.

,
. ,
(release agent).
() , ,
, ,
, , ,

. ( )
(2,7 2,85 g/cm3)
, .
7,3 %
. ,
, (Al2O3 . SiO2 .
2H2O), (KHMg2Al2(SiO4)3), (Be3Al2Si6O18),
(CaAl2Si2O8 CaO . Al2O3 . 2SiO2)
, Al2O3 , (
Al2O3), ( SiO2 ,
), (MgO . Al2O3)
Al ,
. (Al2O3 . H2O)
(Al2O3 . 3H2O), Fe2O3, TiO2 SiO2,
Al2O3 55-65%.

,
:
(Al2O3) , Bayer.
Al , . ,
Al :
NaOH
(Autoclave) 5-6 Atm
160C, Al2O3 ,
:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH

135 , , " "
: A ....
3 , 160
, 100
.
, 3
, .
;
. ,
, ""
. , ,
, .

 Davy, 1807,
Oerstead . 1845,
Woehler ,
: "" .
1855 1886, Deville
- .
1886, - -

( ). Hall Heroult
Bayer 1888,
.
18 $ 4,50 $.
....

1
14 kWh (),
scrap 5% .
,

.
,

. (
60% )
.

, 30%
30.
, '
,
.
,
.


.

,
1920 . scrap
, .
,
. ,
. , , ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
, .. ,
, .

, .
""
.
,
,

.

. :

, ,

.

. 1/3 .
, , , , ,
.
(70.000 Pa) 3 .
,
3 ' , .

.
,
,
.

.
.
,

( ).
, .

, (
). .

ANTOXH TOY AOYMINIOY TI ETEPIKE

YNHKE

" Aluminium does not rust, only corrodes in a lovely dust "
,
, - -
.
, ( 50 100 Angstrom)
.
,
pH 4 8, ,
.
pH 4 8, Al3+ ,
AlO2.

.

, :
1. : ( ) : Al =( Al3+) + 3e
2. : ( ) : ( +) + e = H2
, :
: ,
, .. .
, ,
:


( .. ).
: 2
(
) .
,
"" ,
. 2
brazing ( )

. ,
, .
,
2 .

( mV
99,5 % NaCl)

mV

(+) 1000

(+) 850
18/8

(+) 750
(+) 700 to (+)

800

(+) 550

(+) 500
(7075 6)
(+) 480

(+) 300
(+) 150 to (+)

180
Al-Cu-Mg (2024 T6)
(+) 100

(+) 100
AlSi 12
(+) 30 to (+) 60
K
0 to (+) 20
Al-Mn (3003)
(+) 10 to (+) 20
Al-Mg-Si 1 (6082)
0 to (+) 10
99,5%
0
Al-Mg-Mn (3004)
(-) 10 to 0
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
(-) 20 to (-) 10
Al-Mg (5754)
(-) 30 to (-) 20
Al-Zn (7072)
-150

-300

-850

.

.
(Crevice corrosion): ,
.
,
( ),
, .

.
- (Pitting): -
,
. ,
. - -
. - (pitting)
(crevice corrosion).

 (NaCl)
, -.


. pH
4 8. , ,
,
- .. -
. ,
. ,
,
. pitting
.
(Intergranular corrosion):

(precipitations) .
( )
, .
, .. Mg5Al8,
, precipitation
CuAl2 ( )
.
,
,
.

, Al - Mg - Cu.
(Filiform corrosion):

, .

(.. -). (..
).
(exfoliation corrosion ):
Al - Mg - Cu Al- Zn- Mg-Cu.
(
) ,
- .
"" .
,
exfoliation corrosion .

,
()
.
( ,
, ) .
.
(wrought
aluminium) :
1000 ( )
.
2000 ( - )
() .

, .

 6000 (--)
( ) .
.
5000 (-)
6000
.
7000 (--)
(), .
.
,
.
,
.

,
.

,
- -
.
, ,
ph 4, (ph
8). ,
.
,
. ,
.
, .
(.. )
, (.. )
. , ,
( )
. ,
,
.
, - 5%,
.

.
sandwich
.

,
. ,
( )
1930,
1950.
.

 ,
:


(PVC)
(PVDF)

(
).
,
( , , ""
, , ).


,
,
( )
.


, , , ""
(chalking) . ,
, "" (blistering),
(filiform corrosion).
,
,
().
, .. ,

, ( )
.
, ,
.
( ),

.
, ,
,

.
. ,
.
:

.
.
" " (no rinse).

, ,

.
, ,
.
, .
.

 , ,
primer
. primers .
(..
), ,

.

, (coil
coating),
, , ,
primer, "" ,
.
,
.
2
(two-coat) primer (5 )
( 20 ).
,
primer .

( ),
(stucco).

( ),
.
. ,
.
PVDF

.
PVDF kynar (Polyvinylidene Fluoride)
:
primer.

(base coat).
T (clear coat).

40 m ().
PVDF
:
1. ,
.
2.

.
3. (
),
, .

 PVDF
.
1= 5=.

PVDF Polyest
Kyna
er
r

Vinyl
Plastisol

Polyurethan
e

PVDF
Kynar

Polyest Vinyl Polyurethan

er
Plastis
e
ol

PVDF
Kynar

Polyest Vinyl Polyurethan

er
Plastis
e
ol

&

BS 476,
. ,
- .

,
.
600 660
( ).
,
, ( ).
, 4

 ,
.
( 80 90% ,
5 25% )
.
,


, "" " ".

,
.
,
. , ..
,
,
.
,
, sandwich panels
. panels,

. , ""
,
.
,
.. ""
, ,
(
).
,
,
250 . ,
. , ,
300 .

,
.

,

.

,
.

,
.

,
.
, ,
.

, .
,

 .
( , ..
) .
2 :

TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas)

MIG (Metal Inert Gas)

2 , ,
() .
,
, 0,5 75
.
TIG
,

. , (filler
rod). ,
.
( )
.

( , .)
MIG
,
( )
(filler metal). - ,
,
. MIG,
.
MIG.
laser beam,
.
Stud welding , ultrasonic welding (foil), friction welding, cold pressure
welding, hot pressure welding, brazing,
.
,
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS

499 : Part 1: Glossary for welding, brazing. Part 2: Symbols for welding.
2901 : Filler rods and wires for gas shielded arc welding.
3019 : TIG welding.
3571 : MIG welding.
4870 : Approval test of welding procedures.
2653 : protective clothing for welders.
1542 : equipment for eye, face and neck protection.


.
50%
( ) 25% ( ).

.
40%
,
.

, ,
.
,
( ).

:
1. (Cu)
2. T (Mn)
3. ( Si )
4. ( Mg )
5. O (Zn)
6. O (Fe)
, ,
, ,
.
, 2 :
. (wrought)
.
( ).
. ,
().

.

 ( -wrought, )
2000 7,8 ,
:

:

(, ,
, , .)




, ( )
.
( ) -
- :

1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

99%.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- - .
- - .
( , , ..)

,
2 /3 / 4 (.. 1050 1233
3003 5052 6082)
(..
3105 H14 3105 ,
).
, '
.
2 :

,
(.. ) .
,
( - ).

-
.
,
,
, ,
.
.

,
- .
& ,
(facades).
(
).
roller shutters .
.

:


.


0.5mm. .
,
,
.
3 3, 4 6mm,
1000, 1250 1500mm 1000 5000mm


,
1,5 mm . ,
().
6 ,
.
(),
, .

.
(, ,
).
,
( , ,
, - ).
( ,
).

 - -


1. :
( - ).
-
.
2. :
,
.
95%
.
3. :
.
4. : (
) 99%.
(Fe) (Si).
5. :
,
. : ( ) ,
(Si) , (Mg) , o (Cu) ,o (Zn).
:
, , .
6. (LME):
.
7. : ()
, , .
8. : ()
. .
9. :
( - ). ,

.
10. :
,
( ,
, ).
11. : .
,
.
12. : , ,
.
13. : ,
.
14. () :
- -
. ,

 .
.
15. (LCA):
,
, (
).
, .

:
.. www.elval.gr