measurement

None of activity in this world which can be separated from

the activity measurements. The success of a program can be
known through a measurement. The development of science and
technology cant be separated from the activity measurements.
The studies were carried out in all areas always involves
measuring, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Therefore,
measurement plays an important role, both for the development
of science and technology as well as for the presentation of
information for policy makers.
Basically measurement is the determination of the number
of activities for an object systematically. Determination of this
figure is an attempt to describe the characteristics of an object.
The ability of a person in a particular field is expressed with
numbers. In determining individual characteristics, measurements
taken should wherever possible contain small errors.
Measurement errors that occur in the natural sciences is simpler
than the measurement error in the social sciences. Errors in the
natural sciences are mostly caused by the measuring instrument,
while the measurement error in the social sciences could be
caused by the measuring instrument, how to measure, and the
state of the object being measured (Djemari Mardapi, 2008).
Quantitative measurement that can be divided into three
kinds, namely: (1) The measurements taken not to test
something, such as measurements made by a tailor on the length
of the arms, legs, shoulder width, waist size and others. (2)
Measurements were carried out to test something, like
measurement to test the durability of motorcycle engines,
measurements to test the durability of incandescent lamps, and
others. (3) measurements to assess done by testing something,
such as measuring the learning progress of learners in order to fill
the grades were done by testing them in the form of achievement

test. Measurement of the third type is what is known in the world

of education (Anas Sudiyono, 1996).
Things that includes evaluation of learning outcomes include
measuring instruments used, how to use, assessment, and
evaluation. Measuring instruments used can be a chore, quizzes,
midterms (UTS), and final exams (UAS). In principle, the
measuring instruments used must have proof of validity (validity)
and reliability (reliability) is high.
Validity or the validity of the measuring instrument can be
seen from the constructs of measuring instruments, which
measure something that is planned to be measured. According to
the theory of measurement, the substance being measured must
be one-dimensional. Aspects of language, writing neatness is not
suspended or taken into account when measuring the goal is to
determine the ability of learners in certain subjects. Construction
measuring devices can be examined on the material aspect, itemwriting techniques, and the language used. Experts in the field or
colleagues is a good reviewers to provide feedback about the
quality of measuring instruments used include test.
The validity of the measuring instrument can also be seen
from the grating measuring instrument. This lattice contains
material tested, the shape and number of questions, the level of
thinking involved, weight problems, and ways of scoring. Good
lattice is representing teaching materials. For the subjects tested
were selected based on the following criteria: (1) The essential
subject matter, (2) has a value of application, (3) continuous, (4)
needed to study other subjects. Another thing that is important is
the length of time available to do the exam. Some argue, grilles
should be delivered to the learner.
The measurement results should have errors as small as
possible. The error rate is related to the reliability of measuring
instruments. Good measuring tool gives constant results when

used repeatedly, as long as the ability is measured not changed.

There are measurement errors are random and there are
systematic. Random error due to the current situation of the
exam, physical-mental condition that is measured and the
measure varies. Mental conditions including a person's emotions
can be varied, and assumed to be random variations. This is to
make it easier to estimate a person's ability.
Systematic errors caused by the measuring instrument,
which is measured, and that measure. There are teachers who
tend to create test questions that are too easy or difficult, so that
the measurement results can underestimate or overestimate of
the actual ability. Each person tested, teramsuk learners, certainly
has a sense of anxiety even though the amount varies. If there
are learners who have always had high anxiety levels when
tested, the measurement results tend to underestimate of the
actual ability.
In measuring, the teacher can make systematic errors. This
error can occur when the scoring, there are teachers who
"generous" and there are teachers who "expensive" in scoring.
Cheap and expensive if it applies to all learners, there will be a
systematic error. Sebalikya, when it applies only to certain
students, there will be a bias in the measurement.
So
complex
measurement
problems
that required
measurement theory. Currently there are two theories of
measurement used widely, namely classical test theory and
modern theory. Classical test theory assumes that a person's
scores obtained from the results of a measurement can be broken
down into actual scores and scores of errors. Other assumptions
are that there is no relationship between the actual scores with
scores of errors. The second basic assumption of this, further
developed formulas or formulas to determine the validity index
(validity) and the index of reliability (reliability).

There are some weaknesses classical test theory, and the

most prominent is the statistical dependence on the
characteristics of the item being measured. Thus, the amount of
grain statistics vary from one group to another group. As a result,
it is difficult to compare the ability of one group to other groups,
especially among individuals. This weakness has long been
recognized, that since the development of measuring instruments
used in the field of natural sciences or technology. Measuring tool
used in this field does not depend on the object being measured,
because its characteristics do not change over the same
measured object. It is easy to understand because the measured
object or objects are dead. In contrast to the object in the field of
education, namely humans. The human condition as happy and
difficult conditions, always changing from time to time, so that the
measurement results obtained do not necessarily indicate the
actual individual characteristics. Therefore, developed the theory
of measurement that can overcome the weakness of the classical
theory.
Classical theory that developed at the moment -which is
called the theory of modernization using some basic assumptions.
The underlying assumption is someone the opportunity to answer
correctly an item not ditentuka by the opportunity to answer
another item, known as independent assumptions. The modern
theory seeks to develop an analysis that produces estimates of a
person's ability without being influenced by the measuring
instruments used. Likewise, the statistics point endeavored not
depend on individual characteristics measured. Based on these
characteristics, modern test theory developed by many experts in
the measurements of this world.