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Basic Concepts
Presentation Outline
Lewis Structure
Writing Lewis Structure
Formal Charge
Resonance
e- configuration
# of valence e-
1A
ns1
2A
ns2
3A
ns2np1
4A
ns2np2
5A
ns2np3
6A
ns2np4
7A
ns2np5
7
3
LiF
1s22s22p5
Li+ + e-
Li
e- +
Li+ +
1s2 1s22s22p6
[He]
[Ne]
F -
F -
Li+ F 5
7e-
F F
7e-
8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
single covalent bond
lone pairs
F F
lone pairs
lone pairs
lone pairs
O +
H O H
or
or
double bonds
or
triple bond
7
Bond Lengths
Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond
electron poor
region
electron rich
region
e- poor
H
+
e- rich
F
-
10
X-(g)
11
12
Example 9.2
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or
covalent:
(a) the bond in HCl
(b) The bond in KF
(c) the CC bond in H3CCH3
Example 9.3
Write the Lewis structure for nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) in which
all three F atoms are bonded to the N atom.
Example 9.4
Write the Lewis structure for nitric acid (HNO3) in which the
three O atoms are bonded to the central N atom and the
ionizable H atom is bonded to one of the O atoms.
Example 9.5
Write the Lewis structure for the carbonate ion (
).
total number
of valence
electrons in
the free atom
total number
of nonbonding
electrons
1
2
total number
of bonding
electrons
-1
+1
formal charge
on an atom in
a Lewis
structure
total number
of valence
electrons in
the free atom
total number
of nonbonding
electrons
formal charge
on C
= 4 - 2 - x 6 = -1
formal charge
on O
= 6 - 2 - x 6 = +1
1
2
total number
of bonding
electrons
19
H
H
0
C
formal charge
on an atom in
a Lewis
structure
0
O
total number
of nonbonding
electrons
formal charge
on C
= 4 - 0 - x 8 = 0
formal charge
on O
= 6 - 4 - x 4 = 0
1
2
total number
of bonding
electrons
20
21
Example 9.7
Formaldehyde (CH2O), a liquid with a disagreeable odor,
traditionally has been used to preserve laboratory specimens.
Draw the most likely Lewis structure for the compound.
23
24
Example 9.8
Draw three resonance structures for the molecule nitrous oxide,
N2O (the atomic arrangement is NNO).
Indicate formal charges.
Rank the structures in their relative importance to the overall
properties of the molecule.
BeH2
BF3
B 3e3F 3x7e24e-
Be 2e2H 2x1e4e-
Be
F
26
NO
N 5eO 6e11e-
3. The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
SF6
S 6e6F 42e48e-
S
F
28
29