics such as the Philippines, the most

common type of air conditioning is summer air-conditioning, where the
inlet air is cooled to lower temperatures. This can be achieved through
these cooling methods: evaporative cooling, cold-water cooling, steam jet
cooling, absorption refrigeration, thermoelectric refrigeration and, vapor
compression refrigeration. Evaporative cooling is limited to low humidity
environments, cold-water cooling is limited to place with a cold water
reservoir is present, while steam jet cooling is very complex in comparison
with the other systems. Absorption refrigeration is unusual since it uses
heat rather than electricity to produce low temperatures. Thermoelectric
refrigeration is currently limited to low capacity applications. The most
common and most reliable means of cooling is the Vapor compression
cycle. It does not have the disadvantages of the other systems. This
method of refrigeration relies on the Vapor compression cycle shown in
Figure 3.1.

Fig. 2.2 Vapor compression cycle process flow [14].

The compressor increases the pressure of the refrigerant by
applying work on it, increasing its temperature. This will be the driving
force that will determine operating costs. Then, a heat exchanger rejects
the heat to the outside heat sink. A flow control device or expansion valve
decreases its pressure decreasing its temperature. Another heat
exchanger absorbs the heat from the control space which will constitute
the refrigerating effect [14].
Centralized air-conditioning generates cooling in one location,
usually in the form of chillers, and distributes the working substance,
usually water, to the air handling units. An air handling unit circulates air
through a series of supply and return ducts to provide the cooling effect to
the controlled spaces. Some advantages of the use of centralized air
conditioning is that there is more flexibility when performance is

concerned, larger and fewer components tend to be more efficient, and a

centralized location provides service accessibility. The package rooftop
unit processes are shown in Figure 2.3 [15].

Fig. 2.3 A package air conditioning unit. [14]

2.4.2 Automatic Fire-suppression system

Fire protection systems are dedicated to preventing or mitigating
the effects of unwanted fires which can be dangerous to the people
occupying the building. There are key elements to fire protection which
can be generalized into particular categories. Fire prevention refers to the
precautions taken to prevent a fire from starting. Passive fire protection
refers to the structural design of the building to allow fire separation,
structural stability, and safe means of escape. Detection and notification
refers to shortening of response times of the occupants and the firefighters
to minimize the fires effect on life and property. Fire suppression systems
emphasize on controlling the fire-size and duration to minimize and
extinguish its destructive power [16]. Fire hazards are classified into

different levels of occupancies which engineers use as basis of

determining the fire protection needed. Occupancy levels arranged from
low to high level of danger are Light Hazard, Ordinary Hazard 1, Ordinary
Hazard 2, Extra Hazard 1, and Extra Hazard 2. The standard automatic
sprinkler system types and their main characteristics are shown in Table
3.2.

Table 2.2 Sprinkler system types [17].

Type
Wet pipe

Dry pipe
Deluge
Preactio
n
Antifreeze

Characteristics
Has water under pressure at all times in the whole sprinkler
system. Usually used when freezing and special parameters are
not present.
Does not contain water in its sprinkler system. Used when freezing
is possible and activation delay is not a grave concern.
Delivers water to the entire protected area in the least amount of
time possible, usually used on Extra hazards.
Similar to the dry pipe but with more conditions to activate to
prevent accidental activation due to sensitivity of property
protected.
Similar to the wet pipe but has an anti-freeze solution to prevent
freezing in the system. Usually used as a subsystem of a wet pipe
protecting an area exposed to freezing temperatures.

Sprinkler system is mainly comprised of the sprinklers, piping

branches, various fittings, storage tank, the hangers and alarms. Water is
pumped to the storage tank to ensure sufficient pressurized water is
available at all times. In the event of a fire, water travels through the piping

and fittings and is discharged from the sprinklers in a spray pattern to

properly envelop the flames. Alarms detect the water flow through the
system which notifies the occupants of the existing threat [18].
2.4.3 Plumbing system
A plumbing system of a building conveys fluids for various
applications such as, make up water for heating and cooling, waste
removal from various fixtures, and source of potable water [19]. The
plumbing system comprised of mainly pipes and fittings to convey waste
and supply water. Fittings regulate or redirect the direction of flow of water.
Vents are pipes for regulation of air pressure. For high rise buildings
pumps might be necessary to reach the higher elevations. A sewer system
conveys the waste water to proper disposal areas or treatment plants. If
the sewer system is unavailable, a septic system will be required [20].
2.5 Theoretical Principles in Designing Mechanical Systems
Thermodynamics deals with the study of heat and temperatures
and their relation to energy and work. Heat is the transfer of energy and
there are 3 classifications of heat; conduction, convection and radiation.
Calculating for the heat flux is given by the following equation:
q=dTU

Equation 2.1

Where: q = heat rate (kW/m2)

dT = Temperature gradient (K)
U = overall heat transfer coefficient (kW/m2K)
Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient will depend on the
dimensions of the transfer medium, mode of heat transfer, and type of
medium material. These values usually are tabulated by experimentation
[21].

The

steady

flow

energy

equation

provides

convenient

mathematical equation showing the properties of fluids to and from a

component shown in equation 2.2 [22].
q1-2 w1-2 =h2 h1 + (c22 /2) (c12/2)
Where: q1-2 = net heat (kW)
W1-2= net work (kW)
h = enthalpy (kJ/kg)
c = velocity of flow(m/s)

Equation 2.2

Following the conservation of energy, decreasing the kinetic energy

will result in an increase in potential energy. Fluids follow this rule when
studying its behavior at varying velocities; this is referred to as Bernoullis
Principle. This is useful when predicting the pressure of a fluid when there
are changes in elevation and velocity. Due to friction losses and pump
energy inputs energy loss and gain will be considered for actual systems.
It is written mathematically in equation 2.3 [22].
c 2 /2 g+ z + P/ g=h
Where: c = velocity (m/s)
g = gravitational constant (m/s2)
z = elevation (m)
P = pressure of the fluid(Pa)
= density of the fluid(kg/m3)
h = head of the fluid(m)

Equation 2.3

The energy of the fluid can be calculated from the head of the fluid
shown in equation 2.4 [22].
E= V g h

Equation 2.4

Where : V = volume(m3)
h = head(m)
Flow rate through different cross-sectional areas are constant
therefore a decrease in cross sectional area results in an increase in
velocity. This relationship can be expressed by equation 2.5 [23].
Q = A1 c1 = A2 c2 = constant
Where: Q = volume flow rate(m3/s)
A = cross sectional area of passage(m2)
c = velocity of fluid(m/s)

Equation 2.5

Strength of materials deal with the behavior of materials subjected

to different stresses and strain. Engineers use the theories to create
standards for bracing and selecting pipe dimensions during production.
Designers may also verify the given dimensions if it passes safety
standards [24].
2.6 Tables, Graphs, and Standards in Design
Standards are provided by different building codes to provide
engineers

set

of

recommended

guidelines

for

design

and

implementation. These tend to be regulatory to ensure that the systems

are reliable, safe, sustainable, affordable, and resilient.
2.6.1 HVAC Tables

Psychrometry uses a graph that integrates enthalpy, moisture

content, specific volume, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature,
relative humidity and dew point into a graph to provide ease of
determination air characteristics. Ducts sizers are made by companies to
eliminate the need for tedious calculations [15].
2.6.2 Automatic Fire Protection
Automatic Fire Protection Tables To determine the amount of water
required by a workplace to provide the needed level of fire suppression, a
graph is given by the national fire protection association (NFPA) where the
total floor area, and hazard level are considered. The graph is shown in
Fig. 2.4. The NFPA requires a minimum of 7psi is required at the most
remote sprinkler to ensure a proper spray umbrella develops. Automatic
sprinklers are classified into different temperature ratings which are
selected based on the combustibles present. [18]

Fig. 2.4 Density Based Sprinkler Demand Graph [18]

2.6.3 Plumbing Tables
Flow rate through pipes during appliance use is determined by
fixture units which plumbing codes standardized shown in Table 2.3. The

resulting flow rate will be the basis for the designer to determine pipe
diameters according to standards [20].
Table 2.3 Load Values Assigned to fixtures [20].
Fixture

Occupancy

Water Supply

Bathtub
Bidet
Combination fixture
Dishwashing

Private/Public
Private
Private
Private

Fixture Unit (wsfu)

1.4/4.0
2.0
3.0
1.4

machine
Drinking Fountain
Kitchen sink
Lavatory
Service Sink
Shower Head
Urinal
Water Closet

Offices, Etc.
Private/Hotel, restaurant
Private/Public
Offices, Etc.
Private/Public
Public
Private/Public

0.25
1.4/4.0
0.7/2.0
3.0
1.4/10.0
3.0
2.2/5.0

2.7 Project Cost Estimation

In early stages of design phase, project costs are already estimated
based on the parameters used for construction. These parameters, such
as areas, volumes, dimensions, number of materials, labor, etc., are
adequate to generate a parametric cost estimate [1]. Once the parameters
are determined, the cost of materials, labor, equipment and the like are to
be determined. Material cost is usually based on its market unit price.
Labor and equipment cost depends on factors such as hours of work and

operation, fringe benefits, etc. The unit price will then be multiplied to the
parameters for total cost [25]. Cost estimators do the cost estimation. As
they prepare for cost estimates, they digitize the designers drawings and
imported into a cost estimating package, or do manual estimates. This
introduces to human errors [26].
2.8 Construction Planning
Construction planning refers to the time scheduling and sequencing
of a construction project. This considers time as the 4 th dimension in
scheduling. There are methods to do construction planning. However, the
Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most common method [27]. In this
method, the project is divided into individual activities. Each activity is
linked to previous activities which are required for completion before the
linked activity starts. The sequences of events must be undertaken to help
decision makers identify the best sequence for time schedule estimate
[28].
2.9 Building Information Modeling
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of a
facility, attributed with physical and functional characteristics and with
information of the facility necessary for the basis of decision-making
during the life-cycle [4]. It might be confused from a regular 3D
representation of a facility, however the two are entirely different. Regular
3D representations do not contain smart information, but merely itself.
Moreover, BIM is referred to as a process, rather than a tool, of utilizing
the model and information of the facility, called the Building Information
Model, for simulation and critical evaluation necessary for the project [1].
BIM is a platform that allows accurate and efficient collaboration of project

teams, including contractors, owners, engineers and architects. It is where

the project teams can share knowledge and communicate with each other
through the model. Each team member can provide their expertise to the
project team [27]. As the model is being created, the project team
members can modify, and update their portion of work in the model
depending on the design changes of the project for constant refinement
and accuracy of the model before it is approved [29].

Fig. 2.5 Workflow of BIM in all phases of construction [2]

BIM as an approach is utilized in all phases of construction. The
figure shows the construction phases throughout the life cycle of a project
with BIM [2].

2.9.1 BIM Dimensions

As BIM has developed over time, BIM concept of dimensions has

also been developed. Such BIM dimensions are being classified according
to the information and function each holds [38]. 3D BIM involves a 3D
virtual parametric model, integrating all systems design (MEP, HVAC,
Structural and Architectural, etc.) and systems analyses plus Building
Performance Analysis (BPA). Clash detection can be easily identified,
avoiding future on-site clash detection [30]. 4D BIM involves 3D BIM plus
time schedule, which visualize the entire construction progress and
duration throughout the projects life cycle. Autodesk Navisworks is the
platform used to create 4D BIM. 5D BIM involves 4D BIM plus cost
scheduling, which provides cost estimation of the project and materials
take-off. The cost schedule is already integrated in Autodesk Revit [3].
2.9.2 BIM Software
There are many softwares that can be used for BIM. Among these
softwares, Autodesk Revit is the most widely used. 67% of the
respondents are using Autodesk Revit. For time schedule, 71% use
Autodesk Navisworks. Autodesk, as one of the leading BIM solutions, has
strengths that balance out the criteria for BIM [39]

Fig. 2.6 Survey on BIM Software Awareness and Usage [40]

2.10 Conceptual Framework

Fig. 2.7 Design workflow with BIM

In the design phase, the input would consist of a finished
architectural and structural plan for the commercial building containing
complete building dimensions, and space allotment for different building
activities. The mechanical system to be designed will depend on the
standards and laws that the local building code requires. The clients

preferences regarding budget and time limits will be taken into

consideration.
Once the necessary building and constructions requirements are
approved, as well as the mechanical systems plans are finished, Building
Information Modeling Process will then be utilized. With the aid of
Autodesk Revit Software, the virtual 3D structural and architectural design
of the plan will be created. The creation of 3D HVAC, plumbing and fire
Protection designs will then follow. During the creation progress of the 3D
designs, properties such as construction time and Cost Scheduling will be
created. These designs and properties will be integrated in the software.
Clashes may occur, so necessary modification of the integrated design will
be done. The Building Information Model will automatically update itself for
the changes made. Once finished, the output would consist of data
generated from the model and simulation, such as the Analysis Data, Bill
of Materials, Construction Time Schedule as well as drawing sheets of the
schematic designs.

CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discusses the significant studies and papers regarding
construction projects and Building Information Modeling. These cover
mainly the problems faced in construction, utilization and benefits of
Building Information Modeling in construction.
3.1

Construction

Management

for

Government

Projects

in

Philippines
There are problems that are encountered during construction cycle
in the Philippines. It is stressed out that it is important to improve the
planning and design strategy in construction processes in the Philippine
setting. Environmental analysis as well as sufficient safety and disaster
prevention must be taken into account, since Philippines is a hub of
catastrophes and natural disasters like typhoons and earthquakes. The
limited fund resources for construction, repair maintenance in the country
makes improvement in construction processes vital to avoid economic
disasters down the line [31].
3.2 Case Study: Factors causing delays in project implementation
According to the findings, one factor is that contractors lack
management and organization to handle construction projects. Reasons
for this include lack of organizing training programs and seminars for
Construction Management, and conflicts among different building
engineers that would take time to be resolved, the lack of methodologies
of construction prior to or during the construction phase, lack of technical

skills for effective planning, scheduling and cost estimation of the project,
and outdated methods of construction [32].
3.3 Benefits of BIM in Construction and BIM Based Scheduling
Since the early 1960s, the construction industry faced a steady
decline in its labor efficiency. This is due to the fragmented nature of the
traditional construction method, and use of 2D CAD. This deter the
collaborative participation of project actors. Additionally, it required
additional work hours per contract amount. To further study and
understand BIM in detail, a 3D model of a house was developed under
Revit Architecture 2010 and its time schedule under MS Project in order to
import the 3D files to Synchros 4D BIM tool, where the final product was a
video file of the schedule activities. Furthermore, MIT Koch Center project
was also used to study the application of BIM for 3D coordination,
construction planning, prefabrication, visualization, and record model. In
conclusion, the visualization is the simplest use of BIM. The 3D
coordination was used for clash and conflict detection. Better construction
planning has resulted from BIM based time scheduling which helped in
understanding of the construction mechanisms and scheduling. Although,
setbacks were observed in the house modeling. The software utilized
requires time to add new elements. Interoperability issues surfaced during
the importation of files from a software to another [27].

3.4 Comparison between traditional methods of construction and

BIM

In terms of their benefits in construction projects, traditional 2D

CAD Design and BIM are comparable. Results show that in the traditional
one, the different building engineers have to wait for the completion of
each others design, thus it would take time to exchange information.
However, in BIM, the integration of the designs allows exchange of
information in a timely manner. This would allow adjustments when
necessary. In traditional, loops and reworking are very likely to happen,
since not all the engineers works coincide with one another at one time.
They have to rework and rework until all their works are unified and
reflected with one another. This results to waste of time and cost
adjustments. However, in BIM, one modification of a design concept
automatically modifies the other design concepts, thus iterations and
reworks are highly reduced [8]. The paper briefly presents the history and
advancement of the traditional design in civil engineering, the help brought
by the CAD systems, and the idea of BIM and its benefits in practice. A
case study was made to an office complex in Warsaw, to study BIM in
practice. In the case study presented in the paper, Revit was utilized to
prepare and carry out the project. It was concluded that the design
process was 80% more accurate and 10% faster than the Traditional
Method. It was also noted that no major loss in efficiency was due to
proper leadership. Even with the said positive effects of BIM, drawbacks of
BIM are also present which are: high implementation cost, education cost,
only complete BIM model is useful, and lack of legal regulations [3].

3.5 How to Measure the Benefits of BIM

BIM is under inquiry of many AEC professionals examining its
potential benefits on their works or projects. An applicable calculation

methodology and standard to properly assess BIMs benefits are yet to be

established, thus there are varied perspectives and conclusion of the
benefits of BIM. More comprehensive methodology to analyze the benefits
of BIM and apply past projects to this methodology to quantify outcomes is
to be established to result in a more holistic framework of BIM and its
impacts on designing efficiency. To properly assess BIMs benefit, a case
study is made on a semiconductor manufacturer, Company 1, which is
pursuing to increase efficiency in design, construction, operations and
updating facilities though the utilization of BIM. It concludes that the proper
execution of BIM on a project greatly depends on many factors including
the size of the project, team members competence, and interaction
between project teams. Despite the positive outlook for BIM, its projected
benefits that is supposed to be measured by quantified results and
metrics, were not consistently applied. Hence, it concludes that BIMs
positive benefits, measured under a value-based framework, is yet to be
proven [33].
3.6 Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and
Challenges for the AEC Industry
BIM is one of the most promising recent advancement in the AEC
industry. Furthermore, it discusses building information model; an accurate
virtual model of a building. This model can be utilized for planning, design,
construction, and operation of the facility. Through this model, it can help
architects, engineers, and constructors to visualize what is to be built in a
simulated environment to determine any potential design, construction,
and operational issues. Four different case studies was conducted to four
different construction projects. In these case studies presented, BIM was
utilized in design coordination, planning, clash detection, working

sequence, value analysis, construction documentation, and sustainability

analyses. In conclusion, in the first case study, a thousand of hours was
saved and over 200,000 USD was attributed clash point detection. For the
second case study, a cost benefit of 1,995,000 USD is due to the
utilization of BIM. On the third case study, the cost benefit due to BIM was
15,000 USD. Although, on the fourth case study, no cost benefit was
available. In totality, the average BIM ROI under the case studies was
634% [29].
3.8 Building Code Compliance Checking Using BIM Technology
Building code compliance checking in the Traditional Method of
designing and construction is greatly based on graphical representation of
conventional 2D CAD and involves great human interpretation and
intervention. Thus, creating an outline for a BIM-based project strategy
where all project actors are capable to keep track of the status of code
compliance of their respective designs and in seeking alternative building
code-based designs throughout the process. A proposed outline or
framework for building design utilizes a standard process and information
model, namely the Integrated Definition for Function Model(IDEF0). The
controls of this framework includes guidelines, standards, and criteria,
while the outputs are the status of the code compliance [9].
3.9 BIM-Based Scheduling of Construction A Comparative Analysis
of Prevailing and BIM-Based Scheduling Processes
The Critical Path Method (CPM) has turned out to be a potent
means for scheduling, planning, controlling projects, especially for nonrepetitive complex work. Since its introduction in the 1950s, it has been
part of the prevailing planning and scheduling technique of construction

projects. Despite the extensive use of the CPM-method, its inability to

manage and apply in the actuality of construction, the resource limitations,
raised criticisms. Accordingly, resources, for instance, labor, equipment,
and building materials, are, despite the evident requirement of work and
resource coordination in construction works are occasionally allotted to the
scheduled activities. On the other hand, BIM which is currently being
implemented by many actors in the construction industry, enhances trade
coordination as it turns architectural and engineering design and
management disciplines of cost and time scheduling into parallel and
integrated processes. Although the benefits of BIM are recognized among
and implemented among project actors in primary stage of construction,
the application of BIM for the management of construction work, e.g.
scheduling, is still about to emerge in the industry. Scheduling on the
detailed level follows a stipulated approach to scheduling, i.e. the Last
Planner System (LPS), which is defined by involvement of all actors in the
construction phase. In conclusion, most challenges with scheduling is in
the early phases of building construction. Furthermore, the necessity of
involving subcontractors and manufacturers in the earliest phase of the
project in order to construct project specific information for the overall
schedule is much needed [34].
3.10 Case Study: Possible Utilization of BIM in the Production Phase
of Construction Projects BIM in work preparations Skanska
Sweden AB
BIM, in the recent years, is an Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) that has grown to potentially create a new paradigm
within the construction industry. However, the construction industry has
shown it cannot absorb new technological modernization as fast as the

market responds, the entire industry has hereby been recognized as

conservative and slow in adoption of BIM throughout the whole project
lifecycle. In contradiction is why there has been such slow adoption of BIM
when enhanced productivity and effectiveness is essential for increased
profit margin. The assessment of this contradiction established the ground
for the study. In consent with the construction company Skanska Sweden
AB, for which this study has been conducted, an accord was made to
assess this problem with focus on how BIM can be adopted in the
production phase of construction projects and how it can be aligned to
production process to increase productivity. A three-step model which
provides endorsements on how Skanska and other construction
companies moderately can increase their BIM maturity level in the
production phase and thereby apply BIM in production processes such as
work preparations. In conclusion, even though there are still costs linked
with the adoption of BIM, its benefits have been established. An issue is
also concluded, that utilization of BIM in small firms, for only a short term
might not be profitable to project owners. Furthermore, case-studies
showing how the process issues have been addressed in projects and the
profitability of BIM [35].
3.11 Case Study: Building Information Modeling Better buildings
through digital practice: Changes in roles and processes
Current AEC industry process as being fragmented and the paper
based communication is considered to be the primary reason behind this.
Additionally, the study discloses that the application of BIM on a project
level requires comprehensive planning by facility owners and project
participants to provide successful transition from a traditional approach to
integrate this recent technology into the project workflow [36].

3.12 Educating Green Building Stakeholders About the Benefits of

BIM - The Philippines Experience
The Philippine construction industry is currently undergoing
development. This industry offers venues for introducing new technologies
that improves productivity and efficiency. The use of BIM in the
Philippines construction sector is at its early stages. The Philippines
based construction companies are doing it so, since their clients require
them. In terms of size, 6% percent of the total construction companies are
large, 37% are medium sized, and 57% are small companies. Although,
only less than a third of all these companies have just began adopting
BIM. Furthermore, the government sectors awareness of BIM is very low
[41]. Thus, transition from 2D to BIM is much needed. Through CHED, and
TESDA, BIM should be incorporated to engineering and architecture
curriculum and non-formal courses. In conclusion, key initiatives designed
to enable project actors, and construction firms to have more knowledge
of BIM process and technology needs to be deployed. It is also concluded
that BIM may be included in engineering and architecture curricula [37].
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the systematic methods to utilize Building
Information Modeling as an approach to design the mechanical systems
for a certain building and measure BIM in terms of efficiency necessary for
efficient implementation.
4.1 Research Design
The goal of the study is to create a mechanical systems design in a
more efficient way to establish well-prepared plan and obtain more

accurate and adequate information for efficient implementation. In this

study, a mixed-method approach will be used. For the qualitative research,
a descriptive comparison between the extracted data and gathered data
from a traditionally made project in terms of data consolidation and ease
of extraction. For the quantitative part, the working days of the design
phase using BIM will be compared to the working days of the traditional
one.
4.2 Research Procedure
This will discuss the necessary procedures upon utilizing BIM as an
approach to mechanical systems design, scheduling and data extraction.
4.2.1 Design of Mechanical Systems
A small scale commercial building would be taken as the sample
building to design the mechanical systems. Initially, the architectural and
structural designs of the building would be created using Autodesk Revit
Software, which would be the 3D design platform. Once finished, the
mechanical systems, particularly HVAC, plumbing and fire protection
systems would be conceptually and schematically designed in accordance
to the building requirements and codes. The schematic designs would
then be created in detail in Autodesk Revit Software. With Revits
integration feature, the systems designs would be automatically integrated
to check for clashes in the overall design. Necessary modifications then
could be made possible. Once the modifications were done, the integrated
designs would be finalized and be rendered to a 3D building model.
Further refinements to the building model would be done. This would
attest the efficiency of BIM approach in collaboration of the design. In
addition to that, on-site clash detection occurs upon implementation, but
the BIM approach would significantly reduce it so.

4.2.2 Construction Time and Cost Schedule

Once the 3D building model was done, cost estimation would be
done in Autodesk Revit by determining the unit cost of the materials to be
used, and link it with the building parameters (area, number of materials,
etc.). The calculations will automatically be created and the data would be
easily generated for Bill of Materials. Once finished, the building
information model would be exported to Autodesk Navisworks for
construction time schedule. Using the Critical Path Analysis method,
construction time schedule would be created and linked to the model.
4.2.3 Extraction of Generated Data
The data were automatically generated throughout the design
phase. They would be acquired in terms of analyses reports in and
drawing sheets in portable document file (PDF) format. The analyses
reports would consist of HVAC, plumbing, fire protect, architectural,
structural and building performance analyses. A table of Bill of Materials
and a graph of construction time schedule could also be extracted. An
animation in real time would be rendered to show the construction
sequence. The video file would then finally be exported.

4.3 Technical Workflow

START

INITIAL DESIGN
Conceptual Design

Schematic Design

Calculations

BIM
3D Mechanical Systems Design

Cost and Time Schedule

DATA EXTRACTION
Analyses Reports

Drawing Sheets/DPFs

Bill of Materials

Construction Time
Schedule

COMPARISION AND DATA INTERPRETATION

END

Fig. 4.1 Technical Workflow

4.4 Time Table

The figure shows the estimated working schedule of the necessary
for designing using the BIM approach.
Fig. 4.2 Working Schedule

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